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Class 11 Mathematics - Permutations and Combinations - Derivations of formulas and their connections Hard Quiz

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यदि पहले (r) वस्तुओं का चयन किया जाए और फिर उन्हें क्रम में लगाया जाए तो \(^{n}P_r\) का कौन-सा सूत्र स्वाभाविक रूप से प्राप्त होता है?

If first (r) objects are selected and then arranged in order then which formula for \(^{n}P_r\) is naturally obtained?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(^{n}P_r=^{n}C_r\times r!\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

चयन के हर समूह को (r!) तरीकों से सजाया जा सकता है। परीक्षा में permutation को selection के बाद arrangement समझें। / Each selected group can be arranged in (r!) ways. In exams treat permutation as selection followed by arrangement.

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यदि (n) वस्तुओं में से कम से कम (1) वस्तु चुननी हो, तो कुल चयन \(2^n-1\) क्यों होते हैं?

If at least (1) object must be selected from (n) objects, why are the total selections \(2^n-1\)?

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Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि प्रत्येक वस्तु के लिए चुनना या न चुनना दो विकल्प हैं और खाली चयन हटाया जाता हैBecause each object has two choices, select or not select, and the empty selection is removed

Explanation

Simple Explanation

हर वस्तु के लिए दो स्वतंत्र विकल्प होने से कुल subsets \(2^n\) होते हैं, और कम से कम (1) के लिए empty set हटता है। परीक्षा में at least condition में total minus unwanted सोचें। / Each object has two independent choices, so total subsets are \(2^n\), and for at least (1) the empty set is removed. In exams use total minus unwanted for at least conditions.

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सूत्र (^{n}C_r=\frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}) की व्युत्पत्ति में (r!) से भाग क्यों दिया जाता है?

Why do we divide by (r!) while deriving (^{n}C_r=\frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!})?

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Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि (r) वस्तुओं की व्यवस्था नहीं गिनी जातीBecause arrangements of (r) objects are not counted

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Combination में क्रम का महत्व नहीं होता इसलिए (r!) duplicate arrangements हटाए जाते हैं। परीक्षा में order ignored हो तो division याद रखें। / In combinations order is not important so (r!) duplicate arrangements are removed. In exams divide when order is ignored.

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यदि (^{n}P_r=n(n-1)\cdots(n-r+1)) है तो factorial रूप में सही अभिव्यक्ति कौन-सी है?

If (^{n}P_r=n(n-1)\cdots(n-r+1)) then which factorial form is correct?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. (^{n}P_r=\frac{n!}{(n-r)!})

Explanation

Simple Explanation

घटते हुए (r) गुणकों के बाद बचे ((n-r)!) से factorial पूरा होता है। परीक्षा में missing tail को denominator बनाएं। / After (r) decreasing factors the remaining tail is ((n-r)!). In exams put the missing tail in the denominator.

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संबंध \(^{n}C_r=^{n}C_{n-r}\) किस विचार से सीधे जुड़ा है?

The relation \(^{n}C_r=^{n}C_{n-r}\) is directly connected with which idea?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. (r) चुनना और (n-r) छोड़ना समान निर्णय हैंChoosing (r) and leaving (n-r) are equivalent decisions

Explanation

Simple Explanation

(r) वस्तुएं चुनना उतना ही है जितना (n-r) वस्तुएं न चुनना। परीक्षा में complement selection से symmetry पहचानें। / Choosing (r) objects is equivalent to not choosing (n-r) objects. In exams use complement selection to identify symmetry.

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Pascal identity \(^{n}C_r=^{n-1}C_r+^{n-1}C_{r-1}\) किस counting split से प्राप्त होती है?

Pascal identity \(^{n}C_r=^{n-1}C_r+^{n-1}C_{r-1}\) comes from which counting split?

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Correct Answer

A. एक fixed वस्तु शामिल है या शामिल नहीं हैA fixed object is included or not included

Explanation

Simple Explanation

किसी fixed वस्तु पर case बनाएं: उसे लें या न लें। परीक्षा में ऐसी identities को inclusion case से derive करें। / Make cases on one fixed object: include it or exclude it. In exams derive such identities by inclusion cases.

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यदि \(^{n}C_{r+1}=\frac{n-r}{r+1},^{n}C_r\) है तो यह संबंध किस ratio से निकला है?

If \(^{n}C_{r+1}=\frac{n-r}{r+1},^{n}C_r\) then this relation is derived from which ratio?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(\frac{^{n}C_{r+1}}{^{n}C_r}=\frac{n-r}{r+1}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Factorial form लिखकर common terms cancel करने से ratio मिलता है। परीक्षा में consecutive combinations में ratio method तेज होता है। / Writing factorial forms and canceling common terms gives the ratio. In exams ratio method is fast for consecutive combinations.

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व्युत्पत्ति \(^{n}P_r=^{n}C_r r!\) से \(^{n}C_r\) का सही rearranged रूप क्या है?

From the derivation \(^{n}P_r=^{n}C_r r!\), what is the correct rearranged form of \(^{n}C_r\)?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(^{n}C_r=\frac{^{n}P_r}{r!}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Permutation में हर combination के (r!) orders शामिल होते हैं। परीक्षा में unordered count पाने के लिए ordered count को (r!) से divide करें। / A permutation includes (r!) orders for each combination. In exams divide ordered count by (r!) to get unordered count.

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शब्द (LEVEL) के distinct arrangements निकालते समय सूत्र \(\frac{5!}{2!}\) क्यों आता है?

While finding distinct arrangements of the word (LEVEL), why does the formula \(\frac{5!}{2!}\) appear?

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Correct Answer

B. क्योंकि (E) दो बार आया हैBecause (E) appears twice

Explanation

Simple Explanation

समान (E) की आपसी अदला-बदली नई arrangement नहीं देती। परीक्षा में repeated identical items के factorial से divide करें। / Interchanging identical (E)'s does not give a new arrangement. In exams divide by factorials of repeated identical items.

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यदि (7) अलग पुस्तकों में से (3) पुस्तकों को शेल्फ पर क्रम में रखना है तो कौन-सी formula connection सही है?

If (3) books out of (7) distinct books are to be placed on a shelf in order then which formula connection is correct?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(^{7}P_3\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

पहले चयन और फिर क्रम दोनों चाहिए इसलिए \(^{7}P_3=^{7}C_3\cdot3!\)। परीक्षा में order matters हो तो permutation लें। / Both selection and order are needed so \(^{7}P_3=^{7}C_3\cdot3!\). In exams use permutation when order matters.

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(8) खिलाड़ियों में से captain और vice-captain चुनने में \(^{8}P_2\) क्यों प्रयोग होता है?

Why is \(^{8}P_2\) used for choosing a captain and a vice-captain from (8) players?

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Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि दोनों पद अलग हैंBecause the two posts are different

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Captain और vice-captain बदलने से outcome बदलता है। परीक्षा में roles अलग हों तो order important मानें। / Switching captain and vice-captain changes the outcome. In exams treat different roles as order important.

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(9) छात्रों में से (4) छात्रों की committee बनानी हो तो \(^{9}C_4\) क्यों पर्याप्त है?

If a committee of (4) students is formed from (9) students then why is \(^{9}C_4\) sufficient?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

C. क्योंकि केवल समूह चाहिएBecause only a group is needed

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Committee में केवल सदस्यता गिनी जाती है, क्रम नहीं। परीक्षा में group बिना पद के हो तो combination लगाएं। / Only membership is counted in a committee, not order. In exams use combination for a group without posts.

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Formula (n!) for arranging (n) distinct objects किस product principle से निकलता है?

The formula (n!) for arranging (n) distinct objects comes from which product principle idea?

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Correct Answer

B. पहले स्थान पर (n), फिर (n-1), फिर घटती choices मिलती हैंChoices are (n), then (n-1), then decreasing

Explanation

Simple Explanation

हर चुने गए object के बाद available choices कम होती जाती हैं। परीक्षा में distinct arrangement में decreasing product लिखें। / After each chosen object available choices decrease. In exams write decreasing products for distinct arrangements.

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यदि \(^{10}C_3=^{10}C_7\) है तो यह किस formula connection का उदाहरण है?

If \(^{10}C_3=^{10}C_7\), this is an example of which formula connection?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

C. \(^{n}C_r=^{n}C_{n-r}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

यह (r) चुनने और (n-r) छोड़ने की symmetry है। परीक्षा में opposite indices का sum (n) हो तो यह relation लगाएं। / This is the symmetry of choosing (r) and leaving (n-r). In exams use this relation when opposite indices sum to (n).

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यदि \(^{n}P_2=^{n}C_2\cdot k\) है तो (k) का मान क्या होगा?

If \(^{n}P_2=^{n}C_2\cdot k\), what is the value of (k)?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. (2!)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

हर pair को (2!) orders में लिखा जा सकता है। परीक्षा में \(^{n}P_r=^{n}C_r r!\) तुरंत लगाएं। / Each pair can be written in (2!) orders. In exams apply \(^{n}P_r=^{n}C_r r!\) directly.

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\(^{n}C_0=1\) की व्युत्पत्ति किस मूल counting idea से जुड़ी है?

The derivation of \(^{n}C_0=1\) is connected with which basic counting idea?

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Correct Answer

A. किसी भी वस्तु को न चुनने का एक तरीका हैThere is one way to choose no object

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Empty selection भी एक valid selection है। परीक्षा में (0!) और empty choice दोनों का मान (1) याद रखें। / The empty selection is also a valid selection. In exams remember both (0!) and empty choice as (1).

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\(^{n}C_n=1\) का सही reasoning कौन-सा है?

Which is the correct reasoning for \(^{n}C_n=1\)?

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A. (n) वस्तुओं में से सभी (n) चुनने का केवल एक तरीका हैThere is exactly one way to choose all (n) objects

Explanation

Simple Explanation

सभी वस्तुएं चुनने पर selection fixed हो जाता है। परीक्षा में extreme cases \(^{n}C_0\) और \(^{n}C_n\) को जल्दी पहचानें। / When all objects are chosen the selection is fixed. In exams quickly identify extreme cases \(^{n}C_0\) and \(^{n}C_n\).

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यदि \(^{n}P_n=n!\) है तो इसका derivation किस बात पर आधारित है?

If \(^{n}P_n=n!\), what is its derivation based on?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. सभी (n) वस्तुओं को क्रम में लगाने पर (n!) arrangements मिलती हैंArranging all (n) objects gives (n!) arrangements

Explanation

Simple Explanation

जब सभी objects arrange होते हैं तो \(^{n}P_n=\frac{n!}{0!}=n!\)। परीक्षा में (0!=1) जरूर लगाएं। / When all objects are arranged \(^{n}P_n=\frac{n!}{0!}=n!\). In exams use (0!=1).

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यदि \(^{12}P_4=^{12}C_4\cdot x\) है तो (x) का सही मान क्या है?

If \(^{12}P_4=^{12}C_4\cdot x\), what is the correct value of (x)?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

C. (4!)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

(4) चुनी गई वस्तुओं को (4!) तरीकों से arrange किया जाता है। परीक्षा में (x=r!) लिखें। / The (4) selected objects are arranged in (4!) ways. In exams write (x=r!).

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(6) अलग letters से (4)-letter codes बनते हैं और repetition नहीं है। Formula connection कौन-सा सही है?

(4)-letter codes are formed from (6) distinct letters without repetition. Which formula connection is correct?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(^{6}P_4=^{6}C_4\cdot4!\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Code में order बदलने से code बदल जाता है। परीक्षा में code या password में सामान्यतः permutation relation लगाएं। / Changing order changes the code. In exams usually use permutation relation for codes or passwords.

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कौन-सा कथन \(^{n}C_1=n\) की सही व्युत्पत्ति बताता है?

Which statement correctly explains the derivation of \(^{n}C_1=n\)?

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Correct Answer

A. एक वस्तु चुनने के लिए (n) independent choices हैंThere are (n) independent choices for selecting one object

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Single selection में order का प्रश्न नहीं आता और choices (n) हैं। परीक्षा में \(^{n}C_1\) और \(^{n}P_1\) दोनों (n) होते हैं। / In single selection order does not arise and choices are (n). In exams both \(^{n}C_1\) and \(^{n}P_1\) equal (n).

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\(^{n}P_1=n\) और \(^{n}C_1=n\) दोनों क्यों बराबर हैं?

Why are both \(^{n}P_1=n\) and \(^{n}C_1=n\) equal?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि (1) object का order अलग परिणाम नहीं बनाताBecause the order of (1) object creates no different result

Explanation

Simple Explanation

एक वस्तु को arrange करने का (1!) तरीका है। परीक्षा में (r=1) पर permutation और combination समान मान दें। / One object can be arranged in (1!) way. In exams permutation and combination give the same value for (r=1).

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यदि (^{n}C_2=\frac{n(n-1)}{2}) है तो denominator (2) किससे आया?

If (^{n}C_2=\frac{n(n-1)}{2}), where does the denominator (2) come from?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि ordered pairs को unordered pairs में बदलने के लिए (2!) से भाग देते हैंBecause ordered pairs are divided by (2!) to become unordered pairs

Explanation

Simple Explanation

(AB) और (BA) same pair हैं इसलिए दोहराव हटता है। परीक्षा में pairs के लिए अक्सर (\frac{n(n-1)}{2}) उपयोगी है। / (AB) and (BA) are the same pair so repetition is removed. In exams (\frac{n(n-1)}{2}) is often useful for pairs.

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किस identity को \(^{n}C_r+^{n}C_{r-1}=^{n+1}C_r\) के रूप में लिखा जा सकता है?

Which identity can be written as \(^{n}C_r+^{n}C_{r-1}=^{n+1}C_r\)?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. Pascal identity

Explanation

Simple Explanation

यह Pascal identity का shifted रूप है। परीक्षा में adjacent lower-row combinations जोड़कर upper-row combination बनाएं। / This is a shifted form of Pascal identity. In exams add adjacent lower-row combinations to form the upper-row combination.

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\(^{11}C_5+^{11}C_6\) को बिना पूरा calculate किए किससे simplify किया जा सकता है?

Without full calculation, \(^{11}C_5+^{11}C_6\) can be simplified to what?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. \(^{12}C_6\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Pascal identity में \(^{n}C_{r-1}+^{n}C_r=^{n+1}C_r\) होता है। परीक्षा में adjacent indices देखें। / Pascal identity gives \(^{n}C_{r-1}+^{n}C_r=^{n+1}C_r\). In exams look for adjacent indices.

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यदि \(^{13}C_4=^{13}C_m\) और \(m\neq4\) है तो (m) क्या होगा?

If \(^{13}C_4=^{13}C_m\) and \(m\neq4\), what is (m)?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. (9)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Symmetry से (m=13-4=9)। परीक्षा में equal combinations में indices का sum (n) भी हो सकता है। / By symmetry (m=13-4=9). In exams equal combinations may have indices summing to (n).

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यदि \(^{14}C_r=^{14}C_{r+4}\) है तो (r) का मान क्या है?

If \(^{14}C_r=^{14}C_{r+4}\), what is the value of (r)?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. (5)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Equal complementary indices के लिए (r+(r+4)=14)। परीक्षा में symmetry equation बनाकर solve करें। / For equal complementary indices (r+(r+4)=14). In exams form and solve the symmetry equation.

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\(^{15}P_3\) को \(^{15}C_3\) से जोड़ने पर कौन-सा factor लगता है?

When connecting \(^{15}P_3\) with \(^{15}C_3\), which factor is used?

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Correct Answer

A. (3!)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

पहले (3) वस्तुएं चुनकर उन्हें (3!) ways में arrange करते हैं। परीक्षा में \(^{n}P_3=^{n}C_3\cdot3!\) याद रखें। / First choose (3) objects and arrange them in (3!) ways. In exams remember \(^{n}P_3=^{n}C_3\cdot3!\).

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यदि (^{n}P_3=n(n-1)(n-2)) है तो \(^{n}C_3\) क्या होगा?

If (^{n}P_3=n(n-1)(n-2)), what is \(^{n}C_3\)?

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Correct Answer

B. (\frac{n(n-1)(n-2)}{3!})

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Combination पाने के लिए (3!) arrangements हटाए जाते हैं। परीक्षा में ordered triple से unordered triple में divide by (3!) करें। / To get combinations (3!) arrangements are removed. In exams divide ordered triples by (3!) to get unordered triples.

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(n) distinct objects की circular arrangement में ((n-1)!) क्यों आता है?

Why does ((n-1)!) appear in circular arrangement of (n) distinct objects?

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Correct Answer

A. एक object को fixed मानकर rotation duplicates हटाए जाते हैंOne object is fixed to remove rotational duplicates

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Circle में rotations same माने जाते हैं इसलिए एक position fixed करते हैं। परीक्षा में circular permutation में linear (n!) को (n) से divide करें। / Rotations in a circle are considered the same so one position is fixed. In exams divide linear (n!) by (n) for circular permutation.

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यदि necklace में clockwise और anticlockwise arrangements same मानी जाएं तो ((n-1)!) से आगे किससे divide किया जाता है?

If clockwise and anticlockwise arrangements are considered the same in a necklace, by what is ((n-1)!) further divided?

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Correct Answer

B. (2)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Reflection भी same होने पर हर circular arrangement दो बार गिनी जाती है। परीक्षा में necklace type में (\frac{(n-1)!}{2}) याद रखें। / When reflection is also same each circular arrangement is counted twice. In exams remember (\frac{(n-1)!}{2}) for necklace type.

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किस स्थिति में \(n^r\) formula \(^{n}P_r\) की जगह आता है?

In which situation does the formula \(n^r\) replace \(^{n}P_r\)?

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A. जब repetition allowed हो और order important होWhen repetition is allowed and order is important

Explanation

Simple Explanation

हर (r) स्थान पर (n) choices स्वतंत्र रूप से रहती हैं। परीक्षा में repetition allowed हो तो decreasing product नहीं लिखें। / Each of the (r) positions has (n) independent choices. In exams do not write a decreasing product when repetition is allowed.

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\(^{n}P_r\) के derivation में choices घटती क्यों हैं?

Why do choices decrease in the derivation of \(^{n}P_r\)?

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A. क्योंकि चुनी गई वस्तु दोबारा नहीं चुनी जातीBecause a chosen object is not selected again

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Without repetition में एक choice use होने के बाद available count कम होता है। परीक्षा में no repetition को falling product से जोड़ें। / Without repetition the available count decreases after one choice is used. In exams connect no repetition with a falling product.

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\(^{n}C_r\) के formula में ((n-r)!) denominator क्यों आता है?

Why does ((n-r)!) appear in the denominator of the formula for \(^{n}C_r\)?

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A. क्योंकि factorial (n!) में चुनी न गई वस्तुओं की arrangements भी शामिल होती हैंBecause (n!) includes arrangements of unselected objects too

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Formula में (n!) से unwanted tail ((n-r)!) और order (r!) दोनों हटते हैं। परीक्षा में combination denominator के दोनों भाग समझें। / In the formula (n!) loses both unwanted tail ((n-r)!) and order (r!). In exams understand both parts of the combination denominator.

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यदि \(^{n}C_r\) maximum के आसपास होता है तो consecutive ratio किससे तुलना की जाती है?

If \(^{n}C_r\) is near maximum, the consecutive ratio is compared with what?

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Correct Answer

A. (1)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Maximum के पास \(\frac{^{n}C_{r+1}}{^{n}C_r}\) (1) के आसपास होता है। परीक्षा में increasing से decreasing transition ratio से पहचानें। / Near the maximum \(\frac{^{n}C_{r+1}}{^{n}C_r}\) is around (1). In exams use the ratio to identify transition from increasing to decreasing.

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\(^{16}C_7\) और \(^{16}C_9\) के बराबर होने का कारण क्या है?

What is the reason \(^{16}C_7\) and \(^{16}C_9\) are equal?

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A. (7+9=16) इसलिए complementary selection है(7+9=16), so it is complementary selection

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Indices का sum (n) होने पर \(^{n}C_r=^{n}C_{n-r}\)। परीक्षा में sum check सबसे तेज तरीका है। / When indices sum to (n), \(^{n}C_r=^{n}C_{n-r}\). In exams checking the sum is the fastest method.

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यदि \(^{9}P_4=9\cdot8\cdot7\cdot6\), तो यह product किस formula से connected है?

If \(^{9}P_4=9\cdot8\cdot7\cdot6\), this product is connected with which formula?

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A. \(\frac{9!}{5!}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Falling product \(9\cdot8\cdot7\cdot6\) में बाकी tail (5!) हटता है। परीक्षा में last chosen factor के बाद denominator tail लिखें। / In the falling product \(9\cdot8\cdot7\cdot6\), the remaining tail (5!) is removed. In exams write the denominator tail after the last chosen factor.

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\(^{10}C_4\) को \(^{10}P_4\) से derive करते समय कौन-सा operation सही है?

Which operation is correct while deriving \(^{10}C_4\) from \(^{10}P_4\)?

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Correct Answer

B. (4!) से भागDivide by (4!)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

\(^{10}P_4\) ordered count है और \(^{10}C_4\) unordered count है। परीक्षा में order हटाने के लिए (r!) से divide करें। / \(^{10}P_4\) is an ordered count and \(^{10}C_4\) is unordered. In exams divide by (r!) to remove order.

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कौन-सी expression \(^{n}C_2\) को \(^{n}P_2\) से सही जोड़ती है?

Which expression correctly connects \(^{n}C_2\) with \(^{n}P_2\)?

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Correct Answer

B. \(^{n}C_2=\frac{^{n}P_2}{2!}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Ordered pair से unordered pair पाने के लिए (2!) orders हटते हैं। परीक्षा में pair selection में यह connection बहुत उपयोगी है। / To get unordered pairs from ordered pairs (2!) orders are removed. This connection is very useful in pair selection exams.

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यदि (n) different objects को (p) और (q) groups में बांटा जाए जहां (p+q=n), तो count किस formula से जुड़ा है?

If (n) different objects are divided into groups of (p) and (q) where (p+q=n), the count is connected with which formula?

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A. \(\frac{n!}{p!q!}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

पहले (p) चुनने पर बाकी (q) तय हो जाते हैं, इसलिए \(\frac{n!}{p!q!}\)। परीक्षा में group sizes fixed हों तो factorial division सोचें। / After choosing (p), the remaining (q) are fixed, so \(\frac{n!}{p!q!}\). In exams use factorial division for fixed group sizes.

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(MISSISSIPPI) जैसे repeated letters वाले word में division by (4!4!2!) किस principle से आता है?

In a repeated-letter word like (MISSISSIPPI), division by (4!4!2!) comes from which principle?

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A. Identical letters की internal permutations same result देती हैंInternal permutations of identical letters give the same result

Explanation

Simple Explanation

समान letters की आपसी अदला-बदली नई arrangement नहीं बनाती। परीक्षा में repeated counts के factorials से divide करें। / Interchanging identical letters does not create a new arrangement. In exams divide by factorials of repeated counts.

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यदि (^{n}C_r=\frac{^{n}C_{r-1}(n-r+1)}{r}) है तो यह किस तरह की derivation है?

If (^{n}C_r=\frac{^{n}C_{r-1}(n-r+1)}{r}), what kind of derivation is this?

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A. Consecutive combination ratio derivation

Explanation

Simple Explanation

यह \(^{n}C_r\) और \(^{n}C_{r-1}\) का ratio लेकर मिलता है। परीक्षा में adjacent combinations को factorial ratio से simplify करें। / It is obtained by taking the ratio of \(^{n}C_r\) and \(^{n}C_{r-1}\). In exams simplify adjacent combinations using factorial ratios.

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\(^{18}C_2\) का formula \(\frac{18\cdot17}{2}\) क्यों है, \(\frac{18\cdot17}{2!}\) से कैसे जुड़ा है?

Why is the formula for \(^{18}C_2\) \(\frac{18\cdot17}{2}\), and how is it connected to \(\frac{18\cdot17}{2!}\)?

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Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि (2!=2)Because (2!=2)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Pair formula में denominator (2!) ही होता है और (2!=2)। परीक्षा में pair simplification मानसिक रूप से करें। / The denominator in the pair formula is (2!), and (2!=2). In exams simplify pair formulas mentally.

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\(^{20}C_3\) को \(\frac{20\cdot19\cdot18}{3!}\) लिखना किस cancellation से आता है?

Writing \(^{20}C_3\) as \(\frac{20\cdot19\cdot18}{3!}\) comes from which cancellation?

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Correct Answer

A. \(\frac{20!}{3!17!}\) में (17!) cancel होता है(17!) cancels in \(\frac{20!}{3!17!}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

(20!) को \(20\cdot19\cdot18\cdot17!\) लिखकर (17!) cancel करें। परीक्षा में large factorials expand पूरा न करें। / Write (20!) as \(20\cdot19\cdot18\cdot17!\) and cancel (17!). In exams do not expand large factorials fully.

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यदि \(^{n}P_r=^{n}P_{n-r}\) हर (r) के लिए नहीं होता, तो इसका मुख्य कारण क्या है?

If \(^{n}P_r=^{n}P_{n-r}\) is not true for every (r), what is the main reason?

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A. Permutation में complement symmetry सामान्यतः नहीं होतीComplement symmetry generally does not hold in permutations

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Complement symmetry combination की property है, permutation की नहीं। परीक्षा में \(^{n}C_r\) और \(^{n}P_r\) की identities अलग रखें। / Complement symmetry is a property of combinations, not permutations. In exams keep identities of \(^{n}C_r\) and \(^{n}P_r\) separate.

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\(^{n}C_r\) में (r) और (n-r) interchangeable क्यों हैं लेकिन \(^{n}P_r\) में नहीं?

Why are (r) and (n-r) interchangeable in \(^{n}C_r\) but not in \(^{n}P_r\)?

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Correct Answer

A. Combination में chosen और not chosen sets complement होते हैं, permutation में ordered length बदल जाती हैIn combinations chosen and not chosen sets are complements, while in permutations ordered length changes

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Combination सिर्फ selection गिनता है इसलिए complement works करता है। परीक्षा में ordered slots दिखें तो complement symmetry न लगाएं। / Combination counts only selection so complement works. In exams do not use complement symmetry when ordered slots appear.

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यदि (5) boys और (4) girls में से (3) students चुनने हैं और कम से कम (1) girl चाहिए, तो formula derivation का सबसे छोटा route कौन-सा है?

If (3) students are to be chosen from (5) boys and (4) girls with at least (1) girl, what is the shortest formula derivation route?

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Correct Answer

A. \(^{9}C_3-^{5}C_3\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

At least (1) girl का complement no girl है। परीक्षा में at least condition में total minus unwanted तेज होता है। / The complement of at least (1) girl is no girl. In exams total minus unwanted is fast for at least conditions.

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(6) men और (5) women में से (4) person committee बनानी है जिसमें exactly (2) women हों। कौन-सा formula सही है?

A (4)-person committee is to be formed from (6) men and (5) women with exactly (2) women. Which formula is correct?

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A. \(^{5}C_2\cdot^{6}C_2\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Exactly (2) women के साथ बाकी (2) men चुनने होंगे। परीक्षा में exactly condition में cases या direct product of combinations लगाएं। / With exactly (2) women the remaining (2) must be men. In exams use cases or direct product of combinations for exactly conditions.

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यदि (8) people को एक row में arrange करना है लेकिन (2) विशेष people साथ रहें, तो block method किस formula connection पर आधारित है?

If (8) people are arranged in a row but (2) special people must stay together, the block method is based on which formula connection?

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Correct Answer

A. Block को एक object मानकर \(7!\cdot2!\)Treat the block as one object and use \(7!\cdot2!\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

दो साथ लोगों को एक block मानने से (7) objects arrange होते हैं और block के अंदर (2!) ways हैं। परीक्षा में together condition में block method लगाएं। / Treating two together people as one block gives (7) objects to arrange and (2!) ways inside the block. In exams use block method for together conditions.

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(7) distinct points में से कोई (3) collinear नहीं हैं। Triangles की संख्या निकालने का formula \(^{7}C_3\) क्यों है?

Among (7) distinct points no (3) are collinear. Why is the number of triangles given by \(^{7}C_3\)?

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A. क्योंकि कोई भी (3) points एक unique triangle बनाते हैं और order important नहीं हैBecause any (3) points form one unique triangle and order is not important

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Triangle केवल vertices के set से तय होता है, उनके order से नहीं। परीक्षा में geometric selection में combination लगाएं। / A triangle is determined by the set of vertices, not their order. In exams use combinations for geometric selection.

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((1+x)^n) में \(x^r\) का coefficient \(^{n}C_r\) क्यों होता है?

Why is the coefficient of \(x^r\) in ((1+x)^n) equal to \(^{n}C_r\)?

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Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि (r) brackets से (x) और बाकी से (1) चुनते हैंBecause (x) is chosen from (r) brackets and (1) from the rest

Explanation

Simple Explanation

\(x^r\) बनाने के लिए (n) brackets में से (r) brackets चुनते हैं। परीक्षा में coefficient को selection से जोड़ें। / To form \(x^r\), choose (r) brackets from (n) brackets. In exams connect coefficients with selection.

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\(\sum_{r=0}^{n} {}^{n}C_r=2^n\) किस combinatorial idea से निकला है?

The identity \(\sum_{r=0}^{n} {}^{n}C_r=2^n\) is derived from which combinatorial idea?

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Correct Answer

B. हर वस्तु को चुनना या न चुननाSelecting or not selecting each object

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Left side all possible selection sizes को जोड़ता है और right side हर object के two choices देता है। परीक्षा में subset counting से यह identity याद रखें। / The left side adds all selection sizes and the right side gives two choices for each object. In exams remember this identity through subset counting.

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(\sum_{r=0}^{n} (-1)^r{}^{n}C_r=0) किस substitution से जुड़ा है?

The identity (\sum_{r=0}^{n} (-1)^r{}^{n}C_r=0) is connected with which substitution?

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Correct Answer

C. ((1+x)^n) में (x=-1)(x=-1) in ((1+x)^n)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

(x=-1) रखने पर ((1-1)^n=0) मिलता है। परीक्षा में alternating binomial sum में (x=-1) सोचें। / Putting (x=-1) gives ((1-1)^n=0). In exams think of (x=-1) for alternating binomial sums.

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\({}^{m+n}C_r=\sum_{k=0}^{r}{}^{m}C_k{}^{n}C_{r-k}\) किस counting split से सिद्ध होता है?

The identity \({}^{m+n}C_r=\sum_{k=0}^{r}{}^{m}C_k{}^{n}C_{r-k}\) is proved by which counting split?

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Correct Answer

B. दो groups से कुल (r) चुनने में (k) पहले group से लेनाTaking (k) from the first group while selecting total (r) from two groups

Explanation

Simple Explanation

कुल (r) selection में first group का count (k) बदलता है। परीक्षा में two-source selection को Vandermonde identity से जोड़ें। / In total (r) selections, the count from the first group varies as (k). In exams connect two-source selection with Vandermonde identity.

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\({}^{n}C_r=\frac{n}{r}{}^{n-1}C_{r-1}\) की counting व्याख्या क्या है?

What is the counting interpretation of \({}^{n}C_r=\frac{n}{r}{}^{n-1}C_{r-1}\)?

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A. पहले एक marked member चुनें और फिर बाकी (r-1) चुनेंFirst choose one marked member and then choose remaining (r-1)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Marked member को (n) ways में चुनकर (r) possible marks के overcount को हटाते हैं। परीक्षा में member marking से ऐसी identities समझें। / Choose the marked member in (n) ways and remove overcount of (r) possible marks. In exams understand such identities by member marking.

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यदि \(^{n}C_{r-1}:{}^{n}C_r=3:5\), तो ratio derivation में कौन-सा expression उपयोगी है?

If \(^{n}C_{r-1}:{}^{n}C_r=3:5\), which expression is useful in the ratio derivation?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(\frac{{}^{n}C_{r-1}}{{}^{n}C_r}=\frac{r}{n-r+1}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Consecutive combinations में factorial cancel करने पर \(\frac{r}{n-r+1}\) मिलता है। परीक्षा में ratio questions में full values न निकालें। / Canceling factorials in consecutive combinations gives \(\frac{r}{n-r+1}\). In exams do not calculate full values in ratio questions.

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\({}^{n}C_r\) के largest term को पहचानने के लिए कौन-सा relation सबसे उपयोगी है?

Which relation is most useful for identifying the largest term of \({}^{n}C_r\)?

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Correct Answer

A. \(\frac{{}^{n}C_{r+1}}{{}^{n}C_r}=\frac{n-r}{r+1}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Largest term के पास consecutive ratio (1) के आसपास बदलता है। परीक्षा में increasing और decreasing transition देखें। / Near the largest term, the consecutive ratio changes around (1). In exams check the transition from increasing to decreasing.

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(n) identical balls को (r) distinct boxes में खाली box allowed होने पर बांटने का सूत्र क्या है?

What is the formula for distributing (n) identical balls into (r) distinct boxes when empty boxes are allowed?

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Correct Answer

C. \({}^{n+r-1}C_{r-1}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Stars and bars में (n) stars और (r-1) bars arrange होते हैं। परीक्षा में identical distribution में bars method लगाएं। / In stars and bars, (n) stars and (r-1) bars are arranged. In exams use the bars method for identical distribution.

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(n) identical balls को (r) distinct boxes में हर box non-empty हो तो formula कैसे बदलता है?

How does the formula change if (n) identical balls are distributed into (r) distinct boxes with every box non-empty?

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Correct Answer

A. \({}^{n-1}C_{r-1}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

हर box को पहले (1) ball दें, फिर बाकी (n-r) balls distribute करें। परीक्षा में non-empty condition में पहले minimum allot करें। / Give (1) ball to each box first, then distribute the remaining (n-r) balls. In exams allot the minimum first for non-empty conditions.

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\({}^{n+r-1}C_r\) और \({}^{n+r-1}C_{n-1}\) का equality किस identity से आती है?

The equality of \({}^{n+r-1}C_r\) and \({}^{n+r-1}C_{n-1}\) comes from which identity?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. Complement identity

Explanation

Simple Explanation

दोनों lower indices का sum (n+r-1) है। परीक्षा में stars and bars answers में complementary forms accept करें। / The two lower indices sum to (n+r-1). In exams accept complementary forms in stars and bars answers.

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(10) seats की row में (4) selected students को बैठाने और बाकी seats empty छोड़ने की count किस expression से जुड़ती है?

The count for seating (4) selected students in a row of (10) seats while leaving other seats empty is connected with which expression?

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Correct Answer

B. \(^{10}P_4\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

पहले seats चुनना और फिर students arrange करना \(^{10}C_4\cdot4!=^{10}P_4\) है। परीक्षा में seat-position और arrangement दोनों गिनें। / Choosing seats first and then arranging students gives \(^{10}C_4\cdot4!=^{10}P_4\). In exams count both positions and arrangements.

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(7) people में से (3) को क्रम वाली queue में चुनने की count \(^{7}C_3\cdot3!\) क्यों है?

Why is the count for choosing (3) people from (7) into an ordered queue equal to \(^{7}C_3\cdot3!\)?

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Correct Answer

A. पहले group चुनते हैं फिर उस group को order देते हैंFirst choose the group then order that group

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Queue में selected people की order meaningful होती है। परीक्षा में ordered selection को combination times factorial से derive करें। / Order of selected people is meaningful in a queue. In exams derive ordered selection as combination times factorial.

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(8) अलग objects को (3), (3), और (2) के labelled groups में बांटने का formula कौन-सा है?

What is the formula for dividing (8) distinct objects into labelled groups of (3), (3), and (2)?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. \(\frac{8!}{3!3!2!}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Labelled groups में group names fixed होते हैं इसलिए सिर्फ internal order हटता है। परीक्षा में fixed group sizes के factorial denominator लगाएं। / For labelled groups, group names are fixed so only internal order is removed. In exams use factorial denominators for fixed group sizes.

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(8) अलग objects को sizes (3), (3), और (2) के unlabelled groups में बांटते समय अतिरिक्त division किससे होगा?

When (8) distinct objects are divided into unlabelled groups of sizes (3), (3), and (2), by what extra factor do we divide?

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Correct Answer

A. (2!)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

दो groups का size (3) समान है इसलिए उन groups की अदला-बदली same distribution देती है। परीक्षा में equal-sized unlabelled groups के factorial से extra divide करें। / Two groups have equal size (3), so interchanging those groups gives the same distribution. In exams divide extra by factorial of equal-sized unlabelled groups.

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किस formula से (n) distinct objects को (r) distinct boxes में distribute किया जाता है जब हर object किसी एक box में जा सकता है?

Which formula distributes (n) distinct objects into (r) distinct boxes when each object can go into one box?

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Correct Answer

C. \(r^n\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

हर distinct object के लिए (r) independent choices हैं। परीक्षा में distinct objects और distinct boxes में power rule लगाएं। / Each distinct object has (r) independent choices. In exams use the power rule for distinct objects and distinct boxes.

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(n) distinct objects को (r) distinct boxes में onto distribution गिनने के लिए inclusion-exclusion का रूप कौन-सा है?

Which inclusion-exclusion form counts onto distributions of (n) distinct objects into (r) distinct boxes?

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Correct Answer

A. (\sum_{k=0}^{r}(-1)^k{}^{r}C_k(r-k)^n)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Empty boxes को exclude करने के लिए inclusion-exclusion used होता है। परीक्षा में onto शब्द दिखे तो खाली boxes घटाने की सोचें। / Inclusion-exclusion is used to exclude empty boxes. In exams think of removing empty boxes when the word onto appears.

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(n) लोगों को (r) distinct rooms में रखना है और rooms empty हो सकते हैं। Count \(r^n\) क्यों है?

(n) people are to be placed into (r) distinct rooms and rooms may be empty. Why is the count \(r^n\)?

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Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि हर person के लिए (r) room choices independent हैंBecause each person has (r) independent room choices

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Distinct persons के independent choices multiply होते हैं। परीक्षा में व्यक्ति distinct हों तो balls-and-boxes को power से जोड़ें। / Independent choices of distinct people multiply. In exams connect distinct-person box problems with powers.

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(n) identical coins को (r) बच्चों में बांटने में कौन-सी condition formula \({}^{n+r-1}C_{n}\) देती है?

Which condition gives the formula \({}^{n+r-1}C_{n}\) for distributing (n) identical coins among (r) children?

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Correct Answer

B. किसी बच्चे को zero coin मिल सकता हैA child may get zero coins

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Zero allowed हो तो (n) stars और (r-1) bars रखे जाते हैं। परीक्षा में \({}^{n+r-1}C_n\) और \({}^{n+r-1}C_{r-1}\) same मानें। / When zero is allowed, place (n) stars and (r-1) bars. In exams treat \({}^{n+r-1}C_n\) and \({}^{n+r-1}C_{r-1}\) as the same.

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\(x_1+x_2+x_3=12\) के non-negative integer solutions की count कौन-सी है?

What is the count of non-negative integer solutions of \(x_1+x_2+x_3=12\)?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \({}^{14}C_2\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Non-negative solutions stars and bars से \({}^{12+3-1}C_{3-1}\) होते हैं। परीक्षा में equation solutions को distribution problem बनाएं। / Non-negative solutions by stars and bars are \({}^{12+3-1}C_{3-1}\). In exams convert equation solutions into distribution problems.

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\(x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4=15\) में सभी \(x_i\geq1\) हों तो count कौन-सी है?

If all \(x_i\geq1\) in \(x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4=15\), what is the count?

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Correct Answer

C. \({}^{11}C_3\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

पहले हर variable को (1) दें, फिर (11) बचते हैं। परीक्षा में positive solutions में total से variables की संख्या घटाएं। / Give (1) to each variable first, then (11) remain. In exams subtract the number of variables for positive solutions.

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(n) objects में से (r) objects चुनने में exactly (s) special objects लेने का सूत्र क्या है?

What is the formula for choosing (r) objects from (n) objects with exactly (s) special objects?

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Correct Answer

A. \(^{a}C_s\cdot{}^{n-a}C_{r-s}\) जहां special objects (a) हैं\(^{a}C_s\cdot{}^{n-a}C_{r-s}\) where there are (a) special objects

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Special group से (s) और non-special group से (r-s) objects चुनते हैं। परीक्षा में exactly condition को product of choices में तोड़ें। / Choose (s) objects from the special group and (r-s) from the non-special group. In exams split exactly conditions into product of choices.

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(n) objects में से (r) चुनते समय कम से कम (1) special object हो और special objects (a) हों, तो shortest expression कौन-सा है?

When choosing (r) objects from (n), if at least (1) special object is required and there are (a) special objects, what is the shortest expression?

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Correct Answer

B. \(^{n}C_r-{}^{n-a}C_r\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

At least one special का complement no special है। परीक्षा में at least के लिए total minus none तेज होता है। / The complement of at least one special is no special. In exams total minus none is fast for at least conditions.

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(10) books में से (4) books चुननी हैं लेकिन (2) fixed books साथ में या तो दोनों आएं या दोनों न आएं। Count कौन-सी है?

From (10) books, (4) books are to be selected, and (2) fixed books must either both appear or both not appear. What is the count?

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Correct Answer

A. \(^{8}C_2+{}^{8}C_4\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Case (1): दोनों fixed लें, case (2): दोनों fixed न लें। परीक्षा में paired restrictions में cases साफ रखें। / Case (1): take both fixed books, case (2): take neither. In exams keep cases clear for paired restrictions.

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(9) people में से (5) चुनने हैं और दो particular people साथ-साथ चयनित नहीं हो सकते। Count कौन-सी है?

Choose (5) people from (9) people, but two particular people cannot be selected together. What is the count?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. \(^{9}C_5-{}^{7}C_3\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Total selections से दोनों particular people वाले selections घटाएं। परीक्षा में not together in selection को complement से हल करें। / Subtract selections containing both particular people from total selections. In exams solve not-together selection using complement.

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(8) people को row में arrange करना है और (A) और (B) together न हों। Count का formula कौन-सा है?

Arrange (8) people in a row so that (A) and (B) are not together. Which formula gives the count?

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Correct Answer

A. \(8!-7!\cdot2!\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Total arrangements से (A) और (B) together block arrangements घटते हैं। परीक्षा में not together permutation में complement आसान है। / Subtract block arrangements where (A) and (B) are together from total arrangements. In exams complement is easy for not-together permutations.

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(6) boys और (4) girls को row में arrange करना है ताकि no two girls together हों। Derivation का मुख्य step क्या है?

Arrange (6) boys and (4) girls in a row so that no two girls are together. What is the main step in the derivation?

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Correct Answer

B. पहले boys arrange करें और फिर (7) gaps में (4) girls रखेंArrange boys first and place (4) girls in (7) gaps

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Boys arrange करने पर (7) gaps बनते हैं जिनमें girls बैठती हैं। परीक्षा में no two together के लिए gap method लगाएं। / Arranging boys creates (7) gaps where girls can be placed. In exams use the gap method for no two together.

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(5) vowels और (7) consonants से word बनाना है जिसमें no two vowels together हों। Vowel placement का factor क्या होगा?

A word is formed from (5) vowels and (7) consonants with no two vowels together. What is the vowel placement factor?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. \(^{8}C_5\cdot5!\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

(7) consonants के arrangement के बाद (8) gaps बनते हैं और (5) vowels arrange होते हैं। परीक्षा में gaps चुनकर vowels permute करें। / After arranging (7) consonants, (8) gaps are formed and (5) vowels are arranged. In exams choose gaps and permute vowels.

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किस condition में repeated objects arrangement का सूत्र \(\frac{n!}{p!q!}\) लागू होगा?

Under which condition does the repeated-object arrangement formula \(\frac{n!}{p!q!}\) apply?

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Correct Answer

A. (n) objects में (p) एक प्रकार के और (q) दूसरे प्रकार के identical होंAmong (n) objects, (p) of one type and (q) of another type are identical

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Same-type objects की internal permutations नई arrangement नहीं देतीं। परीक्षा में repeated letters की count को factorial division से derive करें। / Internal permutations of same-type objects do not create new arrangements. In exams derive repeated-letter counts using factorial division.

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(BANANA) के distinct arrangements का denominator किस कारण (3!2!) है?

Why is the denominator for distinct arrangements of (BANANA) equal to (3!2!)?

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A. क्योंकि (A) तीन बार और (N) दो बार आता हैBecause (A) appears three times and (N) appears twice

Explanation

Simple Explanation

समान letters की अदला-बदली same word देती है। परीक्षा में repeated counts को denominator factorials बनाएं। / Interchanging identical letters gives the same word. In exams make repeated counts into denominator factorials.

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(7) distinct beads को bracelet में arrange करने पर (\frac{(7-1)!}{2}) क्यों आता है?

Why does arranging (7) distinct beads in a bracelet give (\frac{(7-1)!}{2})?

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Correct Answer

A. Rotation और reflection दोनों same माने जाते हैंBoth rotation and reflection are considered the same

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Circular duplicates हटाने के बाद mirror images भी same हैं। परीक्षा में bracelet में necklace की तरह reflection by (2) divide करें। / After removing circular duplicates, mirror images are also the same. In exams divide by (2) for reflection in bracelet problems.

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(n) distinct people की round-table seating में ((n-1)!) और row seating में (n!) का अंतर किससे आता है?

What causes the difference between ((n-1)!) for round-table seating and (n!) for row seating of (n) distinct people?

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A. Circular seating में rotations same मानी जाती हैंRotations are considered the same in circular seating

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Circle में एक व्यक्ति को fixed मानकर rotational overcount हटता है। परीक्षा में round table में one fixed method अपनाएं। / In a circle, fixing one person removes rotational overcount. In exams use the one-fixed method for round tables.

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यदि (A) और (B) round table पर adjacent हों, तो (n) people के लिए block method count क्या होगा?

If (A) and (B) are adjacent at a round table, what is the block method count for (n) people?

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Correct Answer

A. (2!(n-2)!)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

(A) और (B) को one block मानने पर circular objects (n-1) होते हैं। परीक्षा में circular block count में ((n-2)!) याद रखें। / Treating (A) and (B) as one block gives (n-1) circular objects. In exams remember ((n-2)!) in circular block counts.

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(n) distinct objects की arrangements में exactly (r) selected positions filled हों और बाकी empty हों, तो कौन-सा formula naturally आता है?

If exactly (r) selected positions are filled by (n) distinct objects and the rest are empty, which formula naturally appears?

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Correct Answer

B. \(^{n}P_r\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Positions ordered होते हैं और objects repeat नहीं होते, इसलिए falling choices मिलती हैं। परीक्षा में positions distinct हों तो permutation सोचें। / Positions are ordered and objects are not repeated, so falling choices arise. In exams think of permutations when positions are distinct.

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(6) digits से (4)-digit numbers बनते हैं और repetition allowed है। Formula \(6^4\) क्यों है?

(4)-digit numbers are formed from (6) digits and repetition is allowed. Why is the formula \(6^4\)?

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Correct Answer

A. हर position पर (6) choices independent हैंEach position has (6) independent choices

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Repetition allowed होने से choices कम नहीं होतीं। परीक्षा में allowed repetition में power formula use करें। / Choices do not decrease when repetition is allowed. In exams use the power formula when repetition is allowed.

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(0) included digits से (4)-digit numbers बनाते समय first digit restriction क्यों अलग handle होती है?

Why is the first digit restriction handled separately when forming (4)-digit numbers from digits including (0)?

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Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि first digit (0) होने पर number (4)-digit नहीं रहेगाBecause if the first digit is (0), the number will not remain (4)-digit

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Leading zero valid (4)-digit number नहीं बनाता। परीक्षा में digit arrangement में first place condition पहले देखें। / A leading zero does not form a valid (4)-digit number. In exams check the first-place condition first in digit arrangements.

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किस derivation में \(^{n}P_r\) को \(n^r\) से बदलना गलत होगा?

In which derivation would replacing \(^{n}P_r\) by \(n^r\) be wrong?

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Correct Answer

A. जब repetition not allowed हो और order important होWhen repetition is not allowed and order is important

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Without repetition में choices घटती हैं, इसलिए \(^{n}P_r\) चाहिए। परीक्षा में repetition condition पढ़े बिना power न लगाएं। / Without repetition, choices decrease, so \(^{n}P_r\) is needed. In exams do not apply powers without reading the repetition condition.

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यदि (4) different prizes (10) students में बांटने हैं और एक student multiple prizes पा सकता है, तो count कौन-सा है?

If (4) different prizes are distributed among (10) students and one student can receive multiple prizes, what is the count?

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Correct Answer

B. \(10^4\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

हर different prize के लिए (10) independent student choices हैं। परीक्षा में distinct prizes with repetition allowed को power rule से करें। / Each distinct prize has (10) independent student choices. In exams use the power rule for distinct prizes with repetition allowed.

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यदि (4) different prizes (10) students को देने हैं और कोई student एक से अधिक prize नहीं पा सकता, तो count क्या है?

If (4) different prizes are given to (10) students and no student can receive more than one prize, what is the count?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

C. \(^{10}P_4\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Prizes different हैं और recipients repeat नहीं हो सकते इसलिए ordered assignment है। परीक्षा में distinct prizes without repetition को permutation समझें। / Prizes are different and recipients cannot repeat, so it is an ordered assignment. In exams treat distinct prizes without repetition as permutation.

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(4) identical prizes (10) students में बांटने हैं और एक student multiple prizes पा सकता है। Count किससे जुड़ी है?

(4) identical prizes are distributed among (10) students and one student can receive multiple prizes. Which count is connected with this?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. \({}^{13}C_9\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Identical prizes distribution stars and bars है, (4) stars और (9) bars। परीक्षा में identical prizes को combinations with repetition से जोड़ें। / Identical prize distribution is stars and bars, with (4) stars and (9) bars. In exams connect identical prizes with combinations with repetition.

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(5) identical prizes (8) students में बांटने हैं और हर selected student को at most (1) prize मिले। Count क्या है?

(5) identical prizes are distributed among (8) students and each selected student gets at most (1) prize. What is the count?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

C. \(^{8}C_5\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Prizes identical हैं और सिर्फ (5) students choose करने हैं। परीक्षा में at most one with identical prizes को simple selection मानें। / Prizes are identical and only (5) students need to be chosen. In exams treat at most one with identical prizes as simple selection.

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\({}^{n}C_0+{}^{n}C_1+\cdots+{}^{n}C_n\) में middle terms largest क्यों होते हैं?

Why are middle terms largest in \({}^{n}C_0+{}^{n}C_1+\cdots+{}^{n}C_n\)?

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Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि consecutive ratio पहले (1) से बड़ा और बाद में (1) से छोटा होता हैBecause the consecutive ratio is first greater than (1) and later less than (1)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Ratio \(\frac{n-r}{r+1}\) transition दिखाता है। परीक्षा में binomial coefficient trend ratio से check करें। / The ratio \(\frac{n-r}{r+1}\) shows the transition. In exams check the trend of binomial coefficients by ratios.

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यदि (n) even है तो \({}^{n}C_r\) का unique largest term कौन-सा होता है?

If (n) is even, which is the unique largest term of \({}^{n}C_r\)?

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Correct Answer

A. \({}^{n}C_{\frac{n}{2}}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Even (n) में binomial coefficients middle पर peak करते हैं। परीक्षा में symmetry और ratio दोनों से middle term पहचानें। / For even (n), binomial coefficients peak at the middle. In exams identify the middle term using symmetry and ratio.

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यदि (n) odd है तो \({}^{n}C_r\) के two largest terms कौन-से होते हैं?

If (n) is odd, which are the two largest terms of \({}^{n}C_r\)?

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Correct Answer

B. \({}^{n}C_{\frac{n-1}{2}}\) और \({}^{n}C_{\frac{n+1}{2}}\)\({}^{n}C_{\frac{n-1}{2}}\) and \({}^{n}C_{\frac{n+1}{2}}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Odd (n) में two middle indices complementary और equal होते हैं। परीक्षा में odd case में दो largest terms याद रखें। / For odd (n), the two middle indices are complementary and equal. In exams remember two largest terms for the odd case.

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\({}^{n}C_r={}^{n}C_s\) और \(r\neq s\) हो तो generally कौन-सा relation मिलता है?

If \({}^{n}C_r={}^{n}C_s\) and \(r\neq s\), what relation generally follows?

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Correct Answer

A. (r+s=n)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Combination symmetry में unequal equal-values complementary indices से आते हैं। परीक्षा में equal combinations में sum (n) check करें। / In combination symmetry, unequal equal-values come from complementary indices. In exams check sum (n) for equal combinations.

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\({}^{n}P_r={}^{n}P_s\) और \(r\neq s\) generally क्यों संभव नहीं होता?

Why is \({}^{n}P_r={}^{n}P_s\) with \(r\neq s\) generally not possible?

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Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि \(^{n}P_r\) usually (r) बढ़ने पर extra positive factors से बदलता हैBecause \(^{n}P_r\) usually changes by extra positive factors as (r) increases

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Permutation में complement symmetry नहीं होती और length बदलने से count बदलता है। परीक्षा में combination symmetry को permutation पर न लगाएं। / Permutations do not have complement symmetry, and changing length changes the count. In exams do not apply combination symmetry to permutations.

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\({}^{n}C_r\) को (\frac{n(n-1)\cdots(n-r+1)}{r!}) लिखना किस connection को दिखाता है?

Writing \({}^{n}C_r\) as (\frac{n(n-1)\cdots(n-r+1)}{r!}) shows which connection?

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Correct Answer

A. Permutation count को (r!) से divide करके combination मिलता हैCombination is obtained by dividing permutation count by (r!)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Numerator \(^{n}P_r\) है और denominator order हटाता है। परीक्षा में इस form से numerical cancellation जल्दी करें। / The numerator is \(^{n}P_r\) and the denominator removes order. In exams use this form for quick numerical cancellation.

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यदि \(^{n}P_r=r!,{}^{n}C_r\), तो \(^{n}P_r\) हमेशा \(^{n}C_r\) से बड़ा या बराबर क्यों होता है?

If \(^{n}P_r=r!,{}^{n}C_r\), why is \(^{n}P_r\) always greater than or equal to \(^{n}C_r\)?

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Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि \(r!\geq1\) होता हैBecause \(r!\geq1\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Permutation हर selected group के all orders गिनता है। परीक्षा में (r=0) या (r=1) पर equality भी संभव है। / Permutation counts all orders of each selected group. In exams equality is also possible for (r=0) or (r=1).

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\({}^{n}C_r+{}^{n}C_{r+1}\) को Pascal identity से किस रूप में लिखा जाएगा?

Using Pascal identity, \({}^{n}C_r+{}^{n}C_{r+1}\) is written in which form?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. \({}^{n+1}C_{r+1}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Adjacent lower indices (r) और (r+1) मिलकर next row का (r+1) term देते हैं। परीक्षा में Pascal pattern तुरंत पहचानें। / Adjacent lower indices (r) and (r+1) give the (r+1) term of the next row. In exams identify Pascal pattern quickly.

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\({}^{12}C_4+{}^{12}C_5+{}^{13}C_6\) को simplify करने में कौन-सा पहला सही step है?

What is the first correct step in simplifying \({}^{12}C_4+{}^{12}C_5+{}^{13}C_6\)?

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Correct Answer

A. \({}^{12}C_4+{}^{12}C_5={}^{13}C_5\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Pascal identity से same upper index और adjacent lower indices combine होते हैं। परीक्षा में पहले adjacent pair को combine करें। / By Pascal identity, the same upper index with adjacent lower indices combines. In exams first combine the adjacent pair.

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\({}^{n}C_0+{}^{n}C_2+{}^{n}C_4+\cdots=2^{n-1}\) किस derivation से आता है?

The identity \({}^{n}C_0+{}^{n}C_2+{}^{n}C_4+\cdots=2^{n-1}\) comes from which derivation?

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Correct Answer

A. ((1+1)^n) और ((1-1)^n) को जोड़ने सेBy adding ((1+1)^n) and ((1-1)^n)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Even-index coefficients को अलग करने के लिए two binomial substitutions जोड़े जाते हैं। परीक्षा में even-odd sums के लिए (x=1) और (x=-1) use करें। / To separate even-index coefficients, two binomial substitutions are added. In exams use (x=1) and (x=-1) for even-odd sums.

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यदि \(^{n}P_r\) को \(^{n}P_{r-1}\) से निकाला जाए, तो कौन-सा गुणक जुड़ता है?

If \(^{n}P_r\) is obtained from \(^{n}P_{r-1}\), which multiplier is added?

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Correct Answer

B. (n-r+1)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

एक और स्थान भरने पर उपलब्ध विकल्प (n-r+1) होते हैं। परीक्षा में क्रमचय के अगले पद में नया अंतिम factor देखें। / Filling one more position gives (n-r+1) choices. In exams identify the new last factor in the next permutation term.

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संबंध \(^{n}C_r=\frac{n}{r}{}^{n-1}C_{r-1}\) किस विचार से समझा जाता है?

Which idea explains the relation \(^{n}C_r=\frac{n}{r}{}^{n-1}C_{r-1}\)?

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Correct Answer

A. एक चुने हुए सदस्य को चिह्नित करके गिननाCounting by marking one selected member

Explanation

Simple Explanation

पहले चिह्नित सदस्य चुनने पर (n) विकल्प आते हैं और हर समूह (r) बार गिना जाता है। परीक्षा में (r) वाला denominator overcount समझें। / Choosing the marked member first gives (n) choices and each group is counted (r) times. In exams treat the denominator (r) as overcount.

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यदि \(^{n}C_r\) को \(^{n-1}C_{r-1}\) से तुलना करें, तो सही अनुपात कौन-सा है?

If \(^{n}C_r\) is compared with \(^{n-1}C_{r-1}\), which ratio is correct?

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Correct Answer

C. \(\frac{{}^{n}C_r}{{}^{n-1}C_{r-1}}=\frac{n}{r}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Factorial रूप cancel करने पर \(\frac{n}{r}\) मिलता है। परीक्षा में adjacent upper और lower indices में ratio method उपयोग करें। / Canceling factorial forms gives \(\frac{n}{r}\). In exams use the ratio method for adjacent upper and lower indices.

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\(^{n}C_r+{}^{n}C_{r-1}\) को Pascal identity से किस रूप में लिखा जाएगा?

Using Pascal identity, \(^{n}C_r+{}^{n}C_{r-1}\) is written in which form?

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Correct Answer

A. \(^{n+1}C_r\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

एक ही पंक्ति के adjacent terms अगली पंक्ति का बीच वाला term देते हैं। परीक्षा में (r) और (r-1) साथ दिखें तो Pascal identity लगाएं। / Adjacent terms of the same row give the middle term in the next row. In exams apply Pascal identity when (r) and (r-1) appear together.

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यदि \(^{15}C_{r}=^{15}C_{r+3}\) और indices अलग हैं, तो (r) का मान क्या होगा?

If \(^{15}C_{r}=^{15}C_{r+3}\) and the indices are different, what is the value of (r)?

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Correct Answer

B. (6)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Unequal equal-combination indices complementary होते हैं, इसलिए (r+r+3=15)। परीक्षा में lower indices का sum upper index के बराबर रखें। / Unequal equal-combination indices are complementary, so (r+r+3=15). In exams set the sum of lower indices equal to the upper index.

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\(^{18}C_{2r}=^{18}C_{r+3}\) और \(2r\neq r+3\) हो, तो (r) क्या होगा?

If \(^{18}C_{2r}=^{18}C_{r+3}\) and \(2r\neq r+3\), what is (r)?

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Correct Answer

C. (5)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Complementary condition से (2r+r+3=18), इसलिए (r=5)। परीक्षा में equality के दो cases सोचें: same index या complementary index। / The complementary condition gives (2r+r+3=18), so (r=5). In exams consider two cases for equality: same index or complementary index.

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\(^{n}C_r=^{n}C_s\) में यदि \(r\neq s\), तो कौन-सी शर्त सही होती है?

In \(^{n}C_r=^{n}C_s\), if \(r\neq s\), which condition is correct?

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Correct Answer

A. (r+s=n)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

समान मान वाले अलग indices complementary होते हैं। परीक्षा में ऐसे सवालों में indices जोड़कर (n) से मिलाएं। / Different indices with equal values are complementary. In exams add the indices and match them with (n).

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\(^{n}P_r=^{n}C_r\cdot r!\) में (r!) किस चीज़ को दर्शाता है?

In \(^{n}P_r=^{n}C_r\cdot r!\), what does (r!) represent?

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Correct Answer

A. चुनी गई (r) वस्तुओं के सभी क्रमAll orders of the selected (r) objects

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Combination केवल समूह देता है और (r!) उस समूह के arrangements जोड़ता है। परीक्षा में permutation को selection plus arrangement समझें। / Combination gives only the group and (r!) adds arrangements of that group. In exams treat permutation as selection plus arrangement.

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\(^{n}C_r=\frac{^{n}P_r}{r!}\) का मुख्य कारण क्या है?

What is the main reason for \(^{n}C_r=\frac{^{n}P_r}{r!}\)?

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Correct Answer

A. Permutation में order counted होता है और combination में नहींOrder is counted in permutation but not in combination

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Ordered count से unordered count पाने के लिए (r!) orders हटाए जाते हैं। परीक्षा में order ignored हो तो divide करें। / To get unordered count from ordered count, (r!) orders are removed. In exams divide when order is ignored.

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(n) अलग वस्तुओं में से कम से कम (3) वस्तुएं चुनने की संख्या कौन-सी है?

What is the number of ways to select at least (3) objects from (n) distinct objects?

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Correct Answer

A. \(2^n-1-n-{}^{n}C_2\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

सभी subsets में से (0), (1), और (2) selections घटाते हैं। परीक्षा में at least को total minus small unwanted cases से करें। / Subtract selections of (0), (1), and (2) from all subsets. In exams handle at least by total minus small unwanted cases.

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(n) अलग वस्तुओं में से अधिकतम (3) वस्तुएं चुनने की संख्या कौन-सी है?

What is the number of ways to select at most (3) objects from (n) distinct objects?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(1+n+{}^{n}C_2+{}^{n}C_3\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

At most (3) में (0), (1), (2), और (3) selections शामिल होते हैं। परीक्षा में upper limit हो तो सभी allowed cases जोड़ें। / At most (3) includes selections of (0), (1), (2), and (3). In exams add all allowed cases when there is an upper limit.

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\(x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4=18\) के अऋणात्मक पूर्णांक हलों की संख्या क्या है?

What is the number of non-negative integer solutions of \(x_1+x_2+x_3+x_4=18\)?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(^{21}C_3\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Stars and bars में (18) stars और (3) bars arrange होते हैं। परीक्षा में अऋणात्मक हलों के लिए \(^{n+r-1}C_{r-1}\) लगाएं। / In stars and bars, (18) stars and (3) bars are arranged. In exams use \(^{n+r-1}C_{r-1}\) for non-negative solutions.

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\(x_1+x_2+x_3=21\) और \(x_i\geq3\) हो, तो हलों की संख्या क्या होगी?

If \(x_1+x_2+x_3=21\) and \(x_i\geq3\), what is the number of solutions?

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Correct Answer

A. \(^{14}C_2\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

हर variable को पहले (3) देने पर (12) बचता है, फिर अऋणात्मक हल गिनते हैं। परीक्षा में minimum condition को shift करें। / Giving (3) first to each variable leaves (12), then count non-negative solutions. In exams shift the minimum condition.

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(9) identical pens को (4) students में बांटना है और खाली हिस्सा allowed है। Count कौन-सी है?

(9) identical pens are to be distributed among (4) students and zero share is allowed. Which count is correct?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(^{12}C_3\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Identical pens और distinct students के लिए (9) stars तथा (3) bars लगते हैं। परीक्षा में zero allowed distribution में stars and bars याद रखें। / For identical pens and distinct students, use (9) stars and (3) bars. In exams remember stars and bars for zero-allowed distribution.

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(11) identical balls को (5) boxes में रखना है और हर box में कम से कम (1) ball हो। Count कौन-सी है?

(11) identical balls are placed in (5) boxes and each box has at least (1) ball. Which count is correct?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. \(^{10}C_4\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

हर box को (1) ball देने के बाद (6) balls बचती हैं। परीक्षा में positive distribution में पहले minimum allot करें। / After giving (1) ball to each box, (6) balls remain. In exams allot the minimum first in positive distribution.

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(14) identical coins को (4) persons में बांटना है और exactly (1) person को कुछ न मिले। Count क्या है?

(14) identical coins are distributed among (4) persons and exactly (1) person gets nothing. What is the count?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. \(^{4}C_1\cdot{}^{13}C_2\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

पहले empty person चुनें, फिर बाकी (3) persons में positive distribution करें। परीक्षा में exactly empty condition में choose empty plus positive stars-bars लगाएं। / First choose the empty person, then distribute positively among the remaining (3) persons. In exams use choose empty plus positive stars and bars for exactly empty conditions.

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(n) distinct objects को (r) distinct boxes में रखने पर count \(r^n\) कब होता है?

When is the count \(r^n\) for placing (n) distinct objects into (r) distinct boxes?

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Correct Answer

A. जब हर object independently किसी भी box में जा सकता हैWhen each object can independently go to any box

Explanation

Simple Explanation

हर distinct object के पास (r) independent choices होते हैं। परीक्षा में distinct objects और unrestricted boxes में power rule लगाएं। / Each distinct object has (r) independent choices. In exams use the power rule for distinct objects and unrestricted boxes.

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(6) अलग prizes (10) students को देने हैं और एक student कई prizes पा सकता है। Count कौन-सी है?

(6) distinct prizes are given to (10) students and one student may receive several prizes. Which count is correct?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(10^6\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

हर prize के लिए (10) independent choices हैं। परीक्षा में distinct prizes और repeated recipients allowed हों तो power formula लें। / Each prize has (10) independent choices. In exams use the power formula when distinct prizes and repeated recipients are allowed.

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(6) अलग prizes (10) students को देने हैं और कोई student एक से अधिक prize नहीं पा सकता। Count कौन-सी है?

(6) distinct prizes are given to (10) students and no student can receive more than one prize. Which count is correct?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

C. \(^{10}P_6\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Prizes अलग हैं और recipients repeat नहीं हो सकते, इसलिए ordered assignment बनता है। परीक्षा में distinct prizes without repetition को permutation समझें। / Prizes are distinct and recipients cannot repeat, so it becomes an ordered assignment. In exams treat distinct prizes without repetition as permutation.

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(6) identical prizes (10) students में बांटने हैं और एक student कई prizes पा सकता है। Count कौन-सी है?

(6) identical prizes are distributed among (10) students and one student may receive several prizes. Which count is correct?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(^{15}C_9\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Identical prizes distribution में (6) stars और (9) bars लगते हैं। परीक्षा में identical items और distinct receivers में stars and bars लगाएं। / In identical prize distribution, use (6) stars and (9) bars. In exams apply stars and bars for identical items and distinct receivers.

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(8) people में से president, secretary और treasurer चुनने की count किस सूत्र से जुड़ेगी?

Which formula gives the count for choosing a president, secretary, and treasurer from (8) people?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(^{8}P_3\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

तीनों पद अलग हैं, इसलिए order of selection meaningful है। परीक्षा में different posts हों तो permutation लगाएं। / The three posts are different, so the order of selection is meaningful. In exams use permutation for different posts.

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(8) people में से (3) members की बिना पद वाली committee बनानी हो, तो \(^{8}P_3\) क्यों गलत है?

If a (3)-member committee without posts is formed from (8) people, why is \(^{8}P_3\) wrong?

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Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि committee में क्रम का महत्व नहीं हैBecause order has no importance in a committee

Explanation

Simple Explanation

बिना पद वाली committee में केवल group गिना जाता है। परीक्षा में पद न हों तो combination उपयोग करें। / A committee without posts counts only the group. In exams use combination when there are no posts.

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(12) points में से कोई (3) collinear नहीं हैं। Triangles की संख्या कौन-सी है?

Among (12) points, no (3) are collinear. What is the number of triangles?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(^{12}C_3\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

कोई भी (3) points एक triangle बनाते हैं और order important नहीं है। परीक्षा में geometry selection में combination लगाएं। / Any (3) points form a triangle and order is not important. In exams use combination in geometry selection.

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(10) points में से (4) points collinear हैं और बाकी कोई (3) collinear नहीं हैं। Triangles की count कौन-सी है?

Among (10) points, (4) points are collinear and no other (3) are collinear. Which count gives the triangles?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. \(^{10}C_3-{}^{4}C_3\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Total (3)-point selections से collinear (3)-point selections हटते हैं। परीक्षा में invalid selections घटाएं। / Subtract collinear (3)-point selections from total (3)-point selections. In exams subtract invalid selections.

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(n)-भुज के vertices से quadrilaterals की संख्या कौन-सी है, यदि कोई (3) vertices collinear नहीं हैं?

What is the number of quadrilaterals formed from vertices of an (n)-gon if no (3) vertices are collinear?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. \(^{n}C_4\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

चार vertices का selection एक quadrilateral तय करता है। परीक्षा में polygon से shapes बनें तो vertices का combination लें। / A selection of four vertices determines a quadrilateral. In exams use combinations of vertices when shapes are formed from polygons.

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(n) लोगों में handshakes की count \(^{n}C_2\) क्यों है, \(^{n}P_2\) क्यों नहीं?

Why is the number of handshakes among (n) people \(^{n}C_2\), not \(^{n}P_2\)?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि handshake में pair unordered होता हैBecause a handshake pair is unordered

Explanation

Simple Explanation

(A) का (B) से handshake और (B) का (A) से handshake same है। परीक्षा में mutual relation को combination मानें। / A handshake of (A) with (B) and (B) with (A) is the same. In exams treat mutual relations as combinations.

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(n) teams की tournament में हर team हर दूसरी team से एक match खेले, तो matches की संख्या क्या होगी?

In a tournament of (n) teams, if each team plays one match with every other team, what is the number of matches?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(^{n}C_2\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

एक match दो teams के unordered pair से तय होता है। परीक्षा में one-to-one pair events में \(^{n}C_2\) लगाएं। / A match is determined by an unordered pair of two teams. In exams use \(^{n}C_2\) for one-to-one pair events.

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(7) distinct books को shelf पर रखना है और (3) special books साथ रहें। Count कौन-सी है?

(7) distinct books are arranged on a shelf and (3) special books stay together. Which count is correct?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. \(5!\cdot3!\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

(3) special books को one block मानने पर (5) objects arrange होते हैं। परीक्षा में block के अंदर (3!) arrangements भी गिनें। / Treating the (3) special books as one block gives (5) objects to arrange. In exams also count (3!) arrangements inside the block.

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(9) people को line में arrange करना है और (A) तथा (B) together न हों। Count कौन-सी है?

(9) people are arranged in a line and (A) and (B) are not together. Which count is correct?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

A. \(9!-8!\cdot2!\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Total arrangements से (A) और (B) together block arrangements घटते हैं। परीक्षा में not together को complement से करना आसान है। / Subtract the arrangements where (A) and (B) are together as a block from total arrangements. In exams use complement for not together.

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(6) boys और (5) girls को row में बैठाना है ताकि कोई दो girls साथ न बैठें। Girls placement factor क्या होगा?

(6) boys and (5) girls are seated in a row so that no two girls sit together. What is the girls placement factor?

Explanation opens after your attempt
Correct Answer

B. \(^{7}C_5\cdot5!\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

(6) boys के बाद (7) gaps बनते हैं, जिनमें (5) girls arrange होती हैं। परीक्षा में no two together में gap method लगाएं। / After (6) boys, (7) gaps are formed, and (5) girls are arranged in them. In exams use the gap method for no two together.

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(5) boys और (5) girls को alternate row में बैठाने की total count कौन-सी है?

What is the total count for seating (5) boys and (5) girls alternately in a row?

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Correct Answer

B. \(2\cdot5!\cdot5!\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Starting gender के (2) patterns होते हैं और दोनों groups अपने-अपने (5!) ways में arrange होते हैं। परीक्षा में equal alternate groups में (2) pattern न भूलें। / There are (2) patterns for the starting gender and both groups arrange in (5!) ways. In exams do not forget the (2) patterns for equal alternate groups.

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(8) distinct beads को circular necklace में arrange करते समय rotations और reflections दोनों same हों, तो count क्या होगा?

If (8) distinct beads are arranged in a circular necklace where both rotations and reflections are the same, what is the count?

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Correct Answer

B. \(\frac{7!}{2}\)

Explanation

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Circular rotations हटाने से (7!) आता है और reflection same होने पर (2) से divide करते हैं। परीक्षा में necklace में mirror image condition पढ़ें। / Removing circular rotations gives (7!), and divide by (2) when reflection is the same. In exams read the mirror-image condition in necklace problems.

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(9) लोगों को round table पर बैठाने की count (8!) क्यों है?

Why is the count for seating (9) people around a round table (8!)?

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Correct Answer

A. एक व्यक्ति fix करके rotations हटाए जाते हैंOne person is fixed to remove rotations

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Round table में rotations same arrangements देते हैं। परीक्षा में circular seating में ((n-1)!) लिखें। / Rotations give the same arrangements at a round table. In exams write ((n-1)!) for circular seating.

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(5) couples को round table पर बैठाना है और each couple together रहे। Count कौन-सी है?

(5) couples are seated around a round table and each couple stays together. Which count is correct?

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Correct Answer

B. \(4!\cdot2^5\)

Explanation

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(5) couple-blocks की circular arrangement (4!) है और हर block में (2) internal orders हैं। परीक्षा में circular blocks में one less factorial लें। / The circular arrangement of (5) couple-blocks is (4!) and each block has (2) internal orders. In exams use one less factorial for circular blocks.

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(ARRANGE) शब्द के distinct arrangements में denominator (2!2!) क्यों है?

Why is the denominator (2!2!) in the distinct arrangements of the word (ARRANGE)?

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A. क्योंकि (A) और (R) दो-दो बार आते हैंBecause (A) and (R) appear twice each

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समान letters की आपसी अदला-बदली नई arrangement नहीं देती। परीक्षा में repeated letters के factorials denominator में रखें। / Interchanging identical letters does not create a new arrangement. In exams put factorials of repeated letters in the denominator.

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(STATISTICS) शब्द में repeated letters के कारण denominator कौन-सा होगा?

For the word (STATISTICS), which denominator appears due to repeated letters?

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Correct Answer

A. (3!3!2!)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

(S) तीन बार, (T) तीन बार और (I) दो बार आता है। परीक्षा में word arrangement से पहले letter frequencies गिनें। / (S) appears three times, (T) appears three times, and (I) appears twice. In exams count letter frequencies before word arrangement.

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(8) books को shelf पर रखना है और (3) specific books का relative order fixed हो। Count क्या होगा?

(8) books are arranged on a shelf and the relative order of (3) specific books is fixed. What is the count?

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Correct Answer

A. \(\frac{8!}{3!}\)

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उन (3) books की (3!) possible relative orders में केवल (1) allowed है। परीक्षा में fixed relative order में total को (k!) से divide करें। / Only (1) of the (3!) possible relative orders of those (3) books is allowed. In exams divide total by (k!) for fixed relative order.

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(10) people की line में (A), (B), (C) इसी relative order में आएं, तो count क्या होगा?

In a line of (10) people, if (A), (B), (C) must appear in this relative order, what is the count?

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Correct Answer

B. \(\frac{10!}{3!}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

इन (3) लोगों के (3!) relative orders में केवल एक valid है। परीक्षा में fixed order restriction को symmetry division से करें। / Only one of the (3!) relative orders of these (3) people is valid. In exams handle fixed order restriction by symmetry division.

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Digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6) से repetition बिना (4)-digit odd numbers बनाने में last digit choices कौन-सी होंगी?

When forming (4)-digit odd numbers without repetition from digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6), what are the last digit choices?

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B. (1,3,5)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Odd number के लिए last digit odd होनी चाहिए। परीक्षा में digit problems में unit place condition पहले तय करें। / For an odd number, the last digit must be odd. In exams decide the unit-place condition first in digit problems.

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Digits (0,1,2,3,4,5) से repetition allowed (3)-digit numbers बनते हैं। Count क्या होगी?

(3)-digit numbers are formed from digits (0,1,2,3,4,5) with repetition allowed. What is the count?

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Correct Answer

B. \(5\cdot6\cdot6\)

Explanation

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First digit (0) नहीं हो सकती, बाकी दो places पर (6) choices हैं। परीक्षा में leading zero restriction अलग रखें। / The first digit cannot be (0), and the remaining two places have (6) choices. In exams handle the leading-zero restriction separately.

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(7) symbols से repetition allowed (5)-character passwords बनते हैं। Count \(7^5\) क्यों है?

(5)-character passwords are formed from (7) symbols with repetition allowed. Why is the count \(7^5\)?

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Correct Answer

A. हर स्थान पर (7) independent choices हैंEach position has (7) independent choices

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Repetition allowed होने पर selected symbol फिर उपलब्ध रहता है। परीक्षा में independent positions में power rule लगाएं। / When repetition is allowed, a selected symbol remains available again. In exams use the power rule for independent positions.

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(7) symbols से repetition बिना (5)-character passwords बनते हैं। Count कौन-सी है?

(5)-character passwords are formed from (7) symbols without repetition. Which count is correct?

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Correct Answer

C. \(^{7}P_5\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Password में order important है और repetition नहीं है। परीक्षा में without repetition ordered slots में permutation लगाएं। / Order matters in passwords and repetition is not allowed. In exams use permutation for ordered slots without repetition.

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((a+b)^n) में \(a^{n-r}b^r\) का coefficient \(^{n}C_r\) क्यों होता है?

Why is the coefficient of \(a^{n-r}b^r\) in ((a+b)^n) equal to \(^{n}C_r\)?

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Correct Answer

A. क्योंकि (r) brackets से (b) चुनते हैंBecause (b) is chosen from (r) brackets

Explanation

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\(b^r\) बनाने के लिए (n) brackets में से (r) brackets चुनते हैं। परीक्षा में binomial coefficient को bracket selection से जोड़ें। / To form \(b^r\), choose (r) brackets from (n) brackets. In exams connect binomial coefficients with bracket selection.

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((1+x)^{10}) में \(x^4\) का coefficient कौन-सा है?

What is the coefficient of \(x^4\) in ((1+x)^{10})?

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Correct Answer

B. \(^{10}C_4\)

Explanation

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(10) brackets में से (4) brackets से (x) चुनना होता है। परीक्षा में coefficient के लिए order नहीं गिनें। / Choose (x) from (4) of the (10) brackets. In exams do not count order for coefficients.

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\(\sum_{r=0}^{n}{}^{n}C_r=2^n\) को subsets से कैसे समझते हैं?

How is \(\sum_{r=0}^{n}{}^{n}C_r=2^n\) understood through subsets?

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Correct Answer

A. सभी possible subset sizes को जोड़नाAdding all possible subset sizes

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Left side हर size के subsets को जोड़ता है और right side प्रत्येक object के choose or not choose choices देता है। परीक्षा में subset identity को दो तरीकों से गिनें। / The left side adds subsets of every size and the right side gives choose-or-not choices for each object. In exams count subset identities in two ways.

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(\sum_{r=0}^{n}(-1)^r{}^{n}C_r=0) के लिए कौन-सा substitution उपयोग होता है?

Which substitution is used for (\sum_{r=0}^{n}(-1)^r{}^{n}C_r=0)?

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Correct Answer

B. ((1+x)^n) में (x=-1)(x=-1) in ((1+x)^n)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

(x=-1) रखने पर ((1-1)^n=0) मिलता है। परीक्षा में alternating sum में (x=-1) याद रखें। / Putting (x=-1) gives ((1-1)^n=0). In exams remember (x=-1) for alternating sums.

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\(\sum_{r=0}^{n}r{}^{n}C_r=n2^{n-1}\) किस double counting से आता है?

Which double counting gives \(\sum_{r=0}^{n}r{}^{n}C_r=n2^{n-1}\)?

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Correct Answer

A. एक selected सदस्य को mark करनाMarking one selected member

Explanation

Simple Explanation

पहले subset चुनकर उसमें एक member mark करें या पहले marked member चुनकर बाकी freely चुनें। परीक्षा में (r) factor को marked choice समझें। / Choose a subset and mark one member, or first choose the marked member and freely choose the rest. In exams treat the factor (r) as a marked choice.

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\(\sum_{r=0}^{n}{}^{n}C_r{}^{r}C_2\) का simplified form क्या है?

What is the simplified form of \(\sum_{r=0}^{n}{}^{n}C_r{}^{r}C_2\)?

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Correct Answer

A. \(^{n}C_2 2^{n-2}\)

Explanation

Simple Explanation

पहले marked pair चुनें, फिर बाकी (n-2) objects freely choose करें। परीक्षा में nested combination sums में marked objects पहले चुनें। / First choose the marked pair, then freely choose from the remaining (n-2) objects. In exams choose marked objects first in nested combination sums.

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\({}^{m+n}C_r=\sum_{k=0}^{r}{}^{m}C_k{}^{n}C_{r-k}\) किस identity का रूप है?

The identity \({}^{m+n}C_r=\sum_{k=0}^{r}{}^{m}C_k{}^{n}C_{r-k}\) is a form of which identity?

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Correct Answer

B. Vandermonde identity

Explanation

Simple Explanation

दो groups से कुल (r) objects चुनने में first group से (k) objects लिए जाते हैं। परीक्षा में two-group selection में Vandermonde पहचानें। / When choosing (r) objects from two groups, (k) objects are taken from the first group. In exams identify Vandermonde in two-group selection.

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\({}^{n}C_a{}^{n-a}C_b\) को किस factorial form से जोड़ा जा सकता है?

With which factorial form can \({}^{n}C_a{}^{n-a}C_b\) be connected?

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Correct Answer

A. (\frac{n!}{a!b!(n-a-b)!})

Explanation

Simple Explanation

पहले (a) objects और फिर बचे हुए से (b) objects चुनना labelled grouping जैसा है। परीक्षा में sequential selections को factorial division में बदलें। / Choosing (a) objects first and then (b) from the remaining objects is like labelled grouping. In exams convert sequential selections into factorial division.

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