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Class 11 Biotechnology - Processes Of Recombinant Dna Technology - Cutting of DNA Easy Quiz

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डीएनए काटने में मुख्य एंजाइम कौन से होते हैं?

Which enzymes are mainly used for cutting DNA?

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A. प्रतिबंध एंजाइमRestriction enzymes

Explanation

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प्रतिबंध एंजाइम डीएनए को खास स्थानों पर काटते हैं। परीक्षा में इन्हें molecular scissors याद रखें। / Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites. In exams remember them as molecular scissors.

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डीएनए को विशिष्ट स्थान पर काटने वाले एंजाइम को क्या कहते हैं?

What is an enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific site called?

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B. प्रतिबंध एंडोन्यूक्लिएजRestriction endonuclease

Explanation

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Restriction endonuclease डीएनए के अंदर specific sequence पर cut लगाता है। यह recombinant DNA technology में जरूरी है। / A restriction endonuclease cuts inside DNA at a specific sequence. It is essential in recombinant DNA technology.

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प्रतिबंध एंजाइम डीएनए में किस bond को काटते हैं?

Which bond is cut by restriction enzymes in DNA?

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C. फॉस्फोडाइएस्टर bondPhosphodiester bond

Explanation

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Restriction enzymes DNA backbone के phosphodiester bonds को काटते हैं। इससे DNA fragments बनते हैं। / Restriction enzymes cut phosphodiester bonds in the DNA backbone. This forms DNA fragments.

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प्रतिबंध एंजाइम के लिए recognition site का अर्थ क्या है?

What does recognition site mean for a restriction enzyme?

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D. डीएनए की वह sequence जिसे enzyme पहचानता हैDNA sequence recognized by the enzyme

Explanation

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Recognition site वह specific DNA sequence है जहाँ enzyme bind और cut करता है। हर enzyme का site अलग हो सकता है। / A recognition site is the specific DNA sequence where an enzyme binds and cuts. Each enzyme may have a different site.

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Palindromic sequence का सही अर्थ क्या है?

What is the correct meaning of a palindromic sequence?

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A. दोनों strands पर opposite दिशा में समान पढ़ी जाने वाली sequenceA sequence read the same on both strands in opposite directions

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कई restriction enzymes palindromic sequences पहचानते हैं। इसे दोनों strands की symmetry से याद रखें। / Many restriction enzymes recognize palindromic sequences. Remember it by symmetry of both strands.

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EcoRI cutting से सामान्यतः किस प्रकार के ends बनते हैं?

What type of ends are generally produced by EcoRI cutting?

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C. sticky ends

Explanation

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EcoRI staggered cut लगाकर sticky ends बनाता है। Sticky ends ligation में मदद कर सकते हैं। / EcoRI makes staggered cuts producing sticky ends. Sticky ends can help in ligation.

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Blunt end का अर्थ क्या है?

What does blunt end mean?

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D. बिना overhang वाला सीधा DNA endStraight DNA end without overhang

Explanation

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Blunt ends में कोई single-stranded overhang नहीं होता। ये भी ligate हो सकते हैं पर sticky ends की तुलना में कठिन हो सकते हैं। / Blunt ends have no single-stranded overhang. They can ligate but may be harder than sticky ends.

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Sticky end का मुख्य लाभ क्या है?

What is the main advantage of a sticky end?

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A. complementary ends के साथ pairing आसान होती हैPairing with complementary ends becomes easier

Explanation

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Sticky ends complementary bases से pair कर सकते हैं। इसलिए recombinant DNA बनाने में ये उपयोगी हैं। / Sticky ends can pair by complementary bases. Therefore they are useful in making recombinant DNA.

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Staggered cut से क्या बनता है?

What is formed by a staggered cut?

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B. sticky ends with overhangs

Explanation

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Staggered cut DNA strands को अलग positions पर काटता है। इससे overhang वाले sticky ends बनते हैं। / A staggered cut cuts DNA strands at different positions. This forms sticky ends with overhangs.

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Straight cut से किस प्रकार के DNA ends बनते हैं?

What type of DNA ends are produced by a straight cut?

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C. blunt ends

Explanation

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Straight cut दोनों strands को same position पर काटता है। इससे blunt ends बनते हैं। / A straight cut cuts both strands at the same position. This produces blunt ends.

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Restriction enzyme का specific होना क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है?

Why is specificity of a restriction enzyme important?

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D. क्योंकि यह desired site पर DNA काटता हैBecause it cuts DNA at the desired site

Explanation

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Specificity से DNA predictable fragments में कटता है। Cloning strategy इसी पर निर्भर करती है। / Specificity cuts DNA into predictable fragments. Cloning strategy depends on this.

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डीएनए cutting के बाद बने टुकड़ों को क्या कहते हैं?

What are the pieces formed after DNA cutting called?

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A. डीएनए fragmentsDNA fragments

Explanation

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Restriction digestion के बाद DNA fragments बनते हैं। इन्हें gel electrophoresis से देखा जा सकता है। / After restriction digestion DNA fragments are formed. They can be seen by gel electrophoresis.

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Cutting of DNA के बाद fragments को अलग करने के लिए कौन सी तकनीक उपयोगी है?

Which technique is useful to separate fragments after cutting DNA?

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B. agarose gel electrophoresis

Explanation

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Agarose gel DNA fragments को size के आधार पर अलग करता है। यह digestion check करने में उपयोगी है। / Agarose gel separates DNA fragments by size. It is useful to check digestion.

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Restriction digestion mixture में buffer क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is buffer necessary in a restriction digestion mixture?

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C. enzyme के लिए सही pH और salt condition देने के लिएTo provide proper pH and salt condition for enzyme

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Restriction enzyme सही buffer में बेहतर काम करता है। गलत buffer digestion को कमजोर कर सकता है। / A restriction enzyme works better in the correct buffer. Wrong buffer can weaken digestion.

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Restriction enzyme reaction में temperature क्यों नियंत्रित किया जाता है?

Why is temperature controlled in a restriction enzyme reaction?

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D. enzyme activity को सही रखने के लिएTo maintain proper enzyme activity

Explanation

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हर enzyme का optimum temperature होता है। गलत temperature cutting efficiency घटा सकता है। / Each enzyme has an optimum temperature. Wrong temperature can reduce cutting efficiency.

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अधिकांश common restriction enzymes के लिए सामान्य incubation temperature क्या माना जाता है?

What is the common incubation temperature for many common restriction enzymes?

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A. लगभग 37 डिग्री सेल्सियसAbout 37 degrees Celsius

Explanation

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कई common restriction enzymes लगभग 37 डिग्री सेल्सियस पर काम करते हैं। हमेशा specific enzyme की condition देखें। / Many common restriction enzymes work around 37 degrees Celsius. Always check the specific enzyme condition.

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Restriction enzyme DNA में कहाँ cut लगाता है?

Where does a restriction enzyme cut DNA?

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B. specific recognition site परAt a specific recognition site

Explanation

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Restriction enzyme DNA की specific recognition sequence पहचानता है। फिर उसी site के पास cut लगाता है। / A restriction enzyme recognizes a specific DNA sequence. It then cuts at or near that site.

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Vector और insert को same restriction enzyme से काटने का लाभ क्या है?

What is the benefit of cutting vector and insert with the same restriction enzyme?

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D. compatible ends बन सकते हैंCompatible ends can form

Explanation

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Same enzyme compatible ends बना सकता है। इससे insert को vector में ligate करना आसान होता है। / The same enzyme can produce compatible ends. This makes ligating insert into vector easier.

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Compatible ends का अर्थ क्या है?

What does compatible ends mean?

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A. ऐसे DNA ends जो आपस में जुड़ सकते हैंDNA ends that can join with each other

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Compatible ends complementary overhangs या suitable blunt ends हो सकते हैं। ये ligation में मदद करते हैं। / Compatible ends may be complementary overhangs or suitable blunt ends. They help ligation.

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Incompatible ends का cloning में क्या प्रभाव होता है?

What is the effect of incompatible ends in cloning?

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B. joining कठिन या असंभव हो सकती हैJoining can be difficult or impossible

Explanation

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Incompatible ends आपस में properly pair नहीं कर पाते। इसलिए cloning strategy में enzyme choice जरूरी है। / Incompatible ends cannot pair properly. Therefore enzyme choice is important in cloning strategy.

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एक restriction enzyme के recognition site न होने पर क्या होगा?

What happens if a DNA molecule lacks the recognition site of a restriction enzyme?

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A. DNA उसी enzyme से specific तरीके से नहीं कटेगाDNA will not be specifically cut by that enzyme

Explanation

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Restriction enzyme अपने recognition site के बिना cut नहीं कर सकता। इसलिए sequence information important है। / A restriction enzyme cannot cut without its recognition site. Therefore sequence information is important.

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एक DNA molecule में enzyme site दो बार हो तो digestion के बाद क्या हो सकता है?

If an enzyme site occurs twice in a DNA molecule what can happen after digestion?

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C. तीन fragments बन सकते हैं if linear DNAThree fragments can form if DNA is linear

Explanation

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Linear DNA में दो cut sites होने पर तीन fragments बन सकते हैं। Fragment number site position पर निर्भर करता है। / In linear DNA two cut sites can produce three fragments. Fragment number depends on site positions.

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Circular plasmid पर एक restriction site हो तो digestion से क्या बनता है?

If a circular plasmid has one restriction site what is formed after digestion?

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D. linear plasmid

Explanation

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Circular plasmid एक site पर कटकर linear molecule बन सकता है। Gel पर supercoiled और linear forms अलग दिख सकते हैं। / A circular plasmid cut at one site can become a linear molecule. Supercoiled and linear forms can appear differently on gel.

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Circular plasmid पर दो अलग cut sites हों तो क्या बन सकता है?

What can form if a circular plasmid has two different cut sites?

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A. दो DNA fragmentsTwo DNA fragments

Explanation

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Circular DNA पर दो cuts generally दो fragments देते हैं। यह insert release या diagnostic digestion में उपयोगी है। / Two cuts on circular DNA generally give two fragments. This is useful for insert release or diagnostic digestion.

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Restriction digestion result देखने के लिए DNA ladder क्यों लगाई जाती है?

Why is a DNA ladder loaded to view restriction digestion results?

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B. fragment size estimate करने के लिएTo estimate fragment size

Explanation

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DNA ladder known size fragments देती है। इससे sample fragments का size estimate होता है। / A DNA ladder provides fragments of known sizes. This helps estimate sample fragment sizes.

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Restriction digestion के बाद gel पर band क्यों दिखते हैं?

Why do bands appear on a gel after restriction digestion?

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A. DNA fragments size के अनुसार अलग होते हैंDNA fragments separate according to size

Explanation

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Gel electrophoresis DNA fragments को size के अनुसार अलग करता है। Bands digestion pattern दिखाते हैं। / Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size. Bands show the digestion pattern.

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Small DNA fragments gel में सामान्यतः कैसे move करते हैं?

How do small DNA fragments generally move in a gel?

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B. बड़े fragments से अधिक दूरीMore distance than large fragments

Explanation

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छोटे fragments agarose gel में faster और farther move करते हैं। यह size separation का आधार है। / Small fragments move faster and farther in agarose gel. This is the basis of size separation.

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डीएनए cutting से पहले DNA purity क्यों important है?

Why is DNA purity important before DNA cutting?

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A. impurities enzyme को inhibit कर सकती हैंImpurities can inhibit the enzyme

Explanation

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Phenol salt या ethanol जैसे contaminants enzyme activity घटा सकते हैं। Clean DNA digestion के लिए बेहतर है। / Contaminants such as phenol salt or ethanol can reduce enzyme activity. Clean DNA is better for digestion.

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Restriction digestion में DNA methylation क्या प्रभाव डाल सकती है?

What effect can DNA methylation have in restriction digestion?

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A. enzyme recognition या cutting को प्रभावित कर सकती हैIt can affect enzyme recognition or cutting

Explanation

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कुछ restriction enzymes methylated sites नहीं काटते। इसलिए methylation status digestion result बदल सकता है। / Some restriction enzymes do not cut methylated sites. Therefore methylation status can change digestion results.

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Bacteria अपने DNA को restriction enzyme से कैसे बचा सकते हैं?

How can bacteria protect their own DNA from restriction enzymes?

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B. methylation द्वाराBy methylation

Explanation

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Bacteria अपने recognition sites को methylate कर सकते हैं। इससे own DNA restriction enzyme से सुरक्षित रहता है। / Bacteria can methylate their recognition sites. This protects their own DNA from restriction enzymes.

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Restriction-modification system में restriction का काम क्या है?

What is the role of restriction in a restriction-modification system?

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A. foreign DNA को काटनाCutting foreign DNA

Explanation

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Restriction part foreign DNA को काट सकता है। Modification part host DNA को protect करता है। / The restriction part can cut foreign DNA. The modification part protects host DNA.

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Restriction-modification system में modification का मतलब क्या है?

What does modification mean in a restriction-modification system?

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C. host DNA को methylate करनाMethylating host DNA

Explanation

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Modification usually host DNA methylation से जुड़ी है। इससे host DNA cutting से बच सकता है। / Modification is usually linked with methylation of host DNA. This can protect host DNA from cutting.

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किस enzyme से blunt ends बन सकते हैं?

Which enzyme can produce blunt ends?

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A. SmaI जैसे enzymeEnzyme like SmaI

Explanation

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SmaI blunt end बनाने वाले enzyme का common example है। Enzyme type ends को determine करता है। / SmaI is a common example of a blunt-end producing enzyme. The enzyme type determines the ends.

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HindIII किससे जुड़ा है?

HindIII is linked with what?

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B. restriction digestion

Explanation

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HindIII एक restriction enzyme है। यह specific recognition site पर DNA काटता है। / HindIII is a restriction enzyme. It cuts DNA at a specific recognition site.

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BamHI का उपयोग किस काम में किया जाता है?

For what is BamHI used?

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A. DNA restriction cutting

Explanation

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BamHI restriction enzyme है और DNA को specific site पर काटता है। यह cloning में उपयोगी हो सकता है। / BamHI is a restriction enzyme and cuts DNA at a specific site. It can be useful in cloning.

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Restriction digestion में enzyme quantity बहुत कम हो तो क्या हो सकता है?

What can happen if enzyme quantity is too low in restriction digestion?

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A. complete digestion नहीं हो सकतीComplete digestion may not occur

Explanation

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कम enzyme incomplete digestion दे सकता है। Reaction setup में enzyme amount important है। / Too little enzyme can give incomplete digestion. Enzyme amount is important in reaction setup.

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Restriction digestion में incubation time बहुत कम हो तो क्या हो सकता है?

What can happen if incubation time is too short in restriction digestion?

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B. incomplete digestion हो सकता हैIncomplete digestion can occur

Explanation

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कम समय में enzyme सभी sites नहीं काट पाएगा। उचित incubation digestion पूरा करने में मदद करती है। / With too little time the enzyme may not cut all sites. Proper incubation helps complete digestion.

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Restriction digestion में heat inactivation का क्या उद्देश्य हो सकता है?

What can be the purpose of heat inactivation in restriction digestion?

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C. enzyme activity रोकनाStopping enzyme activity

Explanation

Simple Explanation

कुछ enzymes heat treatment से inactive किए जा सकते हैं। इससे next step में unwanted cutting रुकती है। / Some enzymes can be inactivated by heat treatment. This stops unwanted cutting in the next step.

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Restriction enzyme को freezer में क्यों रखा जाता है?

Why are restriction enzymes stored in a freezer?

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C. enzyme को stable रखने के लिएTo keep enzyme stable

Explanation

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Restriction enzymes temperature-sensitive proteins हैं। Cold storage enzyme activity बचाने में मदद करता है। / Restriction enzymes are temperature-sensitive proteins. Cold storage helps preserve enzyme activity.

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Restriction enzyme tube को लंबे समय तक room temperature पर रखने से क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

What problem can occur if a restriction enzyme tube is kept at room temperature for long?

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A. enzyme activity घट सकती हैEnzyme activity can decrease

Explanation

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High temperature exposure enzyme को inactive कर सकता है। Enzyme को cold conditions में रखें। / High temperature exposure can inactivate the enzyme. Keep the enzyme in cold conditions.

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Restriction digestion control क्यों लगाया जाता है?

Why is a restriction digestion control used?

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A. result interpretation सही करने के लिएTo interpret results correctly

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Control से पता चलता है कि DNA और enzyme reaction सही चल रही है या नहीं। यह troubleshooting में मदद करता है। / A control shows whether DNA and enzyme reaction are working properly. It helps troubleshooting.

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Uncut DNA control किसलिए उपयोगी है?

Why is an uncut DNA control useful?

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A. cut pattern को original DNA form से compare करने के लिएTo compare cut pattern with original DNA form

Explanation

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Uncut control दिखाता है कि DNA digestion से पहले कैसा दिखता था। इससे digestion success समझ आती है। / An uncut control shows how DNA looked before digestion. This helps understand digestion success.

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Restriction digestion में no-enzyme control क्या दिखाता है?

What does a no-enzyme control show in restriction digestion?

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A. enzyme के बिना DNA का patternDNA pattern without enzyme

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No-enzyme control uncut DNA pattern देता है। इससे enzyme cutting effect compare होता है। / A no-enzyme control gives the uncut DNA pattern. It helps compare the cutting effect of enzyme.

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DNA cutting के बाद desired fragment को gel से क्यों निकाला जा सकता है?

Why can a desired fragment be extracted from a gel after DNA cutting?

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A. cloning में use करने के लिएTo use it in cloning

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Gel extraction desired DNA fragment को बाकी fragments से अलग करता है। यह insert preparation में उपयोगी है। / Gel extraction separates the desired DNA fragment from other fragments. It is useful in insert preparation.

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Cutting of DNA का recombinant DNA technology में मुख्य role क्या है?

What is the main role of cutting DNA in recombinant DNA technology?

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A. DNA fragments और vector ends तैयार करनाPreparing DNA fragments and vector ends

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DNA cutting से insert और vector compatible रूप में तैयार किए जाते हैं। इसके बाद ligation step आता है। / DNA cutting prepares insert and vector in compatible form. Ligation comes after this step.

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Level 45 Cutting of DNA का सबसे अच्छा revision point क्या है?

What is the best revision point of Level 45 Cutting of DNA?

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A. restriction enzyme recognition site sticky end और gel check याद रखेंRemember restriction enzyme recognition site sticky end and gel check

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Cutting of DNA में specific enzyme DNA को predictable fragments में काटता है। Fragments को gel से check किया जाता है। / In Cutting of DNA a specific enzyme cuts DNA into predictable fragments. Fragments are checked by gel.

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डीएनए cutting का exam-safe summary क्या है?

What is the exam-safe summary of DNA cutting?

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A. restriction enzymes DNA को specific sites पर काटकर fragments बनाते हैंRestriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites to make fragments

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Restriction enzymes molecular scissors की तरह काम करते हैं। Sticky या blunt ends recombinant DNA formation में उपयोगी होते हैं। / Restriction enzymes work like molecular scissors. Sticky or blunt ends are useful in recombinant DNA formation.

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Complete digestion का अर्थ क्या है?

What does complete digestion mean?

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A. सभी target sites का cut हो जानाCutting at all target sites

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Complete digestion में enzyme सभी recognition sites काटता है। Gel पर expected fragment pattern मिलता है। / In complete digestion the enzyme cuts all recognition sites. The expected fragment pattern appears on gel.

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Partial digestion का एक कारण क्या हो सकता है?

What can be one reason for partial digestion?

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C. कम enzyme या कम incubation timeLow enzyme or short incubation time

Explanation

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कम enzyme या कम समय से सभी sites नहीं कटते। Reaction conditions optimize करनी चाहिए। / Low enzyme or short time may not cut all sites. Reaction conditions should be optimized.

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Star activity restriction enzyme में क्या है?

What is star activity in a restriction enzyme?

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D. normal site के अलावा similar sites पर cuttingCutting at similar sites besides the normal site

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Star activity में enzyme specificity घट सकती है। गलत buffer या excess enzyme इसका कारण बन सकते हैं। / In star activity enzyme specificity can decrease. Wrong buffer or excess enzyme can cause it.

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Star activity से बचने के लिए क्या करना चाहिए?

How can star activity be avoided?

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A. recommended buffer और सही enzyme amount use करेंUse recommended buffer and correct enzyme amount

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Recommended conditions enzyme specificity बनाए रखती हैं। Excess enzyme और long incubation avoid करें। / Recommended conditions maintain enzyme specificity. Avoid excess enzyme and long incubation.

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Directional cloning में दो अलग enzymes क्यों उपयोगी होते हैं?

Why are two different enzymes useful in directional cloning?

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C. insert orientation control करने के लिएTo control insert orientation

Explanation

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दो अलग ends insert को एक दिशा में ligate कराने में मदद कर सकते हैं। इससे wrong orientation कम होता है। / Two different ends can help ligate insert in one direction. This reduces wrong orientation.

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Double digestion में buffer compatibility क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is buffer compatibility important in double digestion?

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D. दोनों enzymes की activity बनाए रखने के लिएTo maintain activity of both enzymes

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दो enzymes एक ही buffer में अलग-अलग efficiency दिखा सकते हैं। Compatible buffer digestion success के लिए जरूरी है। / Two enzymes can show different efficiencies in the same buffer. Compatible buffer is necessary for digestion success.

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Sequential digestion कब किया जा सकता है?

When can sequential digestion be done?

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A. जब दो enzymes एक buffer में अच्छे से काम न करेंWhen two enzymes do not work well in one buffer

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Sequential digestion में enzymes अलग-अलग steps में use किए जाते हैं। यह buffer incompatibility में मदद करता है। / In sequential digestion enzymes are used in separate steps. It helps when buffers are incompatible.

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Compatible sticky ends अलग enzymes से भी कैसे बन सकते हैं?

How can compatible sticky ends be produced by different enzymes?

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A. अगर वे same या compatible overhang बनाएंIf they produce same or compatible overhangs

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कुछ enzymes अलग sites पहचानते हैं पर compatible overhangs देते हैं। ऐसे ends ligate हो सकते हैं। / Some enzymes recognize different sites but produce compatible overhangs. Such ends can ligate.

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Neoschizomers किसे कहते हैं?

What are neoschizomers?

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B. same recognition sequence पर अलग position में cut करने वाले enzymesEnzymes cutting at different positions within the same recognition sequence

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Neoschizomers same site पहचान सकते हैं पर cut position अलग होती है। इससे ends अलग बन सकते हैं। / Neoschizomers can recognize the same site but cut at different positions. This can produce different ends.

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Restriction map का अर्थ क्या है?

What does restriction map mean?

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C. restriction sites की position का mapMap of positions of restriction sites

Explanation

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Restriction map बताता है कि DNA पर enzymes कहाँ cut करेंगे। यह cloning planning में useful है। / A restriction map shows where enzymes will cut DNA. It is useful in cloning planning.

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Diagnostic digestion का उद्देश्य क्या है?

What is the purpose of diagnostic digestion?

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D. clone या insert सही है या नहीं जाँचनाChecking whether clone or insert is correct

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Diagnostic digestion expected bands से construct की पुष्टि करता है। यह cloning verification में common है। / Diagnostic digestion confirms a construct using expected bands. It is common in cloning verification.

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Diagnostic digest में expected band pattern मिलना क्या बताता है?

What does getting the expected band pattern in diagnostic digest show?

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A. construct सही हो सकता हैThe construct may be correct

Explanation

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Expected bands vector map के अनुसार correct insert का संकेत देते हैं। Final confirmation के लिए sequencing भी उपयोगी है। / Expected bands indicate the correct insert according to vector map. Sequencing is also useful for final confirmation.

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Unexpected bands restriction digest में क्या संकेत दे सकते हैं?

What can unexpected bands indicate in a restriction digest?

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B. wrong clone या incomplete digestionWrong clone or incomplete digestion

Explanation

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Unexpected bands wrong construct partial digestion या star activity दिखा सकते हैं। Troubleshooting जरूरी है। / Unexpected bands can show wrong construct partial digestion or star activity. Troubleshooting is needed.

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Restriction enzyme unit का अर्थ क्या है?

What does a restriction enzyme unit mean?

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C. defined condition में DNA काटने की activity amountAmount of activity to cut DNA under defined condition

Explanation

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Enzyme units activity बताते हैं। Reaction setup में DNA amount के अनुसार enzyme मात्रा चुनी जाती है। / Enzyme units describe activity. Enzyme amount is chosen according to DNA amount in reaction setup.

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Restriction enzyme बहुत अधिक डालने से क्या risk हो सकता है?

What risk can occur by adding too much restriction enzyme?

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D. star activity या glycerol effectStar activity or glycerol effect

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Excess enzyme reaction conditions को बिगाड़ सकता है और star activity बढ़ा सकता है। Recommended amount use करें। / Excess enzyme can disturb reaction conditions and increase star activity. Use recommended amount.

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Restriction enzyme storage buffer में glycerol क्यों होता है?

Why is glycerol present in restriction enzyme storage buffer?

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A. enzyme stability और freezing protection के लिएFor enzyme stability and freezing protection

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Glycerol enzyme को freezing damage से बचाता है। लेकिन reaction में बहुत अधिक glycerol avoid किया जाता है। / Glycerol protects enzyme from freezing damage. But too much glycerol in reaction is avoided.

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Restriction digestion में final glycerol concentration अधिक होने से क्या हो सकता है?

What can happen if final glycerol concentration is high in restriction digestion?

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B. star activity बढ़ सकती हैStar activity can increase

Explanation

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बहुत अधिक glycerol enzyme specificity को प्रभावित कर सकता है। इसलिए enzyme volume limited रखा जाता है। / Too much glycerol can affect enzyme specificity. Therefore enzyme volume is kept limited.

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Restriction enzyme को बार-बार freeze-thaw करने से क्या हो सकता है?

What can happen by repeated freeze-thaw of restriction enzyme?

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A. enzyme activity घट सकती हैEnzyme activity can decrease

Explanation

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Repeated freeze-thaw enzyme stability घटा सकता है। Enzyme को cold और carefully handle करें। / Repeated freeze-thaw can reduce enzyme stability. Handle enzyme cold and carefully.

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Restriction digestion setup में enzyme को अंत में क्यों add किया जाता है?

Why is enzyme added last in restriction digestion setup?

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B. reaction conditions ready होने के बाद enzyme exposure control करने के लिएTo control enzyme exposure after reaction conditions are ready

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Enzyme last में add करने से reaction conditions पहले correct हो जाती हैं। यह activity और timing control में मदद करता है। / Adding enzyme last ensures reaction conditions are correct first. It helps control activity and timing.

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Restriction reaction में nuclease-free water क्यों उपयोग होता है?

Why is nuclease-free water used in restriction reaction?

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C. unwanted DNA degradation से बचने के लिएTo avoid unwanted DNA degradation

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Nuclease-free water unwanted nucleases से बचाता है। इससे DNA sample intact रहता है। / Nuclease-free water avoids unwanted nucleases. This keeps the DNA sample intact.

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Restriction digestion में clean pipette tips क्यों जरूरी हैं?

Why are clean pipette tips important in restriction digestion?

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D. contamination और nuclease entry रोकने के लिएTo prevent contamination and nuclease entry

Explanation

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Contaminated tips DNA या enzyme reaction को खराब कर सकते हैं। Fresh sterile tips use करें। / Contaminated tips can spoil DNA or enzyme reaction. Use fresh sterile tips.

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Restriction digestion के लिए DNA sample में leftover ethanol क्यों नहीं होना चाहिए?

Why should leftover ethanol not be present in a DNA sample for restriction digestion?

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A. ethanol enzyme reaction inhibit कर सकता हैEthanol can inhibit enzyme reaction

Explanation

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Residual ethanol restriction enzyme activity घटा सकता है। DNA pellet को सही तरह dry करना चाहिए। / Residual ethanol can reduce restriction enzyme activity. The DNA pellet should be dried properly.

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Phenol contamination restriction digestion में क्या कर सकता है?

What can phenol contamination do in restriction digestion?

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A. enzyme activity को inhibit कर सकता हैIt can inhibit enzyme activity

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Phenol जैसे contaminants enzyme reactions को रोक सकते हैं। इसलिए DNA cleanup important है। / Contaminants like phenol can inhibit enzyme reactions. Therefore DNA cleanup is important.

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DNA methylation के कारण restriction digest fail क्यों हो सकता है?

Why can restriction digest fail due to DNA methylation?

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A. methylation enzyme recognition रोक सकती हैMethylation can block enzyme recognition

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कुछ enzymes methylated recognition sites नहीं काटते। Methylation sensitivity enzyme choice में देखनी चाहिए। / Some enzymes do not cut methylated recognition sites. Methylation sensitivity should be checked in enzyme choice.

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Methylation-sensitive enzyme क्या करता है?

What does a methylation-sensitive enzyme do?

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A. methylated site पर cutting बदल सकती हैIts cutting can change at methylated site

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Methylation-sensitive enzymes methylated DNA को कम या नहीं काट सकते। यह digestion pattern बदल सकता है। / Methylation-sensitive enzymes may cut methylated DNA poorly or not at all. This can change digestion pattern.

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Restriction digestion में substrate DNA का अर्थ क्या है?

What does substrate DNA mean in restriction digestion?

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A. वह DNA जिसे enzyme काटेगाThe DNA that enzyme will cut

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Substrate DNA reaction में cutting target होता है। Enzyme recognition site इसी DNA पर खोजता है। / Substrate DNA is the cutting target in the reaction. The enzyme looks for recognition site on this DNA.

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Linear DNA और circular DNA digestion patterns अलग क्यों हो सकते हैं?

Why can linear and circular DNA digestion patterns differ?

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A. उनकी shape और cut site arrangement अलग होती हैTheir shape and cut site arrangement differ

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Circular DNA एक cut से linear हो सकता है जबकि linear DNA में fragment count अलग हो सकता है। Shape pattern को प्रभावित करती है। / Circular DNA can become linear with one cut while linear DNA can show different fragment counts. Shape affects pattern.

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Supercoiled plasmid gel पर linear plasmid से अलग क्यों दिख सकता है?

Why can supercoiled plasmid look different from linear plasmid on gel?

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A. supercoiled shape migration बदलती हैSupercoiled shape changes migration

Explanation

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Plasmid conformation gel mobility को प्रभावित करती है। इसलिए uncut plasmid के bands अलग दिख सकते हैं। / Plasmid conformation affects gel mobility. Therefore uncut plasmid bands can look different.

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Restriction digest के बाद vector linearization का अर्थ क्या है?

What does vector linearization after restriction digest mean?

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A. circular vector को काटकर linear बनानाCutting circular vector to make it linear

Explanation

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Linearized vector insert ligation के लिए तैयार हो सकता है। सही site पर cut होना जरूरी है। / A linearized vector can be ready for insert ligation. Cutting at the correct site is necessary.

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Vector self-ligation रोकने में कौन सा treatment मदद कर सकता है?

Which treatment can help prevent vector self-ligation?

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B. alkaline phosphatase treatment

Explanation

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Alkaline phosphatase vector ends से phosphate हटाकर self-ligation घटा सकता है। यह cloning efficiency में मदद करता है। / Alkaline phosphatase removes phosphate from vector ends and can reduce self-ligation. This helps cloning efficiency.

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Restriction digestion के बाद insert purification क्यों की जाती है?

Why is insert purification done after restriction digestion?

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A. insert को बाकी DNA और enzyme से अलग करने के लिएTo separate insert from other DNA and enzyme

Explanation

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Purification desired insert को साफ करती है। इससे ligation और cloning result बेहतर हो सकते हैं। / Purification cleans the desired insert. This can improve ligation and cloning results.

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Gel extraction में UV light exposure बहुत ज्यादा होने से क्या नुकसान हो सकता है?

What harm can too much UV light exposure cause during gel extraction?

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A. DNA damage हो सकता हैDNA can be damaged

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UV exposure DNA को damage कर सकता है। Desired band को जल्दी और सावधानी से excise करें। / UV exposure can damage DNA. Excise the desired band quickly and carefully.

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Restriction enzyme reaction के बाद cleanup कब helpful है?

When is cleanup after restriction enzyme reaction helpful?

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A. ligation या PCR से पहले inhibitors हटाने के लिएTo remove inhibitors before ligation or PCR

Explanation

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Cleanup enzyme buffer salts और छोटे fragments हटाने में मदद कर सकता है। इससे next step efficient हो सकता है। / Cleanup can remove enzyme buffer salts and small fragments. This can make the next step efficient.

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Restriction digestion में negative control का उदाहरण क्या हो सकता है?

What can be an example of a negative control in restriction digestion?

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B. DNA without enzyme

Explanation

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DNA without enzyme uncut pattern दिखाता है। इससे cutting effect compare किया जाता है। / DNA without enzyme shows the uncut pattern. It is used to compare the cutting effect.

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Positive control digest क्यों लगाया जा सकता है?

Why can a positive control digest be set up?

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A. enzyme काम कर रहा है या नहीं देखने के लिएTo check whether enzyme is working

Explanation

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Known DNA substrate पर expected cut enzyme activity verify करता है। यह troubleshooting में useful है। / Expected cutting on a known DNA substrate verifies enzyme activity. This is useful in troubleshooting.

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अगर positive control भी cut न हो तो क्या suspect करेंगे?

If even the positive control does not cut what should be suspected?

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A. enzyme buffer या condition problemEnzyme buffer or condition problem

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Positive control failure enzyme या reaction condition में problem दिखाता है। Buffer temperature और enzyme storage check करें। / Positive control failure indicates a problem with enzyme or reaction condition. Check buffer temperature and enzyme storage.

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Test DNA न कटे लेकिन positive control कटे तो क्या हो सकता है?

If test DNA does not cut but positive control cuts what can be the reason?

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A. test DNA में site absent या methylated हो सकती हैTest DNA may lack site or be methylated

Explanation

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Positive control enzyme activity दिखाता है। Test DNA में recognition site या methylation issue हो सकता है। / Positive control shows enzyme activity. Test DNA may have recognition site or methylation issue.

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Restriction enzyme lot या batch बदलने पर क्या check करना useful है?

What is useful to check when restriction enzyme lot or batch changes?

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A. activity और expected digestionActivity and expected digestion

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New batch की performance verify करना reliable results के लिए अच्छा practice है। Control digest उपयोगी है। / Verifying performance of a new batch is good practice for reliable results. Control digest is useful.

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Restriction enzyme reaction में incorrect pH का क्या प्रभाव हो सकता है?

What effect can incorrect pH have in a restriction enzyme reaction?

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A. enzyme activity घट सकती हैEnzyme activity can decrease

Explanation

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Enzymes specific pH range में best work करते हैं। Buffer correct pH maintain करता है। / Enzymes work best in a specific pH range. Buffer maintains the correct pH.

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Restriction enzyme reaction में salt concentration क्यों important है?

Why is salt concentration important in a restriction enzyme reaction?

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A. enzyme specificity और activity को प्रभावित कर सकता हैIt can affect enzyme specificity and activity

Explanation

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Salt condition enzyme binding और cutting को प्रभावित करती है। Recommended buffer use करें। / Salt condition affects enzyme binding and cutting. Use the recommended buffer.

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Restriction enzyme को ice पर रखने का कारण क्या है?

Why is restriction enzyme kept on ice?

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A. enzyme activity और stability बचाने के लिएTo preserve enzyme activity and stability

Explanation

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Restriction enzymes heat sensitive हो सकते हैं। Ice पर रखने से activity loss कम होता है। / Restriction enzymes can be heat sensitive. Keeping on ice reduces activity loss.

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Reaction tube को gently mix क्यों किया जाता है?

Why is the reaction tube mixed gently?

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A. DNA और enzyme evenly mix करने के लिए without shearingTo mix DNA and enzyme evenly without shearing

Explanation

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Gentle mixing reaction components मिलाता है और DNA damage से बचाता है। Harsh vortexing avoid करें। / Gentle mixing combines reaction components and avoids DNA damage. Avoid harsh vortexing.

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Restriction digestion के बाद ligation से पहले vector ends compatible क्यों होने चाहिए?

Why should vector ends be compatible before ligation after restriction digestion?

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A. DNA ligase तभी efficient joining कर पाएगाDNA ligase can then join efficiently

Explanation

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Compatible ends base pairing और ligation को आसान बनाते हैं। Incompatible ends cloning failure दे सकते हैं। / Compatible ends make base pairing and ligation easier. Incompatible ends can cause cloning failure.

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Restriction digestion में fragment size estimate गलत क्यों हो सकता है?

Why can fragment size estimation be wrong in restriction digestion?

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A. gel percentage या ladder mismatch के कारणDue to gel percentage or ladder mismatch

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Gel percentage और सही ladder size estimation को प्रभावित करते हैं। Proper ladder choose करें। / Gel percentage and correct ladder affect size estimation. Choose a proper ladder.

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Agarose percentage small fragments के लिए क्यों बदली जा सकती है?

Why can agarose percentage be changed for small fragments?

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A. better resolution पाने के लिएTo obtain better resolution

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छोटे fragments अलग करने के लिए higher agarose percentage बेहतर resolution दे सकती है। Size range के अनुसार gel चुनें। / Higher agarose percentage can give better resolution for small fragments. Choose gel according to size range.

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Level 46 का best revision point क्या है?

What is the best revision point of Level 46?

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A. complete digestion partial digestion star activity और controls याद रखेंRemember complete digestion partial digestion star activity and controls

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Restriction digestion में correct conditions और controls result को reliable बनाते हैं। Unexpected bands troubleshooting मांगते हैं। / In restriction digestion correct conditions and controls make results reliable. Unexpected bands need troubleshooting.

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Cutting of DNA level 46 का safe summary क्या है?

What is the safe summary of Cutting of DNA level 46?

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A. restriction digestion में enzyme condition DNA purity और band pattern महत्वपूर्ण हैंIn restriction digestion enzyme condition DNA purity and band pattern are important

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Good digestion सही enzyme buffer temperature और clean DNA पर निर्भर है। Controls और gel check जरूरी हैं। / Good digestion depends on correct enzyme buffer temperature and clean DNA. Controls and gel check are necessary.

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Recombinant DNA बनाने में DNA cutting का immediate purpose क्या है?

What is the immediate purpose of DNA cutting in making recombinant DNA?

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A. insert और vector को compatible बनानाMaking insert and vector compatible

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Cutting insert और vector को ऐसे ends देता है जो जुड़ सकते हैं। इसके बाद ligation step आता है। / Cutting gives insert and vector ends that can join. Ligation follows this step.

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Insert release restriction digestion में क्या अर्थ रखता है?

What does insert release mean in restriction digestion?

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B. desired DNA fragment को vector या source DNA से अलग करनाSeparating desired DNA fragment from vector or source DNA

Explanation

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Insert release में desired fragment restriction sites से cut होकर अलग होता है। इसे gel से purify किया जा सकता है। / In insert release the desired fragment is cut out by restriction sites. It can be purified from gel.

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Vector backbone का अर्थ क्या है?

What does vector backbone mean?

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C. मुख्य vector DNA जिसमें cloning elements होते हैंMain vector DNA containing cloning elements

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Vector backbone में origin marker और cloning site जैसी elements होती हैं। Insert इसी में जोड़ा जाता है। / The vector backbone contains elements like origin marker and cloning site. The insert is joined into it.

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Restriction digestion के बाद vector backbone और insert अलग कैसे देखे जा सकते हैं?

How can vector backbone and insert be seen separately after restriction digestion?

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D. agarose gel electrophoresis सेBy agarose gel electrophoresis

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Gel electrophoresis fragments को size के आधार पर अलग करता है। इससे insert और backbone bands दिख सकते हैं। / Gel electrophoresis separates fragments by size. Thus insert and backbone bands can be seen.

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MCS का DNA cutting में क्या role है?

What is the role of MCS in DNA cutting?

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A. कई restriction sites देनाProviding multiple restriction sites

Explanation

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MCS में कई restriction sites होती हैं। इससे suitable enzyme चुनकर insert cloning की जा सकती है। / MCS contains many restriction sites. This allows insert cloning using suitable enzymes.

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Multiple restriction sites वाले vector का लाभ क्या है?

What is the benefit of a vector with multiple restriction sites?

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C. cloning enzyme choice में flexibility देता हैIt gives flexibility in choosing cloning enzymes

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Multiple sites अलग-अलग enzymes से cloning की सुविधा देते हैं। यह MCS का बड़ा लाभ है। / Multiple sites allow cloning with different enzymes. This is a major benefit of MCS.

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Restriction site insert के अंदर भी हो तो क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

What problem can occur if a restriction site is also inside the insert?

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D. insert unwanted fragments में कट सकता हैInsert can cut into unwanted fragments

Explanation

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अगर chosen enzyme insert के अंदर cut करे तो desired gene टूट सकता है। Enzyme choice से पहले sequence check करें। / If the chosen enzyme cuts inside the insert the desired gene can break. Check sequence before enzyme choice.

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Enzyme choice से पहले insert sequence क्यों check की जाती है?

Why is insert sequence checked before enzyme choice?

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A. internal restriction sites से बचने के लिएTo avoid internal restriction sites

Explanation

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Insert में chosen enzyme site हो तो insert टूट सकता है। इसलिए sequence analysis cloning planning में जरूरी है। / If the chosen enzyme site is inside the insert the insert can break. Therefore sequence analysis is needed in cloning planning.

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Restriction digestion से orientation check कैसे हो सकती है?

How can restriction digestion help check orientation?

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B. different band sizes pattern सेBy different band size pattern

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Insert orientation के अनुसार restriction sites की distance बदल सकती है। Digest pattern से orientation का संकेत मिलता है। / Depending on insert orientation distances between restriction sites can change. Digest pattern can indicate orientation.

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Diagnostic digest में single enzyme use कब useful हो सकता है?

When can using a single enzyme be useful in diagnostic digest?

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C. plasmid linearization या simple size check के लिएFor plasmid linearization or simple size check

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Single cut plasmid को linear form में बदल सकता है। इससे approximate plasmid size check हो सकता है। / A single cut can convert plasmid into linear form. This can help check approximate plasmid size.

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Diagnostic digest में two-enzyme cut का लाभ क्या है?

What is the benefit of a two-enzyme cut in diagnostic digest?

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D. insert size या orientation बेहतर check करनाBetter checking insert size or orientation

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Two enzymes expected fragment pattern देते हैं। इससे clone verification अधिक informative हो सकता है। / Two enzymes give an expected fragment pattern. This can make clone verification more informative.

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Restriction digest में plasmid uncut band क्यों दिखाई दे सकता है?

Why can an uncut plasmid band appear in restriction digest?

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A. incomplete digestion के कारणDue to incomplete digestion

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Incomplete digestion में कुछ plasmid uncut रह सकता है। Gel पर uncut और cut forms साथ दिख सकते हैं। / In incomplete digestion some plasmid can remain uncut. Uncut and cut forms can appear together on gel.

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Restriction digest में smear दिखना किसका संकेत हो सकता है?

What can smear in a restriction digest indicate?

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B. degraded DNA या nonspecific cuttingDegraded DNA or nonspecific cutting

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Smear DNA degradation या star activity जैसी समस्या दिखा सकता है। Reaction conditions check करें। / A smear can show DNA degradation or a problem like star activity. Check reaction conditions.

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Gel पर expected insert band नहीं दिखे तो क्या संभव है?

What is possible if expected insert band is not seen on gel?

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A. insert absent या digestion failed हो सकता हैInsert may be absent or digestion failed

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Expected band न होना wrong clone partial digestion या low DNA amount का संकेत हो सकता है। Controls से confirm करें। / Absence of expected band can indicate wrong clone partial digestion or low DNA amount. Confirm with controls.

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Restriction digestion के बाद band बहुत faint हो तो क्या कारण हो सकता है?

What can cause a very faint band after restriction digestion?

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B. कम DNA amountLow DNA amount

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Low DNA loading से faint bands दिखते हैं। DNA concentration और loading amount check करें। / Low DNA loading gives faint bands. Check DNA concentration and loading amount.

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Restriction digest के बाद बहुत bright smear क्या बताता है?

What can a very bright smear after restriction digest show?

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C. overloaded DNA या degradationOverloaded DNA or degradation

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बहुत ज्यादा DNA loading या degraded DNA smear दे सकता है। Gel loading और DNA quality check करें। / Too much DNA loading or degraded DNA can give a smear. Check gel loading and DNA quality.

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Restriction digest result में ladder गलत चुनने से क्या समस्या होगी?

What problem occurs if the wrong ladder is chosen for restriction digest result?

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D. fragment size estimate गलत हो सकता हैFragment size estimate can be wrong

Explanation

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Ladder expected fragment range से match होनी चाहिए। गलत ladder size interpretation को confuse करती है। / The ladder should match the expected fragment range. Wrong ladder confuses size interpretation.

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RFLP में restriction enzyme क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is restriction enzyme necessary in RFLP?

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B. DNA को specific fragments में काटने के लिएTo cut DNA into specific fragments

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Restriction enzyme DNA को site-specific fragments में काटता है। Fragment pattern variation analysis में use होता है। / Restriction enzyme cuts DNA into site-specific fragments. Fragment pattern is used in variation analysis.

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Restriction digestion cloning में false result कब दे सकता है?

When can restriction digestion give a false result in cloning?

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C. अगर partial digestion या wrong enzyme होIf partial digestion or wrong enzyme occurs

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Partial digestion या wrong enzyme misleading band pattern दे सकते हैं। Controls और sequencing से पुष्टि करें। / Partial digestion or wrong enzyme can give misleading band patterns. Confirm with controls and sequencing.

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Wrong enzyme use करने से cloning में क्या हो सकता है?

What can happen in cloning if the wrong enzyme is used?

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A. desired compatible ends नहीं बनेंगेDesired compatible ends will not form

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Wrong enzyme vector या insert को गलत जगह काट सकता है। इससे cloning fail हो सकती है। / The wrong enzyme can cut vector or insert at the wrong place. This can cause cloning failure.

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Restriction digest setup में master mix कब useful हो सकता है?

When can a master mix be useful in restriction digest setup?

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A. multiple similar reactions में pipetting variation घटाने के लिएTo reduce pipetting variation in multiple similar reactions

Explanation

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Master mix common components को समान रखता है। इससे reproducibility और pipetting accuracy बेहतर होती है। / A master mix keeps common components same. This improves reproducibility and pipetting accuracy.

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Reaction setup में labels क्यों जरूरी हैं?

Why are labels important in reaction setup?

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C. sample mix-up रोकने के लिएTo prevent sample mix-up

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Clear labels wrong enzyme या wrong sample mix-up से बचाते हैं। यह reliable result के लिए जरूरी है। / Clear labels prevent wrong enzyme or wrong sample mix-up. This is necessary for reliable results.

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Restriction enzyme notebook में क्या record करना useful है?

What is useful to record in a restriction enzyme notebook?

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A. enzyme name buffer temperature और resultEnzyme name buffer temperature and result

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Records troubleshooting और repeat experiments में मदद करते हैं। Enzyme conditions का record important है। / Records help troubleshooting and repeat experiments. Recording enzyme conditions is important.

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Restriction digestion में biosafety का मुख्य संबंध किससे है?

What is biosafety mainly related to in restriction digestion?

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B. sample और chemical safe handling सेSafe handling of sample and chemicals

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DNA samples और reagents को safe तरीके से handle करना चाहिए। PPE और disposal rules follow करें। / DNA samples and reagents should be handled safely. Follow PPE and disposal rules.

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Ethidium bromide जैसे DNA stain के साथ क्या जरूरी है?

What is necessary while using DNA stains like ethidium bromide?

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A. safe handling और proper disposalSafe handling and proper disposal

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कुछ DNA stains hazardous हो सकते हैं। Gloves और approved waste disposal जरूरी हैं। / Some DNA stains can be hazardous. Gloves and approved waste disposal are necessary.

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Restriction digestion के बाद gel documentation क्यों की जाती है?

Why is gel documentation done after restriction digestion?

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A. band pattern record करने के लिएTo record band pattern

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Gel image band pattern का record देती है। यह clone verification और lab notebook के लिए उपयोगी है। / A gel image records the band pattern. It is useful for clone verification and lab notebook.

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Restriction digestion में reproducibility कैसे बढ़ती है?

How is reproducibility increased in restriction digestion?

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A. standard protocol और accurate records सेBy standard protocol and accurate records

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Standard conditions और records same result पाने में मदद करते हैं। यह scientific reliability बढ़ाता है। / Standard conditions and records help obtain similar results. This increases scientific reliability.

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Restriction digestion result को sequencing से क्यों confirm किया जा सकता है?

Why can a restriction digestion result be confirmed by sequencing?

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A. sequencing exact base order बताती हैSequencing tells the exact base order

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Restriction digest size pattern देता है पर exact sequence नहीं। Sequencing final confirmation दे सकती है। / Restriction digest gives size pattern but not exact sequence. Sequencing can give final confirmation.

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Restriction digestion और PCR में मुख्य अंतर क्या है?

What is the main difference between restriction digestion and PCR?

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A. restriction digestion DNA काटता है और PCR DNA amplify करता हैRestriction digestion cuts DNA and PCR amplifies DNA

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Restriction enzyme DNA fragments बनाता है। PCR specific DNA region की copies बनाता है। / Restriction enzyme makes DNA fragments. PCR makes copies of a specific DNA region.

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Restriction enzyme और exonuclease में basic अंतर क्या है?

What is the basic difference between restriction enzyme and exonuclease?

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A. restriction enzyme specific internal sites काटता है और exonuclease ends से हटाता हैRestriction enzyme cuts specific internal sites and exonuclease removes from ends

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Restriction endonucleases DNA के अंदर specific sites काटते हैं। Exonucleases ends से nucleotides हटाते हैं। / Restriction endonucleases cut specific internal sites in DNA. Exonucleases remove nucleotides from ends.

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Endonuclease शब्द का अर्थ क्या है?

What does the term endonuclease mean?

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A. nucleic acid के अंदर cut करने वाला enzymeEnzyme that cuts inside nucleic acid

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Endonuclease nucleic acid chain के भीतर phosphodiester bonds काटता है। Restriction enzymes इसी group में आते हैं। / An endonuclease cuts phosphodiester bonds within a nucleic acid chain. Restriction enzymes belong to this group.

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Restriction enzymes को किस biological role से खोजा गया था?

Restriction enzymes were discovered in relation to which biological role?

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A. bacterial defense against foreign DNA

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Bacteria restriction enzymes से foreign DNA को काट सकते हैं। यह natural defense mechanism है। / Bacteria can cut foreign DNA using restriction enzymes. This is a natural defense mechanism.

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Host DNA methylation का natural purpose क्या हो सकता है?

What can be the natural purpose of host DNA methylation?

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A. host DNA को own restriction enzyme से बचानाProtecting host DNA from its own restriction enzyme

Explanation

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Host DNA methylated होने पर restriction enzyme उसे नहीं काटता। Foreign unmethylated DNA काटा जा सकता है। / When host DNA is methylated the restriction enzyme does not cut it. Foreign unmethylated DNA can be cut.

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Restriction enzyme name EcoRI में R किससे संबंधित है?

In the restriction enzyme name EcoRI what does R relate to?

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A. strain designation

Explanation

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EcoRI नाम organism strain और order of discovery से जुड़ा है। ऐसे naming conventions exam में पूछे जा सकते हैं। / The name EcoRI is related to organism strain and order of discovery. Such naming conventions can be asked in exams.

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Restriction enzyme नाम में Roman numeral क्या बताता है?

What does the Roman numeral in a restriction enzyme name indicate?

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A. discovery order in that strain

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EcoRI में I first identified enzyme को दिखाता है। Roman numeral discovery order बताता है। / In EcoRI I shows the first identified enzyme. The Roman numeral indicates discovery order.

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Restriction enzyme naming में species source क्यों important है?

Why is species source important in restriction enzyme naming?

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A. enzyme के origin को बताने के लिएTo indicate the origin of enzyme

Explanation

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Restriction enzyme names often organism source से बनते हैं। यह naming system को systematic बनाता है। / Restriction enzyme names are often derived from organism source. This makes naming systematic.

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Restriction digestion के बाद ligation से पहले ends को purify क्यों किया जाता है?

Why are ends purified before ligation after restriction digestion?

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A. enzyme buffer और small fragments हटाने के लिएTo remove enzyme buffer and small fragments

Explanation

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Purification ligation inhibitors को कम कर सकती है। Clean compatible ends better ligation देते हैं। / Purification can reduce ligation inhibitors. Clean compatible ends give better ligation.

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Restriction digestion में cut fragment और vector ratio क्यों important है?

Why is cut fragment and vector ratio important in restriction digestion based cloning?

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A. ligation efficiency को प्रभावित करता हैIt affects ligation efficiency

Explanation

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Insert और vector की suitable मात्रा ligation success में मदद करती है। गलत ratio empty vector या low clones दे सकता है। / Suitable amounts of insert and vector help ligation success. Wrong ratio can give empty vector or low clones.

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Blunt end ligation sticky end ligation से कठिन क्यों हो सकती है?

Why can blunt end ligation be harder than sticky end ligation?

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A. blunt ends में complementary overhang नहीं होताBlunt ends lack complementary overhang

Explanation

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Sticky ends complementary pairing से पास आते हैं। Blunt ends में यह सहायता नहीं होती। / Sticky ends come together by complementary pairing. Blunt ends do not have this help.

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Sticky ends को cohesive ends क्यों कहा जाता है?

Why are sticky ends called cohesive ends?

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A. वे complementary bases से आपस में चिपक सकते हैंThey can stick together by complementary bases

Explanation

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Sticky ends complementary overhangs के कारण anneal कर सकते हैं। इसलिए इन्हें cohesive ends भी कहते हैं। / Sticky ends can anneal because of complementary overhangs. Therefore they are also called cohesive ends.

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Restriction enzyme digestion में annealing किससे जुड़ा है?

Annealing in restriction enzyme digestion is linked with what?

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A. complementary sticky ends का pairingPairing of complementary sticky ends

Explanation

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Complementary sticky ends temporary base pairing कर सकते हैं। Ligase बाद में bond बनाता है। / Complementary sticky ends can temporarily base pair. Ligase later forms the bond.

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Restriction digestion से बने ends को ligase स्थायी कैसे बनाता है?

How does ligase make ends produced by restriction digestion permanent?

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A. phosphodiester bonds बनाकरBy forming phosphodiester bonds

Explanation

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Ligase DNA backbone में phosphodiester bonds बनाता है। इससे recombinant DNA स्थायी बनता है। / Ligase forms phosphodiester bonds in the DNA backbone. This makes recombinant DNA stable.

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Cutting of DNA के बाद अगला सामान्य step कौन सा है?

What is the common next step after cutting DNA?

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A. DNA ligation

Explanation

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Cutting के बाद compatible DNA fragments को ligase से जोड़ा जाता है। यह recombinant DNA formation का next step है। / After cutting compatible DNA fragments are joined by ligase. This is the next step of recombinant DNA formation.

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Restriction digestion की failure troubleshooting में सबसे पहले क्या check कर सकते हैं?

What can be checked first while troubleshooting restriction digestion failure?

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A. enzyme buffer temperature और DNA qualityEnzyme buffer temperature and DNA quality

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Digestion failure अक्सर enzyme condition DNA purity या temperature से जुड़ा हो सकता है। Controls भी check करें। / Digestion failure can often relate to enzyme condition DNA purity or temperature. Check controls too.

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Restriction digestion report में क्या लिखना चाहिए?

What should be written in a restriction digestion report?

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A. enzyme names expected bands observed bands और conditionsEnzyme names expected bands observed bands and conditions

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Report में expected और observed pattern compare किया जाता है। इससे result interpretation और repeat work आसान होता है। / The report compares expected and observed patterns. This helps result interpretation and repeat work.

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Restriction digestion में expected और observed bands compare क्यों करते हैं?

Why are expected and observed bands compared in restriction digestion?

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A. construct या digestion सही है या नहीं जानने के लिएTo know whether construct or digestion is correct

Explanation

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Expected pattern map से आता है और observed pattern gel से मिलता है। Comparison clone verification में मदद करता है। / Expected pattern comes from the map and observed pattern comes from gel. Comparison helps clone verification.

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Level 47 का best exam revision point क्या है?

What is the best exam revision point of Level 47?

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A. enzyme choice restriction map diagnostic digest और gel interpretation याद रखेंRemember enzyme choice restriction map diagnostic digest and gel interpretation

Explanation

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Cutting of DNA cloning planning और clone verification दोनों में important है। Band pattern को map से compare करें। / Cutting of DNA is important in both cloning planning and clone verification. Compare band pattern with the map.

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Cutting of DNA level 47 का final summary क्या है?

What is the final summary of Cutting of DNA level 47?

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A. सही restriction enzyme से DNA काटकर compatible fragments बनते हैं और gel से verify होते हैंCorrect restriction enzyme cuts DNA to make compatible fragments and they are verified by gel

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Restriction digestion cloning और verification की key step है। सही enzyme condition controls और gel interpretation जरूरी हैं। / Restriction digestion is a key step in cloning and verification. Correct enzyme condition controls and gel interpretation are necessary.

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यदि किसी cloning plan में insert को सही दिशा में लगाना है तो कौन सी strategy बेहतर होगी?

If an insert must be placed in the correct direction in a cloning plan which strategy is better?

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A. दो अलग restriction enzymes से directional cloningDirectional cloning with two different restriction enzymes

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दो अलग ends insert को एक दिशा में लगाने में मदद करते हैं। परीक्षा में directional cloning को orientation control से जोड़ें। / Two different ends help place the insert in one direction. In exams link directional cloning with orientation control.

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एक vector में MCS का सबसे अच्छा उपयोग क्या है?

What is the best use of MCS in a vector?

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B. कई restriction sites देकर cloning आसान करनाMaking cloning easier by providing multiple restriction sites

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MCS में कई unique restriction sites होती हैं। इससे suitable enzyme चुनना आसान होता है। / MCS has many unique restriction sites. This makes choosing a suitable enzyme easier.

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किस स्थिति में selected restriction enzyme insert के लिए गलत होगा?

In which situation will the selected restriction enzyme be wrong for an insert?

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B. जब enzyme insert के अंदर desired gene को काट देWhen enzyme cuts inside the desired gene

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Insert के अंदर cut site होने पर gene टूट सकता है। Enzyme चुनने से पहले insert sequence check करें। / If a cut site is inside the insert the gene can break. Check insert sequence before choosing the enzyme.

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Restriction enzyme चुनने से पहले vector map क्यों देखा जाता है?

Why is a vector map checked before choosing a restriction enzyme?

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C. cut sites और cloning region समझने के लिएTo understand cut sites and cloning region

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Vector map restriction sites और important elements दिखाता है। इससे सही cutting plan बनता है। / A vector map shows restriction sites and important elements. This helps make a correct cutting plan.

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अगर vector में chosen enzyme site कई जगह हो तो क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

What problem can occur if the chosen enzyme site is present at many places in the vector?

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A. vector कई fragments में कट सकता हैThe vector can cut into many fragments

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Multiple sites vector backbone को unwanted fragments में तोड़ सकती हैं। Unique site controlled cloning के लिए बेहतर है। / Multiple sites can break the vector backbone into unwanted fragments. A unique site is better for controlled cloning.

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Restriction digestion में in silico analysis का मतलब क्या है?

What does in silico analysis mean in restriction digestion?

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A. computer पर DNA sequence और cut sites predict करनाPredicting DNA sequence and cut sites on computer

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In silico analysis enzyme sites और expected bands पहले से predict करता है। यह cloning errors कम कर सकता है। / In silico analysis predicts enzyme sites and expected bands beforehand. It can reduce cloning errors.

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Expected restriction bands पहले से क्यों predict किए जाते हैं?

Why are expected restriction bands predicted beforehand?

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A. result को gel pattern से compare करने के लिएTo compare result with gel pattern

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Expected bands और observed bands की तुलना से digestion result समझ आता है। यह diagnostic digest में जरूरी है। / Comparing expected and observed bands helps interpret digestion result. This is necessary in diagnostic digest.

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अगर observed bands expected bands से अलग हों तो क्या करना चाहिए?

If observed bands differ from expected bands what should be done?

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B. troubleshooting और confirmation करेंTroubleshoot and confirm

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Unexpected pattern wrong clone partial digest या star activity दिखा सकता है। Controls और sequencing से पुष्टि करें। / An unexpected pattern can show wrong clone partial digest or star activity. Confirm using controls and sequencing.

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Restriction digestion में positive control किसलिए उपयोगी है?

Why is a positive control useful in restriction digestion?

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A. enzyme activity verify करने के लिएTo verify enzyme activity

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Known DNA पर expected cut enzyme की working दिखाता है। Positive control failure reaction problem बताता है। / Expected cutting on known DNA shows enzyme working. Positive control failure indicates reaction problem.

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No-enzyme control का सही उपयोग क्या है?

What is the correct use of a no-enzyme control?

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B. uncut DNA pattern दिखाने के लिएTo show uncut DNA pattern

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No-enzyme control से original DNA form दिखती है। इससे cut sample के pattern की तुलना होती है। / A no-enzyme control shows the original DNA form. This is compared with the cut sample pattern.

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अगर no-enzyme control में भी smear दिखे तो क्या संकेत हो सकता है?

If smear appears even in no-enzyme control what can it indicate?

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B. DNA पहले से degraded हो सकता हैDNA may already be degraded

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No-enzyme lane में smear DNA quality problem दिखा सकता है। Enzyme को दोष देने से पहले DNA integrity check करें। / A smear in no-enzyme lane can show DNA quality problem. Check DNA integrity before blaming the enzyme.

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Restriction enzyme reaction में correct buffer क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is correct buffer necessary in restriction enzyme reaction?

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A. enzyme के pH salt और cofactors को सही रखने के लिएTo provide correct pH salt and cofactors for enzyme

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Restriction enzymes defined buffer conditions में best काम करते हैं। गलत buffer incomplete digestion दे सकता है। / Restriction enzymes work best in defined buffer conditions. Wrong buffer can give incomplete digestion.

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कुछ restriction enzymes को magnesium ion क्यों चाहिए होता है?

Why do some restriction enzymes need magnesium ion?

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A. enzyme activity के cofactor के रूप मेंAs a cofactor for enzyme activity

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Magnesium ion कई restriction enzymes की catalytic activity में मदद करता है। Buffer में required ions दिए जाते हैं। / Magnesium ion helps catalytic activity of many restriction enzymes. Required ions are provided in buffer.

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Restriction digestion में enzyme को reaction setup के दौरान ठंडा क्यों रखा जाता है?

Why is the enzyme kept cold during restriction digestion setup?

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A. enzyme stability बनाए रखने के लिएTo maintain enzyme stability

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Restriction enzymes heat-sensitive proteins हो सकते हैं। Cold handling activity loss कम करता है। / Restriction enzymes can be heat-sensitive proteins. Cold handling reduces activity loss.

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Reaction mix में enzyme last में add करने का practical कारण क्या है?

What is the practical reason for adding enzyme last in reaction mix?

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A. enzyme exposure और timing control करनाTo control enzyme exposure and timing

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बाकी components पहले सही concentration में मिल जाते हैं। Enzyme last में डालने से reaction timing better control होती है। / Other components are mixed at correct concentration first. Adding enzyme last gives better reaction timing control.

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Restriction digestion में बहुत अधिक DNA डालने से क्या हो सकता है?

What can happen if too much DNA is added in restriction digestion?

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A. enzyme insufficient होकर incomplete digestion दे सकता हैEnzyme may become insufficient and give incomplete digestion

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DNA amount enzyme capacity से match होना चाहिए। बहुत अधिक DNA complete digestion को कठिन कर सकता है। / DNA amount should match enzyme capacity. Too much DNA can make complete digestion difficult.

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Reaction में बहुत कम DNA होने पर gel result कैसा हो सकता है?

What can gel result look like if DNA is too low in a reaction?

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A. band बहुत faint हो सकती हैBand can be very faint

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Low DNA loading faint bands दे सकता है। DNA concentration check करके suitable amount load करें। / Low DNA loading can give faint bands. Check DNA concentration and load a suitable amount.

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Restriction digestion में incubation time बढ़ाने से हमेशा फायदा क्यों नहीं होता?

Why does increasing incubation time not always help in restriction digestion?

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A. बहुत लंबी incubation star activity या DNA damage risk बढ़ा सकती हैVery long incubation can increase star activity or DNA damage risk

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Recommended time digestion के लिए enough होता है। Too long incubation specificity घटा सकती है। / Recommended time is enough for digestion. Too long incubation can reduce specificity.

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Star activity कब अधिक हो सकती है?

When can star activity increase?

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A. wrong buffer excess enzyme या long incubation मेंIn wrong buffer excess enzyme or long incubation

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Star activity में enzyme non-specific sites पर cut कर सकता है। Recommended conditions इसे कम करती हैं। / In star activity the enzyme can cut at non-specific sites. Recommended conditions reduce it.

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Partial digestion और star activity में मुख्य अंतर क्या है?

What is the main difference between partial digestion and star activity?

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A. partial में सभी sites नहीं कटते और star में गलत sites भी कट सकते हैंIn partial digestion not all sites cut and in star activity wrong sites may cut

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Partial digestion incomplete cutting है। Star activity reduced specificity के कारण extra cutting दे सकती है। / Partial digestion is incomplete cutting. Star activity can give extra cutting due to reduced specificity.

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अगर DNA methylated है तो कुछ restriction enzymes क्यों fail हो सकते हैं?

Why can some restriction enzymes fail if DNA is methylated?

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A. methylation recognition या cutting रोक सकती हैMethylation can block recognition or cutting

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कुछ enzymes methylated recognition sites नहीं काटते। इसलिए methylation sensitivity देखना जरूरी है। / Some enzymes do not cut methylated recognition sites. Therefore methylation sensitivity must be checked.

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Dam या Dcm methylation किससे जुड़ी हो सकती है?

Dam or Dcm methylation can be related to what?

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A. bacterial DNA methylation

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कुछ bacterial strains DNA को methylate करते हैं। यह restriction digestion patterns को प्रभावित कर सकता है। / Some bacterial strains methylate DNA. This can affect restriction digestion patterns.

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अगर restriction enzyme methylation-sensitive है तो cloning plan में क्या ध्यान रखें?

If a restriction enzyme is methylation-sensitive what should be considered in cloning plan?

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A. DNA source और methylation statusDNA source and methylation status

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Methylated DNA enzyme cutting रोक सकता है। इसलिए suitable host strain या alternative enzyme चुना जा सकता है। / Methylated DNA can block enzyme cutting. Therefore a suitable host strain or alternative enzyme can be chosen.

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Restriction digestion के बाद heat inactivation कब useful है?

When is heat inactivation useful after restriction digestion?

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A. जब enzyme को next step से पहले रोकना होWhen enzyme must be stopped before next step

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Heat inactivation कुछ enzymes की activity रोक सकती है। हमेशा enzyme-specific instructions देखें। / Heat inactivation can stop activity of some enzymes. Always check enzyme-specific instructions.

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सभी restriction enzymes heat-inactivated क्यों नहीं होते?

Why are all restriction enzymes not heat-inactivated?

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A. हर enzyme की heat stability अलग होती हैEach enzyme has different heat stability

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कुछ enzymes heat के बाद भी active रह सकते हैं। इसलिए purification की जरूरत हो सकती है। / Some enzymes can remain active after heat. Therefore purification may be needed.

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Restriction digestion cleanup का लाभ क्या है?

What is the benefit of restriction digestion cleanup?

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A. enzyme buffer salt और small fragments हटानाRemoving enzyme buffer salt and small fragments

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Cleanup ligation या PCR जैसे next steps को बेहतर बना सकता है। Clean DNA reactions में अधिक useful होता है। / Cleanup can improve next steps like ligation or PCR. Clean DNA is more useful in reactions.

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Gel extraction कब जरूरी हो सकती है?

When can gel extraction be necessary?

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A. desired DNA fragment को बाकी fragments से अलग करने के लिएTo separate desired DNA fragment from other fragments

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Gel extraction specific band को recover करती है। यह insert purification में useful है। / Gel extraction recovers a specific band. It is useful in insert purification.

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Gel extraction के दौरान DNA loss क्यों हो सकता है?

Why can DNA loss occur during gel extraction?

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A. binding washing या elution में incomplete recovery सेDue to incomplete recovery during binding washing or elution

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Gel extraction में DNA recovery पूर्ण नहीं होती। इसलिए band cutting और elution सावधानी से करें। / DNA recovery in gel extraction is not complete. Therefore cut bands and elute carefully.

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UV transilluminator पर DNA band लंबे समय तक रखने से क्या risk है?

What is the risk of keeping DNA band on UV transilluminator for too long?

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A. DNA damage

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UV light DNA को damage कर सकती है। Band को जल्दी cut करना बेहतर है। / UV light can damage DNA. It is better to cut the band quickly.

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Blue light transilluminator का advantage क्या हो सकता है?

What can be an advantage of a blue light transilluminator?

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A. UV damage कम हो सकता हैUV damage can be reduced

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Blue light DNA damage को UV की तुलना में कम कर सकता है। यह cloning fragments के लिए helpful है। / Blue light can reduce DNA damage compared with UV. It is helpful for cloning fragments.

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Restriction digestion में gel loading dye किसलिए जोड़ा जाता है?

Why is gel loading dye added in restriction digestion analysis?

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A. sample loading आसान करने और migration track करने के लिएTo ease sample loading and track migration

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Loading dye sample को well में बैठाने और run track करने में मदद करता है। यह DNA काटता नहीं है। / Loading dye helps sample sink into wells and track the run. It does not cut DNA.

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Agarose gel percentage choosing में क्या देखा जाता है?

What is considered while choosing agarose gel percentage?

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A. expected fragment size range

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Different agarose percentages different size ranges को better separate करते हैं। Fragment size के अनुसार gel चुनें। / Different agarose percentages separate different size ranges better. Choose gel according to fragment size.

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छोटे DNA fragments के लिए higher agarose percentage क्यों useful हो सकती है?

Why can higher agarose percentage be useful for small DNA fragments?

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A. better resolution के लिएFor better resolution

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Higher agarose gel छोटे fragments को बेहतर अलग कर सकता है। यह size resolution बढ़ाता है। / Higher agarose gel can separate small fragments better. It improves size resolution.

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Large DNA fragments के लिए lower agarose percentage क्यों helpful हो सकती है?

Why can lower agarose percentage help for large DNA fragments?

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A. large fragments migration आसान करने के लिएTo allow easier migration of large fragments

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Lower agarose gel में pores बड़े होते हैं। इससे large fragments better resolve हो सकते हैं। / Lower agarose gel has larger pores. This can help resolve large fragments better.

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Restriction digest gel पर ladder lane क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is the ladder lane necessary on a restriction digest gel?

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A. fragment size compare करने के लिएTo compare fragment sizes

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DNA ladder known fragment sizes देता है। इसके बिना sample band size estimate कठिन होता है। / DNA ladder gives known fragment sizes. Without it estimating sample band size is difficult.

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Restriction enzyme result में एक ही DNA के अलग forms क्यों दिख सकते हैं?

Why can different forms of the same DNA appear in restriction enzyme result?

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A. plasmid conformation जैसे supercoiled open circular और linear के कारणDue to plasmid conformations like supercoiled open circular and linear

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Uncut plasmid अलग conformations में migrate कर सकता है। Digest के बाद linear band अलग दिखती है। / Uncut plasmid can migrate in different conformations. After digestion the linear band appears differently.

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Open circular plasmid gel पर क्यों अलग migrate कर सकता है?

Why can an open circular plasmid migrate differently on a gel?

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A. उसकी conformation compact नहीं होतीIts conformation is not compact

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Open circular plasmid supercoiled form से कम compact होता है। इसलिए gel mobility अलग होती है। / Open circular plasmid is less compact than supercoiled form. Therefore gel mobility differs.

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Supercoiled plasmid अक्सर linear से अलग distance क्यों चलता है?

Why does supercoiled plasmid often travel a different distance than linear DNA?

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A. compact shape migration बदलती हैCompact shape changes migration

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Plasmid shape gel mobility को प्रभावित करती है। इसलिए uncut plasmid size estimate सावधानी से करें। / Plasmid shape affects gel mobility. Therefore estimate uncut plasmid size carefully.

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Restriction digest में DNA loading बहुत अधिक हो तो क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

What problem can occur if too much DNA is loaded in restriction digest gel?

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A. bands smear या distorted हो सकते हैंBands may smear or distort

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Overloading gel band interpretation को कठिन बना सकता है। Proper DNA amount load करें। / Overloading the gel can make band interpretation difficult. Load proper DNA amount.

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Restriction digest में low voltage gel run करने का एक लाभ क्या हो सकता है?

What can be one benefit of running a restriction digest gel at lower voltage?

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A. better band resolution मिल सकती हैBetter band resolution may be obtained

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बहुत high voltage bands को diffuse या distorted कर सकता है। Proper voltage resolution में मदद करता है। / Very high voltage can diffuse or distort bands. Proper voltage helps resolution.

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DNA stain का उपयोग gel में किसलिए होता है?

Why is DNA stain used in a gel?

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A. DNA bands visualize करने के लिएTo visualize DNA bands

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DNA stain DNA bands को प्रकाश में दिखाई देने योग्य बनाता है। Safety rules follow करें। / DNA stain makes DNA bands visible under light. Follow safety rules.

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Restriction digestion gel documentation क्यों important है?

Why is gel documentation important after restriction digestion?

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A. band pattern record करने के लिएTo record band pattern

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Gel image future comparison और lab record के लिए proof देता है। यह clone verification में useful है। / A gel image gives proof for future comparison and lab record. It is useful in clone verification.

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Restriction digest report में expected और observed bands क्यों लिखे जाते हैं?

Why are expected and observed bands written in a restriction digest report?

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A. result interpretation और verification के लिएFor result interpretation and verification

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Expected bands plan से और observed bands gel से मिलते हैं। Compare करके conclusion निकाला जाता है। / Expected bands come from plan and observed bands from gel. Conclusion is drawn by comparison.

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Restriction enzyme name लिखते समय accuracy क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is accuracy important while writing restriction enzyme name?

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A. गलत enzyme नाम wrong cutting plan दे सकता हैWrong enzyme name can give wrong cutting plan

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EcoRI और EcoRV जैसे names अलग enzymes दिखा सकते हैं। Small name error result बदल सकता है। / Names like EcoRI and EcoRV can represent different enzymes. A small name error can change result.

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EcoRI और EcoRV में confusion क्यों dangerous है?

Why is confusion between EcoRI and EcoRV risky?

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A. दोनों different cut patterns दे सकते हैंThey can give different cut patterns

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Similar names होने पर भी enzymes अलग recognition या ends दे सकते हैं। Enzyme selection में exact name जरूरी है। / Even with similar names enzymes can give different recognition or ends. Exact name is needed in enzyme selection.

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Restriction digestion में labelling mistake से क्या होगा?

What can happen due to a labelling mistake in restriction digestion?

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A. sample या enzyme mix-up हो सकता हैSample or enzyme mix-up can occur

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Wrong labels result interpretation को गलत बना सकते हैं। Clear labelling basic lab safety और accuracy है। / Wrong labels can make result interpretation incorrect. Clear labelling is basic lab safety and accuracy.

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Restriction digestion में record keeping क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is record keeping necessary in restriction digestion?

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A. repeat experiment और troubleshooting के लिएFor repeating experiment and troubleshooting

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Records में enzyme buffer time temperature और result लिखना useful है। इससे reproducibility बढ़ती है। / It is useful to record enzyme buffer time temperature and result. This increases reproducibility.

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Restriction digestion में safety का मुख्य point क्या है?

What is the main safety point in restriction digestion?

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A. reagents stains और biological DNA samples को safely handle करनाSafely handling reagents stains and biological DNA samples

Explanation

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DNA stains और chemicals hazardous हो सकते हैं। PPE और proper disposal follow करें। / DNA stains and chemicals can be hazardous. Follow PPE and proper disposal.

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Level 48 का best revision chain क्या है?

What is the best revision chain for Level 48?

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A. enzyme choice map digestion gel comparison troubleshooting

Explanation

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Cutting of DNA में enzyme choice से gel interpretation तक पूरी chain समझनी चाहिए। Controls result को reliable बनाते हैं। / In Cutting of DNA the full chain from enzyme choice to gel interpretation should be understood. Controls make results reliable.

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Cutting of DNA level 48 का final summary क्या है?

What is the final summary of Cutting of DNA level 48?

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A. सही enzyme और condition से DNA predictable fragments में कटता है और gel से verify होता हैWith correct enzyme and condition DNA cuts into predictable fragments and is verified by gel

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Restriction digestion cloning planning और verification दोनों में important है। Accurate maps controls और records जरूरी हैं। / Restriction digestion is important in both cloning planning and verification. Accurate maps controls and records are needed.

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Restriction digestion में compatible sticky ends क्यों useful होते हैं?

Why are compatible sticky ends useful in restriction digestion?

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A. वे complementary base pairing कर सकते हैंThey can do complementary base pairing

Explanation

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Compatible sticky ends temporary pairing करते हैं। Ligase बाद में backbone को स्थायी रूप से जोड़ता है। / Compatible sticky ends pair temporarily. Ligase later joins the backbone permanently.

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Cohesive ends किसके दूसरे नाम हैं?

Cohesive ends are another name for what?

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B. sticky ends

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Sticky ends complementary overhangs के कारण cohesive ends भी कहलाते हैं। वे ligation में मदद करते हैं। / Sticky ends are also called cohesive ends because of complementary overhangs. They help in ligation.

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Blunt ends ligation में relatively कठिन क्यों हो सकते हैं?

Why can blunt ends be relatively difficult in ligation?

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A. उनमें complementary overhang नहीं होताThey lack complementary overhang

Explanation

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Blunt ends में sticky base pairing support नहीं होता। इसलिए ligation efficiency कम हो सकती है। / Blunt ends lack sticky base pairing support. Therefore ligation efficiency can be lower.

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किस cut से 5 prime overhang बन सकता है?

Which cut can produce a 5 prime overhang?

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A. staggered cut

Explanation

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Staggered cuts single-stranded overhangs बना सकते हैं। Overhang 5 prime या 3 prime हो सकता है। / Staggered cuts can produce single-stranded overhangs. The overhang can be 5 prime or 3 prime.

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3 prime overhang का अर्थ क्या है?

What does a 3 prime overhang mean?

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A. single-stranded extension 3 prime end पर हैSingle-stranded extension is at the 3 prime end

Explanation

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कुछ restriction enzymes 3 prime overhang बनाते हैं। Overhang type ligation compatibility को प्रभावित करता है। / Some restriction enzymes produce 3 prime overhangs. Overhang type affects ligation compatibility.

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Restriction enzyme से बने ends की polarity जानना क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is it important to know polarity of ends produced by restriction enzyme?

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A. compatible ligation plan बनाने के लिएTo make a compatible ligation plan

Explanation

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5 prime और 3 prime overhangs अलग compatibility रखते हैं। Cloning design में end polarity important है। / 5 prime and 3 prime overhangs have different compatibility. End polarity is important in cloning design.

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Same overhang देने वाले अलग enzymes cloning में कैसे useful हो सकते हैं?

How can different enzymes giving the same overhang be useful in cloning?

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A. compatible ligation allow कर सकते हैंThey can allow compatible ligation

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Different enzymes sometimes same overhang बना सकते हैं। ऐसे ends ligate हो सकते हैं। / Different enzymes can sometimes produce the same overhang. Such ends can ligate.

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Compatible ends ligate होने के बाद recognition site हमेशा वापस क्यों नहीं बनती?

Why is the recognition site not always restored after compatible ends ligate?

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A. क्योंकि अलग enzymes के ends जुड़ने पर hybrid site बन सकती हैBecause ends from different enzymes can form a hybrid site

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Compatible ends from different enzymes ligate होकर original sites बदल सकते हैं। इससे site दुबारा cut न भी हो सके। / Compatible ends from different enzymes can ligate and change original sites. The site may not cut again.

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Restriction site destroy होना cloning verification में कब useful हो सकता है?

When can destruction of restriction site be useful in cloning verification?

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A. जब ligation के बाद old site cut न होWhen the old site does not cut after ligation

Explanation

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कुछ ligations original restriction site को खत्म कर देते हैं। Diagnostic digest से यह पता लगाया जा सकता है। / Some ligations destroy the original restriction site. Diagnostic digest can detect this.

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Restriction digestion से insert orientation directly क्यों हर बार confirm नहीं होती?

Why does restriction digestion not always directly confirm insert orientation?

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A. कभी band pattern orientation में समान हो सकता हैSometimes band pattern can be same for orientations

Explanation

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Orientation confirm करने के लिए informative restriction sites चाहिए। Otherwise sequencing या orientation PCR जरूरी हो सकता है। / Informative restriction sites are needed to confirm orientation. Otherwise sequencing or orientation PCR may be needed.

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Informative diagnostic digest का अर्थ क्या है?

What does informative diagnostic digest mean?

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A. ऐसा digest जो expected alternatives को अलग-अलग band patterns देA digest that gives different band patterns for expected alternatives

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Informative digest सही clone और wrong clone में फर्क दिखाता है। Enzyme selection इसी आधार पर होती है। / An informative digest distinguishes correct clone from wrong clone. Enzyme selection is based on this.

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Restriction map से क्या predict किया जा सकता है?

What can be predicted from a restriction map?

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A. enzyme cut positions और fragment sizesEnzyme cut positions and fragment sizes

Explanation

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Restriction map expected bands बताता है। यह digestion result की interpretation में मदद करता है। / A restriction map tells expected bands. It helps interpret digestion result.

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Restriction map के बिना diagnostic digest क्यों कठिन हो सकता है?

Why can diagnostic digest be difficult without a restriction map?

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A. expected bands पता नहीं चलेंगेExpected bands will not be known

Explanation

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Map expected fragment sizes देता है। बिना map observed bands का meaning unclear हो सकता है। / A map gives expected fragment sizes. Without a map observed band meaning can be unclear.

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Virtual digest software किसलिए useful है?

Why is virtual digest software useful?

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A. enzyme sites और bands का prediction करने के लिएTo predict enzyme sites and bands

Explanation

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Virtual digest actual experiment से पहले expected pattern दिखा सकता है। यह planning में helpful है। / Virtual digest can show expected pattern before the actual experiment. It is helpful in planning.

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Restriction enzyme supplier information क्यों check की जाती है?

Why is restriction enzyme supplier information checked?

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A. buffer temperature methylation sensitivity और heat inactivation जानने के लिएTo know buffer temperature methylation sensitivity and heat inactivation

Explanation

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हर enzyme की working condition अलग हो सकती है। Official data सही reaction setup में मदद करता है। / Each enzyme can have different working conditions. Official data helps correct reaction setup.

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Restriction enzyme के साथ provided buffer use करना क्यों बेहतर है?

Why is it better to use the buffer provided with the restriction enzyme?

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A. वह enzyme की activity के लिए optimized होता हैIt is optimized for enzyme activity

Explanation

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Provided buffer pH salt और cofactors को enzyme के अनुसार रखता है। इससे digestion reliability बढ़ती है। / Provided buffer sets pH salt and cofactors according to the enzyme. This increases digestion reliability.

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Double digest में enzymes अगर अलग temperatures पर काम करें तो क्या कर सकते हैं?

If enzymes in double digest work at different temperatures what can be done?

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A. sequential digestion plan करेंPlan sequential digestion

Explanation

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Sequential digestion में enzymes को अलग steps में suitable conditions मिलती हैं। इससे digestion success बढ़ती है। / Sequential digestion gives enzymes suitable conditions in separate steps. This improves digestion success.

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Double digest में one-pot reaction का अर्थ क्या है?

What does one-pot reaction mean in double digest?

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A. दो enzymes एक ही tube में साथ use करनाUsing two enzymes together in one tube

Explanation

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One-pot double digestion तभी अच्छा है जब दोनों enzymes compatible buffer और temperature में काम करें। / One-pot double digestion is good only when both enzymes work in compatible buffer and temperature.

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अगर double digest में एक enzyme ही काम करे तो gel पर क्या हो सकता है?

If only one enzyme works in double digest what can happen on gel?

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A. single digest जैसा pattern आ सकता हैA single-digest-like pattern can appear

Explanation

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One enzyme failure expected double digest pattern नहीं देगा। Controls help identify which enzyme failed। / One enzyme failure will not give expected double digest pattern. Controls help identify which enzyme failed.

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Double digest troubleshooting में single enzyme controls क्यों useful हैं?

Why are single enzyme controls useful in double digest troubleshooting?

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A. कौन सा enzyme काम कर रहा है पहचानने के लिएTo identify which enzyme is working

Explanation

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Single controls each enzyme activity को अलग से दिखाते हैं। इससे failure source पता चलता है। / Single controls show activity of each enzyme separately. This reveals the failure source.

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Restriction digestion में enzyme volume बहुत ज्यादा क्यों avoid करते हैं?

Why is too much enzyme volume avoided in restriction digestion?

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A. storage glycerol ज्यादा होकर star activity बढ़ सकती हैStorage glycerol can become high and increase star activity

Explanation

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Enzyme storage buffer में glycerol होता है। Reaction में अधिक glycerol specificity घटा सकता है। / Enzyme storage buffer contains glycerol. Too much glycerol in reaction can reduce specificity.

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Restriction digestion के बाद enzyme activity बची रहे तो next cloning step में क्या risk है?

If enzyme activity remains after restriction digestion what is the risk in next cloning step?

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A. unwanted further cutting हो सकती हैUnwanted further cutting can occur

Explanation

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Active enzyme ligation mix में DNA ends को फिर काट सकता है। Cleanup या inactivation useful हो सकती है। / Active enzyme can cut DNA ends again in ligation mix. Cleanup or inactivation can be useful.

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Restriction digestion cleanup के बाद DNA concentration फिर क्यों मापी जाती है?

Why is DNA concentration measured again after restriction digestion cleanup?

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A. cleanup में DNA loss हो सकता हैDNA loss can occur during cleanup

Explanation

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Cleanup recovery पूर्ण नहीं होती। Ligation setup के लिए actual DNA concentration जानना जरूरी है। / Cleanup recovery is not complete. Actual DNA concentration is needed for ligation setup.

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Insert to vector molar ratio क्यों important है?

Why is insert to vector molar ratio important?

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A. ligation product formation को प्रभावित करता हैIt affects ligation product formation

Explanation

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Insert और vector का सही ratio recombinant clones की संभावना बढ़ा सकता है। Incorrect ratio low cloning efficiency दे सकता है। / Correct insert and vector ratio can increase chances of recombinant clones. Incorrect ratio can give low cloning efficiency.

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Vector dephosphorylation का उद्देश्य क्या है?

What is the purpose of vector dephosphorylation?

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A. vector self-ligation घटानाReducing vector self-ligation

Explanation

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Phosphate हटाने से vector ends अपने आप जुड़ने की संभावना कम होती है। इससे recombinant clone proportion बढ़ सकता है। / Removing phosphate reduces the chance of vector ends joining themselves. This can increase recombinant clone proportion.

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Alkaline phosphatase treatment के बाद cleanup क्यों जरूरी हो सकता है?

Why can cleanup be needed after alkaline phosphatase treatment?

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A. phosphatase हटाने के लिए जो ligation को affect कर सकती हैTo remove phosphatase that can affect ligation

Explanation

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Residual phosphatase ligation setup में phosphate removal जारी रख सकती है। इसलिए cleanup useful है। / Residual phosphatase can keep removing phosphate in ligation setup. Therefore cleanup is useful.

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Restriction enzyme से cut vector का self-ligation कब अधिक हो सकता है?

When can self-ligation of a restriction-cut vector be more likely?

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A. single enzyme sticky ends compatible होंSingle enzyme sticky ends are compatible

Explanation

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Same compatible ends vector को खुद से ligate कर सकते हैं। Dephosphorylation या directional cloning इसे घटा सकती है। / Same compatible ends can let vector ligate to itself. Dephosphorylation or directional cloning can reduce this.

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Directional cloning self-ligation को कैसे कम कर सकती है?

How can directional cloning reduce self-ligation?

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A. दो अलग incompatible vector ends बनाकरBy creating two different incompatible vector ends

Explanation

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Different ends vector को same orientation में close होने से रोक सकते हैं। Insert correct orientation में लग सकता है। / Different ends can prevent the vector from closing in the same orientation. Insert can join in correct orientation.

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Restriction cutting के बाद ligation से पहले DNA ends की cleanliness क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is cleanliness of DNA ends important before ligation after restriction cutting?

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A. contaminants ligase activity रोक सकते हैंContaminants can inhibit ligase activity

Explanation

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Salt ethanol phenol या enzymes ligation में बाधा डाल सकते हैं। Clean DNA ends बेहतर joining देते हैं। / Salt ethanol phenol or enzymes can interfere with ligation. Clean DNA ends give better joining.

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Restriction digest में clean DNA sample क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is a clean DNA sample necessary in restriction digest?

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A. restriction enzyme impurities से inhibit हो सकता हैRestriction enzyme can be inhibited by impurities

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Phenol ethanol और salts enzyme activity कम कर सकते हैं। इसलिए digestion से पहले DNA purity check करें। / Phenol ethanol and salts can reduce enzyme activity. Therefore check DNA purity before digestion.

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DNA isolation से आए EDTA का restriction digestion पर क्या असर हो सकता है?

What effect can EDTA from DNA isolation have on restriction digestion?

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A. magnesium bind कर enzyme activity घटा सकता हैIt can bind magnesium and reduce enzyme activity

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EDTA divalent ions bind करता है। कई restriction enzymes को magnesium चाहिए होता है। / EDTA binds divalent ions. Many restriction enzymes need magnesium.

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TE buffer में रखे DNA को digestion में use करते समय क्या ध्यान दें?

What should be considered when using DNA stored in TE buffer for digestion?

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A. EDTA concentration enzyme reaction को affect कर सकती हैEDTA concentration can affect enzyme reaction

Explanation

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TE में EDTA होता है जो magnesium chelate कर सकता है। Reaction setup में buffer compatibility देखें। / TE contains EDTA that can chelate magnesium. Check buffer compatibility in reaction setup.

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Restriction digestion में salt contamination कहाँ से आ सकती है?

Where can salt contamination come from in restriction digestion?

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A. DNA purification wash carryover सेFrom DNA purification wash carryover

Explanation

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Purification से leftover salts enzyme activity बदल सकते हैं। DNA cleanup और proper drying helpful हैं। / Leftover salts from purification can alter enzyme activity. DNA cleanup and proper drying are helpful.

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Restriction digestion में reaction volume बहुत छोटा रखने से क्या practical समस्या हो सकती है?

What practical problem can occur if reaction volume is kept too small in restriction digestion?

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A. pipetting error का effect अधिक हो सकता हैPipetting error effect can be larger

Explanation

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बहुत छोटे volumes में small pipetting errors भी concentration बदल सकते हैं। Accurate pipetting जरूरी है। / In very small volumes small pipetting errors can change concentrations. Accurate pipetting is necessary.

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Restriction digestion master mix का एक benefit क्या है?

What is one benefit of a restriction digestion master mix?

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A. common components समान रखने में मददHelps keep common components the same

Explanation

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Master mix pipetting variation कम करता है। Multiple reactions में reproducibility बेहतर होती है। / A master mix reduces pipetting variation. Reproducibility improves in multiple reactions.

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Restriction digest setup में bubbles क्यों avoid करते हैं?

Why are bubbles avoided in restriction digest setup?

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A. accurate mixing और pipetting maintain करने के लिएTo maintain accurate mixing and pipetting

Explanation

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Bubbles small reaction volumes में inaccurate volume और mixing दे सकते हैं। Gentle pipetting बेहतर है। / Bubbles can cause inaccurate volume and mixing in small reactions. Gentle pipetting is better.

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Restriction digestion में tube spin-down क्यों किया जाता है?

Why is a tube spin-down done in restriction digestion?

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A. liquid को bottom पर collect करने के लिएTo collect liquid at the bottom

Explanation

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Spin-down droplets को tube wall से नीचे लाता है। इससे reaction components properly mix होते हैं। / Spin-down brings droplets from tube wall to bottom. This helps reaction components mix properly.

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Restriction digestion में evaporation रोकना क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is preventing evaporation important in restriction digestion?

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A. reaction concentration stable रखने के लिएTo keep reaction concentration stable

Explanation

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Evaporation से salt और enzyme concentrations बदल सकती हैं। Proper tube closure और incubation conditions important हैं। / Evaporation can change salt and enzyme concentrations. Proper tube closure and incubation conditions are important.

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Restriction enzyme reaction में incubation temperature बहुत low हो तो क्या हो सकता है?

What can happen if incubation temperature is too low in restriction enzyme reaction?

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A. enzyme activity धीमी हो सकती हैEnzyme activity can be slow

Explanation

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Low temperature enzyme kinetics घटा सकता है। Optimum temperature use करें। / Low temperature can reduce enzyme kinetics. Use optimum temperature.

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Temperature बहुत high हो जाए तो restriction enzyme पर क्या असर हो सकता है?

What can happen to a restriction enzyme if temperature becomes too high?

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A. enzyme denature या inactive हो सकता हैEnzyme can denature or become inactive

Explanation

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Enzymes proteins हैं और excessive heat से activity खो सकते हैं। Recommended temperature follow करें। / Enzymes are proteins and can lose activity by excessive heat. Follow recommended temperature.

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Restriction digestion में incubation device का role क्या है?

What is the role of incubation device in restriction digestion?

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A. stable temperature provide करनाProviding stable temperature

Explanation

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Stable temperature enzyme activity को consistent रखता है। Water bath या heat block use हो सकता है। / Stable temperature keeps enzyme activity consistent. A water bath or heat block can be used.

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Restriction digest gel में lane order record करना क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is recording lane order necessary in a restriction digest gel?

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A. band identity सही interpret करने के लिएTo interpret band identity correctly

Explanation

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Lane order भूलने पर sample identity confuse हो सकती है। Gel documentation में lane map लिखें। / If lane order is forgotten sample identity can be confused. Write lane map in gel documentation.

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Restriction digestion में lane map क्या बताता है?

What does a lane map show in restriction digestion?

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A. किस lane में कौन सा sample loaded हैWhich sample is loaded in each lane

Explanation

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Lane map gel interpretation के लिए जरूरी है। यह sample mix-up से बचाता है। / A lane map is necessary for gel interpretation. It prevents sample mix-up.

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Restriction digestion में ethical reporting का मतलब क्या है?

What does ethical reporting mean in restriction digestion?

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A. observed results को सही और ईमानदारी से report करनाReporting observed results correctly and honestly

Explanation

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Scientific honesty गलत conclusions से बचाती है। Gel results को बिना बदलाव report करना चाहिए। / Scientific honesty prevents wrong conclusions. Gel results should be reported without manipulation.

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Gel image manipulation क्यों गलत है?

Why is gel image manipulation wrong?

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A. यह scientific conclusion को misleading बना सकती हैIt can make scientific conclusion misleading

Explanation

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Manipulated images गलत result दिखा सकती हैं। Accurate documentation responsible science का भाग है। / Manipulated images can show false results. Accurate documentation is part of responsible science.

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Restriction digestion में hazardous stain use हो तो क्या जरूरी है?

What is necessary if a hazardous stain is used in restriction digestion?

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A. PPE और approved waste disposalPPE and approved waste disposal

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कुछ DNA stains hazardous हो सकते हैं। Gloves और proper disposal safety के लिए जरूरी हैं। / Some DNA stains can be hazardous. Gloves and proper disposal are necessary for safety.

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Restriction digestion waste में क्या हो सकता है?

What can restriction digestion waste contain?

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A. DNA stain buffer और biological DNA materialDNA stain buffer and biological DNA material

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Waste को lab safety rules के अनुसार dispose करना चाहिए। Stain-containing waste special handling मांग सकता है। / Waste should be disposed according to lab safety rules. Stain-containing waste may need special handling.

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Level 49 का best revision point क्या है?

What is the best revision point of Level 49?

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A. ends compatibility diagnostic planning cleanup और documentation याद रखेंRemember ends compatibility diagnostic planning cleanup and documentation

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Cutting step ligation और verification से directly जुड़ा है। Clean compatible ends और correct records जरूरी हैं। / The cutting step is directly linked to ligation and verification. Clean compatible ends and correct records are needed.

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Level 49 में cloning success का main practical factor क्या है?

What is the main practical factor for cloning success in Level 49?

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A. correct enzyme choice and clean compatible ends

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Correct cutting insert और vector को सही तरह जोड़ने योग्य बनाता है। Cleanup और ratio ligation को support करते हैं। / Correct cutting makes insert and vector suitable for joining. Cleanup and ratio support ligation.

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Cutting of DNA level 49 का final summary क्या है?

What is the final summary of Cutting of DNA level 49?

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A. restriction cutting में compatible ends बनाकर ligation और verification के लिए DNA तैयार होता हैRestriction cutting prepares DNA for ligation and verification by forming compatible ends

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DNA cutting का goal controlled fragments और ends बनाना है। Accurate setup gel analysis और records result को reliable बनाते हैं। / The goal of DNA cutting is to make controlled fragments and ends. Accurate setup gel analysis and records make results reliable.

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Restriction digestion में सबसे पहले कौन सा question पूछना चाहिए?

What question should be asked first in restriction digestion?

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A. मुझे DNA कहाँ cut करना हैWhere do I need to cut DNA

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Cutting goal साफ होने पर enzyme choice सही होती है। Cloning planning का पहला step target site समझना है। / When the cutting goal is clear enzyme choice becomes correct. The first step in cloning planning is understanding target site.

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Cutting of DNA में enzyme selection का सबसे बड़ा आधार क्या है?

What is the biggest basis of enzyme selection in Cutting of DNA?

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A. recognition site और desired endsRecognition site and desired ends

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Enzyme वही चुना जाता है जिसका recognition site useful हो और ends cloning के लिए suitable हों। / The enzyme is chosen when its recognition site is useful and ends are suitable for cloning.

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Restriction enzyme DNA में random cutting क्यों नहीं करता?

Why does a restriction enzyme not cut DNA randomly?

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A. क्योंकि वह specific recognition sequence पहचानता हैBecause it recognizes a specific recognition sequence

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Restriction enzymes specific sequences पर bind करते हैं। इसलिए cut pattern predictable होता है। / Restriction enzymes bind to specific sequences. Therefore the cut pattern is predictable.

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Predictable cutting recombinant DNA technology में क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is predictable cutting necessary in recombinant DNA technology?

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A. planned fragments और compatible ends पाने के लिएTo obtain planned fragments and compatible ends

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Recombinant DNA में insert और vector को planned way में तैयार करना होता है। Predictable cutting cloning success बढ़ाती है। / In recombinant DNA insert and vector must be prepared in a planned way. Predictable cutting increases cloning success.

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Restriction enzyme reaction का target molecule क्या है?

What is the target molecule of a restriction enzyme reaction?

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A. DNA

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Restriction enzymes DNA substrate पर काम करते हैं। वे DNA backbone के phosphodiester bonds काटते हैं। / Restriction enzymes act on DNA substrate. They cut phosphodiester bonds in the DNA backbone.

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DNA backbone cutting किस bond से संबंधित है?

DNA backbone cutting is related to which bond?

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A. phosphodiester bond

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DNA backbone phosphodiester bonds से बना होता है। Restriction enzymes इन्हीं bonds को काटते हैं। / DNA backbone is made of phosphodiester bonds. Restriction enzymes cut these bonds.

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Restriction enzyme को endonuclease क्यों कहा जाता है?

Why is a restriction enzyme called an endonuclease?

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A. क्योंकि यह nucleic acid chain के अंदर cut करता हैBecause it cuts inside a nucleic acid chain

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Endonuclease nucleic acid के internal phosphodiester bonds काटता है। Restriction enzymes इसी group में हैं। / An endonuclease cuts internal phosphodiester bonds in nucleic acids. Restriction enzymes are in this group.

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Exonuclease और restriction endonuclease में मुख्य अंतर क्या है?

What is the main difference between exonuclease and restriction endonuclease?

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A. Exonuclease ends से हटाता है और restriction endonuclease अंदर specific site काटता हैExonuclease removes from ends and restriction endonuclease cuts internal specific site

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Restriction endonuclease specific internal sites काटता है। Exonuclease nucleotides ends से remove करता है। / Restriction endonuclease cuts specific internal sites. Exonuclease removes nucleotides from ends.

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Restriction enzymes naturally bacteria में किस काम आते हैं?

What is the natural role of restriction enzymes in bacteria?

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A. foreign DNA से defenseDefense against foreign DNA

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Bacteria restriction enzymes से foreign DNA को काट सकते हैं। यह defense mechanism है। / Bacteria can cut foreign DNA using restriction enzymes. This is a defense mechanism.

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Bacterial host अपने DNA को अपने restriction enzyme से कैसे बचाता है?

How does bacterial host protect its own DNA from its restriction enzyme?

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A. methylation द्वाराBy methylation

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Host DNA methylation own recognition sites को protect कर सकती है। Foreign unmethylated DNA cut हो सकता है। / Host DNA methylation can protect its own recognition sites. Foreign unmethylated DNA can be cut.

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Restriction modification system में modification क्या दर्शाता है?

What does modification show in restriction modification system?

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A. host DNA methylation

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Modification part host DNA को methylate करके protection देता है। Restriction part foreign DNA काटता है। / The modification part protects host DNA by methylation. The restriction part cuts foreign DNA.

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Restriction enzyme naming में organism source क्यों पूछा जा सकता है?

Why can organism source be asked in restriction enzyme naming?

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A. नाम source organism से derived होता हैThe name is derived from source organism

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Restriction enzyme names organism genus species strain और discovery order से जुड़े हो सकते हैं। यह exam fact है। / Restriction enzyme names can relate to organism genus species strain and discovery order. This is an exam fact.

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EcoRI नाम में Roman numeral I क्या दिखाता है?

What does Roman numeral I in EcoRI show?

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A. first enzyme discovered from that strain

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Roman numeral discovery order बताता है। EcoRI में I first identified enzyme को दर्शाता है। / The Roman numeral indicates discovery order. In EcoRI I indicates the first identified enzyme.

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EcoRI जैसे enzyme का common exam identity क्या है?

What is the common exam identity of an enzyme like EcoRI?

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A. restriction endonuclease

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EcoRI एक restriction endonuclease है। यह specific sequence पर DNA काटता है। / EcoRI is a restriction endonuclease. It cuts DNA at a specific sequence.

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Palindromic recognition sequence में क्या विशेषता होती है?

What is the feature of a palindromic recognition sequence?

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A. दोनों strands opposite direction में समान पढ़े जाते हैंBoth strands read the same in opposite directions

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कई restriction enzymes palindromic DNA sequences पहचानते हैं। यह recognition specificity की key feature है। / Many restriction enzymes recognize palindromic DNA sequences. This is a key feature of recognition specificity.

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Restriction site की absence से क्या होगा?

What happens if the restriction site is absent?

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A. enzyme उस DNA को उस site पर नहीं काटेगाThe enzyme will not cut that DNA at that site

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Restriction enzyme को recognition site चाहिए। Site absent होने पर expected cut नहीं मिलेगा। / A restriction enzyme needs a recognition site. If the site is absent expected cut will not occur.

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Linear DNA में one cut site होने पर सामान्यतः कितने fragments बनते हैं?

How many fragments generally form from linear DNA with one cut site?

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A. दो fragmentsTwo fragments

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Linear DNA में एक cut दो fragments बनाता है। Fragment number cut sites पर निर्भर करता है। / One cut in linear DNA makes two fragments. Fragment number depends on cut sites.

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Linear DNA में तीन cut sites हों तो सामान्यतः कितने fragments बनेंगे?

If linear DNA has three cut sites how many fragments generally form?

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B. चार fragmentsFour fragments

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Linear DNA में number of fragments usually cut sites plus one होता है। तीन cuts से चार fragments बनते हैं। / In linear DNA number of fragments is usually cut sites plus one. Three cuts make four fragments.

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Circular DNA में one cut site होने पर क्या बनता है?

What forms when circular DNA has one cut site?

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A. linear DNA molecule

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Circular DNA एक जगह कटकर linear form बन जाता है। यह plasmid linearization है। / Circular DNA cut at one site becomes a linear form. This is plasmid linearization.

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Circular plasmid में two cut sites होने पर सामान्यतः क्या मिलेगा?

What is generally obtained when a circular plasmid has two cut sites?

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A. दो DNA fragmentsTwo DNA fragments

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Circular DNA पर two cuts दो fragments बनाते हैं। यह insert release में useful हो सकता है। / Two cuts on circular DNA make two fragments. This can be useful in insert release.

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Restriction digest में fragment count क्यों important है?

Why is fragment count important in restriction digest?

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A. cut pattern verify करने के लिएTo verify cut pattern

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Fragment count expected map से match होना चाहिए। इससे digestion और construct verification होती है। / Fragment count should match the expected map. This verifies digestion and construct.

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Agarose gel electrophoresis DNA fragments को किस आधार पर अलग करता है?

Agarose gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments on what basis?

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A. size

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DNA fragments gel में size के अनुसार migrate करते हैं। छोटे fragments सामान्यतः तेज चलते हैं। / DNA fragments migrate according to size in gel. Smaller fragments generally move faster.

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Gel में DNA किस electrode की ओर बढ़ता है?

Toward which electrode does DNA move in a gel?

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A. positive electrode

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DNA phosphate backbone के कारण negatively charged होता है। इसलिए वह positive electrode की ओर जाता है। / DNA is negatively charged due to phosphate backbone. Therefore it moves toward positive electrode.

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DNA ladder का simplest purpose क्या है?

What is the simplest purpose of a DNA ladder?

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A. fragment size estimate करनाEstimating fragment size

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DNA ladder known size bands देता है। इससे sample fragments का approximate size निकाला जाता है। / DNA ladder gives known size bands. It helps estimate approximate size of sample fragments.

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Restriction digest gel में expected band absent हो तो first possibility क्या हो सकती है?

If expected band is absent in restriction digest gel what can be a first possibility?

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A. incomplete digestion या wrong cloneIncomplete digestion or wrong clone

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Expected band absent होना digestion failure wrong clone या low DNA दिखा सकता है। Controls check करें। / Absence of expected band can show digestion failure wrong clone or low DNA. Check controls.

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Very faint bands का common कारण क्या हो सकता है?

What can be a common reason for very faint bands?

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A. low DNA amount

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कम DNA loading faint bands दे सकती है। Sample concentration और loading amount देखें। / Low DNA loading can give faint bands. Check sample concentration and loading amount.

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Extra bands का एक कारण क्या हो सकता है?

What can be one cause of extra bands?

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A. partial digestion या star activityPartial digestion or star activity

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Extra bands incomplete cutting या non-specific cutting का संकेत दे सकते हैं। Reaction conditions check करें। / Extra bands can indicate incomplete cutting or non-specific cutting. Check reaction conditions.

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Restriction digest में smear का एक likely reason क्या है?

What is one likely reason for smear in restriction digest?

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A. degraded DNA

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Degraded DNA many fragment sizes देता है जो smear दिखा सकते हैं। DNA quality check करें। / Degraded DNA gives many fragment sizes that can appear as smear. Check DNA quality.

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Restriction digestion में clean sharp bands क्या संकेत दे सकते हैं?

What can clean sharp bands indicate in restriction digestion?

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A. good DNA quality और proper digestionGood DNA quality and proper digestion

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Sharp expected bands clean DNA और correct digestion का संकेत दे सकते हैं। फिर भी map से compare करना जरूरी है। / Sharp expected bands can indicate clean DNA and correct digestion. Still comparison with map is necessary.

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Restriction enzyme reaction के लिए DNA purity का कौन सा issue सबसे problematic हो सकता है?

Which DNA purity issue can be very problematic for restriction enzyme reaction?

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A. phenol ethanol या salt carryoverPhenol ethanol or salt carryover

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Phenol ethanol और salts enzyme activity inhibit कर सकते हैं। Digestion से पहले cleanup useful हो सकता है। / Phenol ethanol and salts can inhibit enzyme activity. Cleanup can be useful before digestion.

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Restriction digestion के लिए DNA quantification क्यों किया जाता है?

Why is DNA quantification done for restriction digestion?

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A. enzyme और DNA amount सही रखने के लिएTo keep enzyme and DNA amount correct

Explanation

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DNA amount जानकर enzyme units और reaction setup सही किया जाता है। इससे digestion reliable होती है। / Knowing DNA amount helps set enzyme units and reaction correctly. This makes digestion reliable.

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Restriction enzyme unit क्यों important है?

Why is restriction enzyme unit important?

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A. enzyme activity amount समझने के लिएTo understand enzyme activity amount

Explanation

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Enzyme units बताते हैं कि defined conditions में enzyme कितना DNA काट सकता है। Reaction setup में यह useful है। / Enzyme units show how much DNA the enzyme can cut under defined conditions. This is useful in reaction setup.

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Restriction digestion में too little enzyme का result क्या हो सकता है?

What can be the result of too little enzyme in restriction digestion?

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A. partial digestion

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कम enzyme सभी sites नहीं काट पाएगा। इससे incomplete या partial digest हो सकता है। / Too little enzyme may not cut all sites. This can cause incomplete or partial digest.

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Restriction digestion में too much enzyme का risk क्या है?

What is the risk of too much enzyme in restriction digestion?

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A. star activity या glycerol effectStar activity or glycerol effect

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Excess enzyme और glycerol specificity को प्रभावित कर सकते हैं। Recommended enzyme amount रखें। / Excess enzyme and glycerol can affect specificity. Use recommended enzyme amount.

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Restriction digestion में optimum temperature क्यों follow करते हैं?

Why is optimum temperature followed in restriction digestion?

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A. enzyme activity best रखने के लिएTo keep enzyme activity best

Explanation

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Enzymes specific temperature range में best काम करते हैं। Wrong temperature digestion fail कर सकता है। / Enzymes work best in a specific temperature range. Wrong temperature can make digestion fail.

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Restriction digestion में buffer का pH क्यों important है?

Why is buffer pH important in restriction digestion?

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A. enzyme structure और activity support करने के लिएTo support enzyme structure and activity

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Enzyme activity pH से प्रभावित होती है। Correct buffer pH reaction success में मदद करता है। / Enzyme activity is affected by pH. Correct buffer pH helps reaction success.

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Restriction digestion में nuclease-free water क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is nuclease-free water necessary in restriction digestion?

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A. unwanted DNA degradation रोकने के लिएTo prevent unwanted DNA degradation

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Nuclease contamination DNA को unwanted fragments में तोड़ सकती है। Nuclease-free water sample बचाता है। / Nuclease contamination can break DNA into unwanted fragments. Nuclease-free water protects the sample.

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Restriction digestion में fresh sterile tips क्यों use करते हैं?

Why are fresh sterile tips used in restriction digestion?

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A. contamination और sample mix-up कम करने के लिएTo reduce contamination and sample mix-up

Explanation

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Fresh tips nucleases और cross-contamination से बचाते हैं। यह clean reaction के लिए जरूरी है। / Fresh tips avoid nucleases and cross-contamination. This is needed for a clean reaction.

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Restriction digestion में sample mix-up रोकने का basic तरीका क्या है?

What is the basic way to prevent sample mix-up in restriction digestion?

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A. clear labelling और lane mapClear labelling and lane map

Explanation

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Clear labels reactions को identify करते हैं और lane map gel interpretation बचाता है। यह record keeping का part है। / Clear labels identify reactions and lane map protects gel interpretation. This is part of record keeping.

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Restriction digestion में documentation में कौन सी details होनी चाहिए?

Which details should be in documentation for restriction digestion?

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A. enzyme buffer time temperature expected bands observed bands

Explanation

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Complete documentation repeat experiment और troubleshooting में मदद करती है। Expected और observed bands compare करें। / Complete documentation helps repeat experiment and troubleshooting. Compare expected and observed bands.

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Restriction digestion में sequencing कब useful होती है?

When is sequencing useful in restriction digestion work?

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A. final clone sequence confirm करने के लिएTo confirm final clone sequence

Explanation

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Restriction digest size pattern देता है पर exact base sequence नहीं बताता। Sequencing final confirmation देती है। / Restriction digest gives size pattern but not exact base sequence. Sequencing gives final confirmation.

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Restriction digest और ligation में direct connection क्या है?

What is the direct connection between restriction digest and ligation?

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A. digest compatible ends बनाता है जिन्हें ligase जोड़ता हैDigest makes compatible ends that ligase joins

Explanation

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Cutting के बाद DNA ends तयार होते हैं। Ligase उन्हीं ends को जोड़कर recombinant DNA बनाता है। / After cutting DNA ends are prepared. Ligase joins those ends to make recombinant DNA.

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Restriction digestion के बाद transformation से पहले कौन सा step आता है?

Which step comes after restriction digestion before transformation?

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A. ligation या recombinant DNA formationLigation or recombinant DNA formation

Explanation

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DNA fragments को ligase से जोड़कर recombinant DNA बनाया जाता है। फिर इसे host में introduce किया जाता है। / DNA fragments are joined by ligase to make recombinant DNA. Then it is introduced into a host.

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Cutting of DNA में vector और insert दोनों क्यों काटे जाते हैं?

Why are both vector and insert cut in Cutting of DNA?

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A. compatible ends पाने के लिएTo obtain compatible ends

Explanation

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Vector और insert compatible ends रखते हैं तो ligation आसान होती है। यह recombinant DNA formation का आधार है। / When vector and insert have compatible ends ligation is easier. This is the basis of recombinant DNA formation.

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Restriction digestion में vector backbone को preserve करना क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is preserving vector backbone important in restriction digestion?

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A. origin और marker जैसे जरूरी elements बचाने के लिएTo keep essential elements like origin and marker

Explanation

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Vector backbone में replication origin और selectable marker होते हैं। गलत cutting vector function खराब कर सकती है। / Vector backbone contains replication origin and selectable marker. Wrong cutting can damage vector function.

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Restriction digestion में insert integrity क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is insert integrity necessary in restriction digestion?

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A. desired gene function बचाने के लिएTo preserve desired gene function

Explanation

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अगर insert unwanted cut हो जाए तो desired gene function खो सकता है। Internal sites check करें। / If the insert is cut unwantedly desired gene function can be lost. Check internal sites.

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Restriction digestion की success का सबसे simple visual proof क्या है?

What is the simplest visual proof of restriction digestion success?

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A. gel पर expected DNA band patternExpected DNA band pattern on gel

Explanation

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Expected band pattern digestion success का visual evidence देता है। Compare with ladder और controls। / Expected band pattern gives visual evidence of digestion success. Compare with ladder and controls.

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Cutting of DNA में सबसे common student mistake क्या हो सकती है?

What can be a common student mistake in Cutting of DNA?

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A. enzyme और recognition site को match न करनाNot matching enzyme and recognition site

Explanation

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Restriction enzyme तभी cut करेगा जब उसका recognition site मौजूद हो। Enzyme-site matching हमेशा check करें। / A restriction enzyme cuts only if its recognition site is present. Always check enzyme-site matching.

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Level 50 का best final revision chain क्या है?

What is the best final revision chain of Level 50?

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A. recognition site cutting ends gel verification ligation

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Cutting of DNA में enzyme site पहचानता है और fragments बनाता है। Gel verification के बाद ligation होती है। / In Cutting of DNA the enzyme recognizes a site and makes fragments. Ligation follows gel verification.

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Cutting of DNA topic का अंतिम exam-safe summary क्या है?

What is the final exam-safe summary of Cutting of DNA topic?

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A. restriction enzymes DNA को specific sites पर काटकर cloning के लिए compatible fragments बनाते हैंRestriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites to make compatible fragments for cloning

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Restriction digestion recombinant DNA technology की central step है। सही enzyme condition controls और gel analysis याद रखें। / Restriction digestion is a central step of recombinant DNA technology. Remember correct enzyme condition controls and gel analysis.

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किस प्रकार के प्रतिबंध एंजाइम पुनःसंयोजक डीएनए तकनीक में सबसे अधिक उपयोगी माने जाते हैं?

Which type of restriction enzymes are considered most useful in recombinant DNA technology?

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A. टाइप द्वितीय प्रतिबंध एंजाइमType II restriction enzymes

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टाइप द्वितीय एंजाइम सामान्यतः विशिष्ट स्थान पर डीएनए काटते हैं। परीक्षा में इन्हें cloning-friendly enzymes मानें। / Type II enzymes generally cut DNA at specific sites. In exams treat them as cloning-friendly enzymes.

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टाइप द्वितीय प्रतिबंध एंजाइम की मुख्य विशेषता क्या है?

What is the main feature of Type II restriction enzymes?

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B. वे सामान्यतः recognition site के अंदर या पास डीएनए काटते हैंThey usually cut DNA within or near the recognition site

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टाइप द्वितीय एंजाइम का cut predictable होता है। इसलिए recombinant DNA work में ये बहुत उपयोगी हैं। / Type II enzymes give predictable cuts. Therefore they are very useful in recombinant DNA work.

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प्रतिबंध एंजाइम डीएनए को क्यों नहीं हर जगह काटते?

Why do restriction enzymes not cut DNA everywhere?

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C. क्योंकि वे खास recognition sequence पहचानते हैंBecause they recognize a specific recognition sequence

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प्रतिबंध एंजाइम खास क्रम पहचानकर ही cut करते हैं। इसी कारण fragment pattern predictable होता है। / Restriction enzymes cut only after recognizing a specific sequence. This makes the fragment pattern predictable.

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Recognition sequence जितनी लंबी होगी उसका डीएनए में मिलना सामान्यतः कैसा होगा?

If a recognition sequence is longer how common is it generally in DNA?

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D. कम commonLess common

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लंबा sequence संयोग से कम बार मिलता है। इसलिए long recognition sites कम cuts दे सकती हैं। / A longer sequence occurs less often by chance. Therefore long recognition sites may give fewer cuts.

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चार base वाली recognition site छह base वाली site की तुलना में सामान्यतः कैसी होती है?

Compared with a six-base recognition site how is a four-base recognition site generally?

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A. अधिक बार मिलने वालीMore frequently occurring

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छोटी recognition site डीएनए में अधिक बार मिल सकती है। इससे अधिक fragments बन सकते हैं। / A shorter recognition site can occur more often in DNA. This can produce more fragments.

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Restriction digest में बहुत अधिक fragments बनने का एक कारण क्या हो सकता है?

What can be one reason for too many fragments in a restriction digest?

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B. बहुत छोटी और बार-बार मिलने वाली recognition siteVery short and frequent recognition site

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छोटी site डीएनए में कई बार मिल सकती है। इसलिए digestion में अधिक fragments आ सकते हैं। / A short site can occur many times in DNA. Therefore many fragments can appear in digestion.

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Cloning में ऐसा enzyme क्यों चुना जाता है जो vector को केवल एक जगह काटे?

Why is an enzyme chosen that cuts a vector at only one place in cloning?

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C. vector को controlled तरीके से खोलने के लिएTo open the vector in a controlled way

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एक unique cut site vector को एक स्थान पर linearize करती है। इससे insert जोड़ना आसान होता है। / A unique cut site linearizes the vector at one position. This makes insert joining easier.

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अगर chosen enzyme vector के essential gene के अंदर cut करे तो क्या समस्या होगी?

What problem occurs if the chosen enzyme cuts inside an essential vector gene?

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D. vector function खराब हो सकता हैVector function can be damaged

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Vector के origin या marker जैसे जरूरी हिस्से बचने चाहिए। गलत cut vector को useless बना सकता है। / Essential parts such as origin or marker of a vector must be protected. A wrong cut can make the vector useless.

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Restriction digestion से पहले vector map में selectable marker देखना क्यों उपयोगी है?

Why is it useful to check selectable marker in a vector map before restriction digestion?

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A. marker को damage होने से बचाने के लिएTo avoid damaging the marker

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Selectable marker transformants की पहचान में मदद करता है। उसे काटने से selection fail हो सकती है। / A selectable marker helps identify transformants. Cutting it can cause selection failure.

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Restriction digestion में origin of replication को क्यों सुरक्षित रखना चाहिए?

Why should origin of replication be protected in restriction digestion?

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B. क्योंकि plasmid replication के लिए जरूरी हैBecause it is necessary for plasmid replication

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Origin खराब होने पर plasmid host में replicate नहीं करेगा। इसलिए vector map देखकर enzyme चुनें। / If the origin is damaged the plasmid will not replicate in host. Therefore choose enzyme using vector map.

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MCS में restriction sites होने का मुख्य लाभ क्या है?

What is the main benefit of restriction sites in MCS?

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C. वे insert cloning के लिए options देते हैंThey give options for insert cloning

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MCS कई restriction sites का छोटा region होता है। इससे cloning enzyme चुनने में flexibility मिलती है। / MCS is a short region with many restriction sites. It gives flexibility in choosing cloning enzymes.

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Restriction site अगर promoter region को काट दे तो expression construct में क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

What problem can occur in an expression construct if a restriction site cuts the promoter region?

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D. gene expression प्रभावित हो सकती हैGene expression can be affected

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Promoter gene expression शुरू करने में मदद करता है। Promoter damage expression को कमजोर या बंद कर सकता है। / A promoter helps start gene expression. Promoter damage can weaken or stop expression.

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Restriction enzyme selection में reading frame कब महत्वपूर्ण हो सकता है?

When can reading frame be important in restriction enzyme selection?

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A. protein expression cloning मेंIn protein expression cloning

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Expression cloning में insert सही frame में होना चाहिए। Wrong frame protein product बदल सकता है। / In expression cloning the insert should be in the correct frame. A wrong frame can change the protein product.

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यदि insert wrong reading frame में लग जाए तो क्या हो सकता है?

What can happen if an insert joins in the wrong reading frame?

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B. गलत या nonfunctional protein बन सकता हैWrong or nonfunctional protein may form

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Reading frame protein sequence तय करता है। Frame shift होने पर protein function बदल सकता है। / Reading frame determines protein sequence. A frame shift can alter protein function.

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Restriction digestion में overhang sequence क्यों important है?

Why is overhang sequence important in restriction digestion?

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C. यह ligation compatibility तय करता हैIt determines ligation compatibility

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Sticky end का overhang complementary end से pair करता है। इसलिए overhang sequence cloning में important है। / The overhang of a sticky end pairs with a complementary end. Therefore overhang sequence is important in cloning.

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दो अलग restriction enzymes same overhang बना दें तो क्या हो सकता है?

What can happen if two different restriction enzymes create the same overhang?

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A. वे ends ligate हो सकते हैंThe ends can ligate

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Same overhang compatible ends बना सकता है। लेकिन ligation के बाद original site बदल सकती है। / The same overhang can create compatible ends. But after ligation the original site may change.

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Ligation के बाद restriction site वापस न बने तो इसका कारण क्या हो सकता है?

What can cause a restriction site not to be restored after ligation?

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A. hybrid compatible ends का जुड़नाJoining of hybrid compatible ends

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अलग enzymes के compatible ends जुड़कर नया hybrid sequence बना सकते हैं। इससे original site वापस नहीं बनती। / Compatible ends from different enzymes can join to form a new hybrid sequence. Thus the original site is not restored.

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Restriction digestion में adapter का उपयोग किसलिए किया जा सकता है?

Why can an adapter be used in restriction digestion based work?

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B. desired restriction end जोड़ने के लिएTo add a desired restriction end

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Adapter छोटे DNA pieces होते हैं जो useful ends provide कर सकते हैं। यह cloning strategy में मदद करता है। / Adapters are short DNA pieces that can provide useful ends. This helps in cloning strategy.

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Linker का cloning में क्या उपयोग हो सकता है?

What can be the use of a linker in cloning?

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C. restriction site introduce करनाIntroducing a restriction site

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Linkers short DNA sequences होते हैं जिनमें restriction sites हो सकती हैं। इन्हें cloning में ends बनाने के लिए use किया जा सकता है। / Linkers are short DNA sequences that may contain restriction sites. They can be used to make ends in cloning.

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Blunt DNA fragment में sticky end कैसे जोड़ा जा सकता है?

How can a sticky end be added to a blunt DNA fragment?

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A. adapter या linker की मदद सेWith help of adapter or linker

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Adapters या linkers blunt fragments में desired restriction ends जोड़ सकते हैं। इससे cloning आसान हो सकती है। / Adapters or linkers can add desired restriction ends to blunt fragments. This can make cloning easier.

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Restriction digestion में blunt end और sticky end का choice किस पर निर्भर करता है?

On what does choice between blunt end and sticky end depend in restriction digestion?

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A. cloning strategy और available sites परOn cloning strategy and available sites

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Sticky ends अक्सर efficient ligation देते हैं पर blunt cloning भी संभव है। Strategy enzyme sites पर निर्भर करती है। / Sticky ends often give efficient ligation but blunt cloning is also possible. Strategy depends on enzyme sites.

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Restriction enzyme site अगर insert के दोनों sides पर हो तो क्या लाभ है?

What is the benefit if restriction enzyme sites are on both sides of an insert?

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A. insert को release किया जा सकता हैInsert can be released

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दो flanking sites insert को vector से निकालने में मदद करते हैं। Gel पर insert band देखा जा सकता है। / Two flanking sites help remove insert from vector. The insert band can be seen on gel.

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Flanking restriction sites का अर्थ क्या है?

What do flanking restriction sites mean?

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A. insert के दोनों ओर मौजूद sitesSites present on both sides of insert

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Flanking sites insert को boundaries पर cut करने में मदद करती हैं। ये diagnostic और cloning काम में useful हैं। / Flanking sites help cut at the boundaries of insert. They are useful in diagnostic and cloning work.

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Restriction digest से insert size कैसे confirm किया जा सकता है?

How can insert size be confirmed by restriction digest?

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A. flanking enzymes से cut करके expected band देखकरBy cutting with flanking enzymes and observing expected band

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Flanking digest insert को अलग band के रूप में दिखा सकता है। Band size ladder से compare करें। / A flanking digest can show the insert as a separate band. Compare band size with ladder.

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अगर insert बहुत छोटा हो तो gel पर उसे देखना क्यों कठिन हो सकता है?

Why can a very small insert be difficult to see on gel?

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A. वह तेजी से run कर सकता है और faint हो सकता हैIt may run fast and appear faint

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छोटे fragments जल्दी migrate करते हैं और कम मात्रा में faint दिख सकते हैं। Suitable gel percentage use करें। / Small fragments migrate quickly and can appear faint in low amount. Use suitable gel percentage.

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अगर vector और insert sizes बहुत समान हों तो gel purification में क्या चुनौती होगी?

What is the challenge in gel purification if vector and insert sizes are very similar?

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A. bands को अलग पहचानना कठिन होगाBands will be hard to distinguish

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Similar sizes वाले fragments gel पर पास-पास आ सकते हैं। High resolution gel या alternative strategy चाहिए। / Fragments of similar sizes can run close on gel. A high resolution gel or alternative strategy is needed.

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Restriction digest में small fragment gel से बाहर निकल जाए तो क्या समस्या होगी?

What problem occurs if a small fragment runs out of the gel in restriction digest?

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A. desired band lost हो सकता हैDesired band can be lost

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छोटे fragments अधिक दूर चलते हैं। Run time और gel percentage carefully choose करें। / Small fragments move farther. Choose run time and gel percentage carefully.

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Restriction digestion में gel run बहुत लंबा हो तो क्या risk है?

What is the risk if a gel run is too long in restriction digestion?

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A. small fragments gel से निकल सकते हैंSmall fragments can run out of gel

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बहुत लंबा run छोटे fragments खो सकता है। Run को dye front और size range के अनुसार रोकें। / A very long run can lose small fragments. Stop the run according to dye front and size range.

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Dye front gel electrophoresis में क्या बताता है?

What does dye front indicate in gel electrophoresis?

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A. run progress का visual markerA visual marker of run progress

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Loading dye का front gel run progress दिखाता है। यह बताता है कि sample कितना आगे चला। / The loading dye front shows gel run progress. It tells how far the sample has moved.

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Gel electrophoresis में buffer exhausted होने से क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

What problem can occur if electrophoresis buffer is exhausted?

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A. poor migration और unclear bandsPoor migration and unclear bands

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Gel buffer ions current carry करने में मदद करते हैं। Poor buffer band resolution को खराब कर सकता है। / Gel buffer ions help carry current. Poor buffer can reduce band resolution.

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Restriction digest gel में wrong polarity लगाने से क्या होगा?

What happens if wrong polarity is applied in a restriction digest gel?

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A. DNA गलत दिशा में जा सकता हैDNA can move in the wrong direction

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DNA negative charged होता है और positive electrode की ओर चलता है। Wrong polarity sample को wells से बाहर ले जा सकती है। / DNA is negatively charged and moves toward positive electrode. Wrong polarity can move sample out of wells.

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Restriction digestion के बाद gel image में saturated bands क्यों problem हैं?

Why are saturated bands a problem in gel image after restriction digestion?

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A. accurate comparison कठिन हो जाता हैAccurate comparison becomes difficult

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Overexposed image में band intensity सही compare नहीं होती। Documentation में proper exposure रखें। / In an overexposed image band intensity cannot be compared well. Use proper exposure in documentation.

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Restriction digest में faint insert band और bright vector band क्यों हो सकता है?

Why can an insert band be faint and vector band bright in a restriction digest?

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A. insert size या amount कम हो सकता हैInsert size or amount may be lower

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छोटे या कम quantity fragments कम bright दिख सकते हैं। Band intensity DNA mass पर निर्भर करती है। / Small or low quantity fragments can look less bright. Band intensity depends on DNA mass.

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Gel band intensity मुख्यतः किससे संबंधित है?

Gel band intensity is mainly related to what?

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A. उस band में DNA mass सेDNA mass in that band

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अधिक DNA mass वाला band अधिक bright दिख सकता है। Size और concentration दोनों intensity को प्रभावित करते हैं। / A band with more DNA mass can appear brighter. Both size and concentration affect intensity.

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Restriction digestion में low-salt clean DNA क्यों अच्छा माना जाता है?

Why is low-salt clean DNA considered good in restriction digestion?

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A. enzyme activity बेहतर रहने के लिएTo keep enzyme activity better

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Excess salt restriction enzyme activity को बदल सकता है। Clean DNA digestion reliability बढ़ाता है। / Excess salt can alter restriction enzyme activity. Clean DNA increases digestion reliability.

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Restriction digest reaction में final salt condition क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है?

Why is final salt condition important in a restriction digest reaction?

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A. enzyme binding और specificity प्रभावित होती हैEnzyme binding and specificity are affected

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Restriction enzymes recommended salt conditions में best काम करते हैं। गलत salt partial digestion या star activity दे सकता है। / Restriction enzymes work best in recommended salt conditions. Wrong salt can give partial digestion or star activity.

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Restriction enzyme को vigorously vortex क्यों नहीं करना चाहिए?

Why should a restriction enzyme not be vigorously vortexed?

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A. enzyme protein damage या activity loss का risk होता हैThere is risk of enzyme protein damage or activity loss

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Enzymes delicate proteins होते हैं। Gentle mixing enzyme activity को बचाता है। / Enzymes are delicate proteins. Gentle mixing preserves enzyme activity.

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Restriction enzyme tube को जल्दी close करना क्यों अच्छा है?

Why is it good to close a restriction enzyme tube quickly?

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A. temperature exposure और contamination कम करने के लिएTo reduce temperature exposure and contamination

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Enzyme लंबे समय तक open या warm रहे तो activity घट सकती है। Quick handling good practice है। / If enzyme remains open or warm for long its activity can decrease. Quick handling is good practice.

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Restriction digestion में sterile technique क्यों उपयोगी है?

Why is sterile technique useful in restriction digestion?

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A. contamination और nuclease entry कम करने के लिएTo reduce contamination and nuclease entry

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Nucleases DNA को अनचाहे तरीके से degrade कर सकते हैं। Sterile clean handling sample बचाती है। / Nucleases can degrade DNA undesirably. Sterile clean handling protects the sample.

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Restriction digest में sample carryover contamination कैसे रोकी जा सकती है?

How can sample carryover contamination be prevented in restriction digest?

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A. fresh tips और careful pipetting सेWith fresh tips and careful pipetting

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Fresh tips sample mixing को रोकती हैं। Careful pipetting reliable result देती है। / Fresh tips prevent sample mixing. Careful pipetting gives reliable results.

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Restriction enzyme master mix बनाते समय enzyme को last में क्यों रखना चाहिए?

Why should enzyme be kept last while making a restriction enzyme master mix?

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A. activity start timing control करने के लिएTo control activity start timing

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Enzyme last में डालने से reaction start को बेहतर control किया जा सकता है। Components पहले uniform mix होते हैं। / Adding enzyme last helps control reaction start better. Components mix uniformly first.

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Restriction digest reaction में negative control में क्या नहीं डाला जाता?

What is not added in a negative control of restriction digest reaction?

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A. restriction enzyme

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No-enzyme control enzyme के बिना DNA pattern दिखाता है। इससे cut और uncut pattern compare होते हैं। / No-enzyme control shows DNA pattern without enzyme. This compares cut and uncut patterns.

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Restriction digest में positive control के लिए कैसा DNA अच्छा है?

What kind of DNA is good for a positive control in restriction digest?

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A. known cut site वाला DNADNA with known cut site

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Known substrate expected digestion दिखाता है। इससे enzyme activity verify होती है। / A known substrate shows expected digestion. This verifies enzyme activity.

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यदि positive control cut हो और sample न cut हो तो क्या सबसे संभव है?

If positive control cuts but sample does not cut what is most possible?

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A. sample में site absent या blocked हो सकती हैThe site may be absent or blocked in sample

Explanation

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Positive control enzyme को active दिखाता है। Sample में recognition site या methylation issue हो सकता है। / Positive control shows enzyme is active. The sample may have recognition site or methylation issue.

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यदि sample और positive control दोनों न cut हों तो क्या check करेंगे?

If both sample and positive control do not cut what will you check?

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A. enzyme buffer और incubation conditionEnzyme buffer and incubation condition

Explanation

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दोनों failure reaction setup problem दिखा सकते हैं। Enzyme storage buffer temperature check करें। / Failure of both can show reaction setup problem. Check enzyme storage buffer and temperature.

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Restriction digest में gel पर no bands आएँ तो पहला practical check क्या होगा?

If no bands appear on gel after restriction digest what is the first practical check?

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A. DNA loading और stain visualizationDNA loading and stain visualization

Explanation

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No bands DNA loading stain या electrophoresis issue से आ सकते हैं। Ladder lane भी check करें। / No bands can result from DNA loading stain or electrophoresis issue. Check ladder lane too.

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Restriction digest gel में ladder भी न दिखे तो क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

If ladder is also not visible in restriction digest gel what problem may exist?

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A. stain visualization या gel run problemStain visualization or gel run problem

Explanation

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Ladder न दिखना gel staining imaging या running problem दिखा सकता है। Sample digestion conclusion न निकालें। / If ladder is not visible it can indicate gel staining imaging or running problem. Do not conclude sample digestion.

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Restriction digest में safe disposal किसका होना चाहिए?

What should be safely disposed in restriction digest work?

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A. DNA stain gel waste और used tipsDNA stain gel waste and used tips

Explanation

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DNA stains और gel waste safety rules के अनुसार dispose होते हैं। PPE का उपयोग करें। / DNA stains and gel waste are disposed according to safety rules. Use PPE.

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Level 51 का best revision point क्या है?

What is the best revision point of Level 51?

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A. enzyme choice vector map ends gel controls और safety याद रखेंRemember enzyme choice vector map ends gel controls and safety

Explanation

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Cutting plan में map और enzyme conditions दोनों जरूरी हैं। Result को controls और gel से verify करें। / Both map and enzyme conditions are necessary in cutting plan. Verify result with controls and gel.

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Cutting of DNA level 51 का final summary क्या है?

What is the final summary of Cutting of DNA level 51?

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A. सही restriction enzyme से vector और insert को planned compatible ends में काटा जाता हैCorrect restriction enzyme cuts vector and insert into planned compatible ends

Explanation

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यह step cloning की दिशा और success तय करता है। Accurate maps clean DNA और controls जरूरी हैं। / This step decides cloning direction and success. Accurate maps clean DNA and controls are needed.

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Restriction digestion में quality control का मुख्य लक्ष्य क्या है?

What is the main goal of quality control in restriction digestion?

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A. cutting result reliable है या नहीं देखनाTo check whether cutting result is reliable

Explanation

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Quality control से digestion success और errors समझ आते हैं। Controls और expected bands इसमें मदद करते हैं। / Quality control helps understand digestion success and errors. Controls and expected bands help in this.

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Restriction digestion में expected pattern कहाँ से मिलता है?

From where is the expected pattern obtained in restriction digestion?

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A. restriction map या sequence analysis सेFrom restriction map or sequence analysis

Explanation

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Restriction map cut sites और fragment sizes बताता है। Expected pattern इसी से बनता है। / A restriction map shows cut sites and fragment sizes. The expected pattern is made from it.

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Observed pattern किससे मिलता है?

From what is the observed pattern obtained?

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A. gel electrophoresis result सेFrom gel electrophoresis result

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Observed bands gel पर दिखाई देते हैं। इन्हें expected pattern से compare किया जाता है। / Observed bands are seen on the gel. They are compared with expected pattern.

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Expected और observed patterns match हों तो क्या संकेत है?

What does it indicate if expected and observed patterns match?

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A. digestion या clone सही हो सकता हैDigestion or clone may be correct

Explanation

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Matching bands correct digestion का support देते हैं। Final sequence confirmation के लिए sequencing बेहतर हो सकती है। / Matching bands support correct digestion. Sequencing can be better for final sequence confirmation.

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Restriction digest से exact DNA sequence क्यों नहीं पता चलती?

Why does restriction digest not reveal exact DNA sequence?

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A. यह केवल fragment size pattern देता हैIt gives only fragment size pattern

Explanation

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Restriction digest size information देता है। Exact bases जानने के लिए sequencing चाहिए। / Restriction digest gives size information. Sequencing is needed to know exact bases.

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Sequencing restriction digest के बाद क्यों useful हो सकती है?

Why can sequencing be useful after restriction digest?

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A. exact insert sequence confirm करने के लिएTo confirm exact insert sequence

Explanation

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Digest correct size दिखा सकता है लेकिन mutation नहीं बता सकता। Sequencing final confirmation देती है। / Digest can show correct size but cannot reveal mutation. Sequencing gives final confirmation.

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Diagnostic digest में false positive कब मिल सकता है?

When can a false positive occur in diagnostic digest?

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A. जब similar band pattern wrong construct से भी मिलेWhen a similar band pattern also comes from a wrong construct

Explanation

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कभी wrong construct भी similar size bands दे सकता है। इसलिए informative enzymes और sequencing useful हैं। / Sometimes a wrong construct can also give similar size bands. Therefore informative enzymes and sequencing are useful.

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Informative enzyme selection का मतलब क्या है?

What does informative enzyme selection mean?

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A. ऐसे enzymes चुनना जो correct और wrong construct में फर्क दिखाएँChoosing enzymes that distinguish correct and wrong construct

Explanation

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Informative digestion अलग expected outcomes देता है। इससे clone verification मजबूत होती है। / Informative digestion gives different expected outcomes. This makes clone verification stronger.

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Single enzyme diagnostic digest की limitation क्या है?

What is a limitation of single enzyme diagnostic digest?

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A. यह orientation की जानकारी हमेशा नहीं देताIt does not always give orientation information

Explanation

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Single enzyme कभी केवल plasmid size या linearization दिखाता है। Orientation के लिए additional sites चाहिए। / A single enzyme may only show plasmid size or linearization. Additional sites are needed for orientation.

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Two enzyme diagnostic digest orientation में क्यों मदद कर सकता है?

Why can a two-enzyme diagnostic digest help in orientation?

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A. different orientation में different fragment sizes मिल सकते हैंDifferent orientations can give different fragment sizes

Explanation

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दो sites की relative position orientation के साथ बदलती है। इसलिए band pattern informative हो सकता है। / Relative positions of two sites change with orientation. Therefore band pattern can be informative.

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Restriction digest में uncut plasmid lane क्यों रखना उपयोगी है?

Why is keeping an uncut plasmid lane useful in restriction digest?

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A. plasmid conformations और cut result compare करने के लिएTo compare plasmid conformations and cut result

Explanation

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Uncut plasmid supercoiled और open circular forms दिखा सकता है। Cut sample से comparison digestion समझाता है। / Uncut plasmid can show supercoiled and open circular forms. Comparison with cut sample explains digestion.

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Supercoiled plasmid का apparent size gel पर क्यों misleading हो सकता है?

Why can apparent size of supercoiled plasmid be misleading on gel?

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A. compact conformation faster migrate कर सकती हैCompact conformation can migrate faster

Explanation

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Supercoiled form linear DNA से अलग mobility रखता है। Size estimate के लिए linearized plasmid बेहतर है। / Supercoiled form has different mobility than linear DNA. Linearized plasmid is better for size estimate.

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Linearized plasmid size estimation में क्यों बेहतर हो सकता है?

Why can linearized plasmid be better for size estimation?

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A. linear DNA ladder से अधिक comparable होता हैIt is more comparable with linear DNA ladder

Explanation

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DNA ladder linear fragments से बनी होती है। Linearized plasmid का comparison अधिक सही होता है। / DNA ladder is made of linear fragments. Comparison of linearized plasmid is more accurate.

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Open circular plasmid band का क्या कारण हो सकता है?

What can cause an open circular plasmid band?

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A. single strand nick या relaxed plasmid formSingle strand nick or relaxed plasmid form

Explanation

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Nick होने पर supercoiled plasmid open circular बन सकता है। यह uncut lane में दिख सकता है। / A nick can make supercoiled plasmid open circular. This can appear in uncut lane.

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Restriction digest में nicked plasmid क्यों confusion दे सकता है?

Why can a nicked plasmid create confusion in restriction digest?

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A. वह अलग mobility दिखाकर extra band जैसा लग सकता हैIt can show different mobility and look like an extra band

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Plasmid conformation अलग bands दे सकती है। इसलिए uncut control interpretation में मदद करता है। / Plasmid conformation can give different bands. Therefore uncut control helps interpretation.

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Complete digestion की confirmation कैसे हो सकती है?

How can complete digestion be confirmed?

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A. expected bands और uncut band की absence देखकरBy seeing expected bands and absence of uncut band

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Complete digest में expected cut fragments दिखते हैं। Uncut band नहीं रहना चाहिए। / In complete digest expected cut fragments appear. Uncut band should not remain.

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Partial digestion gel पर कैसे दिख सकती है?

How can partial digestion appear on gel?

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A. expected bands के साथ uncut या larger intermediate bandsUncut or larger intermediate bands with expected bands

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Partial digestion में कुछ molecules fully cut नहीं होते। इसलिए intermediate bands आ सकते हैं। / In partial digestion some molecules are not fully cut. Therefore intermediate bands can appear.

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Partial digest को सुधारने के लिए क्या किया जा सकता है?

What can be done to improve a partial digest?

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A. enzyme amount time और buffer condition optimize करनाOptimize enzyme amount time and buffer condition

Explanation

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Partial digestion अक्सर insufficient enzyme time या wrong condition से होती है। Recommended conditions follow करें। / Partial digestion often occurs due to insufficient enzyme time or wrong condition. Follow recommended conditions.

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Star activity के gel pattern में क्या दिख सकता है?

What can appear in gel pattern due to star activity?

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A. unexpected extra fragments

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Star activity non-specific cutting दे सकती है। Gel पर extra unexpected bands दिख सकते हैं। / Star activity can give non-specific cutting. Extra unexpected bands can appear on gel.

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Star activity कम करने में कौन सा कदम helpful है?

Which step helps reduce star activity?

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A. recommended buffer और limited enzyme volumeRecommended buffer and limited enzyme volume

Explanation

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Correct buffer enzyme specificity बनाए रखता है। Excess enzyme और glycerol avoid करें। / Correct buffer maintains enzyme specificity. Avoid excess enzyme and glycerol.

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Restriction digestion में methylation block को कैसे identify किया जा सकता है?

How can methylation block be identified in restriction digestion?

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A. methylation-sensitive और insensitive enzymes compare करकेBy comparing methylation-sensitive and insensitive enzymes

Explanation

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अगर methylation-sensitive enzyme cut न करे तो methylation cause हो सकता है। Alternative enzyme या host source मदद कर सकता है। / If a methylation-sensitive enzyme does not cut methylation can be a cause. Alternative enzyme or host source can help.

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Dam methylation किस base से जुड़ी होती है?

Dam methylation is related to which base?

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A. adenine methylation in certain bacterial sites

Explanation

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Dam methylation bacterial DNA में adenine modification से जुड़ी है। यह कुछ enzyme cutting को प्रभावित कर सकती है। / Dam methylation is linked with adenine modification in bacterial DNA. It can affect cutting by some enzymes.

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Dcm methylation किससे संबंधित है?

Dcm methylation is related to what?

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A. cytosine methylation in certain bacterial sequences

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Dcm methylation bacterial DNA में cytosine modification से जुड़ी है। कुछ restriction enzymes इससे प्रभावित हो सकते हैं। / Dcm methylation is linked with cytosine modification in bacterial DNA. Some restriction enzymes can be affected by it.

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Methylation problem से बचने के लिए DNA कहाँ से prepare किया जा सकता है?

From where can DNA be prepared to avoid methylation problem?

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A. suitable methylation-deficient host strain सेFrom a suitable methylation-deficient host strain

Explanation

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Methylation-deficient host कुछ sensitive enzymes के लिए DNA suitable बना सकता है। Enzyme requirement पहले check करें। / A methylation-deficient host can make DNA suitable for some sensitive enzymes. Check enzyme requirements first.

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Restriction enzyme reaction में EDTA अधिक हो तो क्या होगा?

What happens if EDTA is high in restriction enzyme reaction?

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A. magnesium chelation से enzyme activity घट सकती हैEnzyme activity can decrease due to magnesium chelation

Explanation

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EDTA magnesium ions bind करता है। कई restriction enzymes magnesium dependent होते हैं। / EDTA binds magnesium ions. Many restriction enzymes are magnesium dependent.

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TE buffer में stored DNA restriction digest में कब issue दे सकता है?

When can DNA stored in TE buffer cause an issue in restriction digest?

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A. अगर EDTA concentration reaction में बहुत अधिक होIf EDTA concentration is too high in reaction

Explanation

Simple Explanation

TE buffer का EDTA magnesium chelate कर सकता है। Reaction buffer के अनुसार dilution या cleanup करें। / EDTA in TE buffer can chelate magnesium. Dilute or cleanup according to reaction buffer.

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Restriction digest में phenol carryover का क्या असर हो सकता है?

What can be the effect of phenol carryover in restriction digest?

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A. enzyme inhibition

Explanation

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Phenol enzyme proteins को affect कर सकता है। Clean DNA digestion के लिए जरूरी है। / Phenol can affect enzyme proteins. Clean DNA is necessary for digestion.

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Restriction digest में ethanol carryover कैसे पता चल सकता है?

How can ethanol carryover be suspected in restriction digest?

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A. poor enzyme reaction और wet DNA pellet history सेFrom poor enzyme reaction and wet DNA pellet history

Explanation

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Residual ethanol enzyme reaction inhibit कर सकता है। Pellet proper dry होना चाहिए। / Residual ethanol can inhibit enzyme reaction. Pellet should be properly dried.

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Restriction digestion से पहले DNA cleanup कब helpful है?

When is DNA cleanup helpful before restriction digestion?

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A. जब sample में salts phenol या ethanol contamination होWhen sample has salts phenol or ethanol contamination

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Contaminants enzyme activity को रोक सकते हैं। Cleanup digestion efficiency सुधार सकता है। / Contaminants can block enzyme activity. Cleanup can improve digestion efficiency.

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Restriction digestion में sample concentration normalize क्यों करते हैं?

Why is sample concentration normalized in restriction digestion?

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A. different reactions में equal DNA amount रखने के लिएTo keep equal DNA amount in different reactions

Explanation

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Equal DNA amount comparison को fair बनाता है। इससे gel band intensity interpretation बेहतर होती है। / Equal DNA amount makes comparison fair. This improves interpretation of gel band intensity.

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Restriction digest में pipetting accuracy क्यों critical है?

Why is pipetting accuracy critical in restriction digest?

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A. small volume में concentration बदल सकती हैConcentration can change in small volume

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Reaction में enzyme buffer और DNA सही मात्रा में होने चाहिए। Pipetting error digestion result बदल सकता है। / The reaction needs correct amounts of enzyme buffer and DNA. Pipetting error can change digestion result.

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Restriction digest में reaction volume बड़ा करने का एक benefit क्या हो सकता है?

What is one benefit of increasing reaction volume in restriction digest?

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A. pipetting error का relative effect घट सकता हैRelative effect of pipetting error can decrease

Explanation

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बहुत छोटे volumes में errors अधिक प्रभाव डालते हैं। उचित volume accuracy में मदद करता है। / Errors have larger effect in very small volumes. Suitable volume helps accuracy.

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Restriction digest incubation में tube cap tight क्यों होना चाहिए?

Why should tube cap be tight during restriction digest incubation?

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A. evaporation रोकने के लिएTo prevent evaporation

Explanation

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Evaporation reaction concentration बदल सकती है। Tight cap reaction condition स्थिर रखती है। / Evaporation can change reaction concentration. A tight cap keeps reaction condition stable.

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Restriction digest में spin-down का practical purpose क्या है?

What is the practical purpose of spin-down in restriction digest?

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A. drops को tube bottom में लानाBringing drops to tube bottom

Explanation

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Spin-down tube wall पर लगी droplets को नीचे लाता है। इससे reaction complete volume में होती है। / Spin-down brings droplets on tube wall to the bottom. Thus reaction occurs in complete volume.

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Restriction digest mix को briefly centrifuge करने से क्या फायदा है?

What is the benefit of briefly centrifuging restriction digest mix?

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A. components नीचे collect होकर proper reaction देते हैंComponents collect at bottom for proper reaction

Explanation

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Brief spin reaction droplets को bottom में लाता है। इससे mixing और incubation consistent होती है। / A brief spin brings reaction droplets to bottom. This makes mixing and incubation consistent.

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Restriction digest में harsh shaking क्यों avoid करनी चाहिए?

Why should harsh shaking be avoided in restriction digest?

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A. long DNA shearing और enzyme damage risk से बचने के लिएTo avoid long DNA shearing and enzyme damage risk

Explanation

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Gentle mixing DNA integrity और enzyme activity बचाता है। Harsh handling unnecessary है। / Gentle mixing protects DNA integrity and enzyme activity. Harsh handling is unnecessary.

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Restriction digestion में final reaction को gently tap करने का उद्देश्य क्या है?

What is the purpose of gently tapping the final reaction in restriction digestion?

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A. components को मिलाना without damageMixing components without damage

Explanation

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Gentle tapping reaction mix को uniform करता है। इससे components ठीक से contact में आते हैं। / Gentle tapping makes reaction mix uniform. This brings components into proper contact.

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Restriction digest में reaction setup on ice कब useful है?

When is reaction setup on ice useful in restriction digest?

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A. enzyme stability और premature activity control के लिएFor enzyme stability and controlling premature activity

Explanation

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Ice enzyme को stable रखता है। Reaction desired incubation temperature पर शुरू की जाती है। / Ice keeps enzyme stable. The reaction is started at desired incubation temperature.

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Restriction digest reaction में enzyme को repeatedly thaw क्यों नहीं करना चाहिए?

Why should restriction enzyme not be thawed repeatedly?

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A. activity loss का risk बढ़ता हैRisk of activity loss increases

Explanation

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Repeated freeze-thaw enzyme protein को damage कर सकता है। Aliquot या quick handling useful है। / Repeated freeze-thaw can damage enzyme protein. Aliquot or quick handling is useful.

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Restriction enzyme vial में contamination से क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

What problem can contamination in a restriction enzyme vial cause?

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A. many reactions fail हो सकती हैंMany reactions can fail

Explanation

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Contaminated enzyme stock multiple experiments खराब कर सकता है। Sterile tips और quick handling जरूरी हैं। / A contaminated enzyme stock can spoil multiple experiments. Sterile tips and quick handling are important.

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Restriction digestion में gel extraction के बाद concentration कम क्यों हो सकती है?

Why can concentration decrease after gel extraction in restriction digestion?

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A. recovery पूरी नहीं होतीRecovery is not complete

Explanation

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Gel extraction में DNA loss हो सकता है। इसलिए final concentration फिर measure करना चाहिए। / DNA loss can occur in gel extraction. Therefore final concentration should be measured again.

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Gel extraction में silica column use हो तो DNA किससे bind कर सकता है?

If silica column is used in gel extraction what can DNA bind to?

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A. silica membrane

Explanation

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Suitable salt conditions में DNA silica membrane से bind करता है। Wash के बाद elution की जाती है। / Under suitable salt conditions DNA binds to silica membrane. Washing is followed by elution.

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Gel extraction में agarose melt करना क्यों जरूरी हो सकता है?

Why may agarose melting be necessary in gel extraction?

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A. DNA fragment को gel matrix से release करने के लिएTo release DNA fragment from gel matrix

Explanation

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Desired band agarose matrix में फंसा होता है। Melting और binding steps DNA recovery में मदद करते हैं। / The desired band is trapped in agarose matrix. Melting and binding steps help DNA recovery.

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Gel extraction में ज्यादा agarose slice लेने से क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

What problem can occur if too much agarose slice is taken in gel extraction?

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A. purification efficiency घट सकती हैPurification efficiency can decrease

Explanation

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बड़ा gel slice impurities और volume बढ़ाता है। केवल desired band के आसपास का छोटा slice लें। / A large gel slice increases impurities and volume. Take only a small slice around the desired band.

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Gel extraction में close band contamination से क्या होगा?

What happens due to close band contamination in gel extraction?

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A. wrong fragment साथ आ सकता हैWrong fragment can come along

Explanation

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पास की band accidentally cut होने पर unwanted DNA आ सकता है। High resolution separation helpful है। / If a nearby band is accidentally cut unwanted DNA can come. High resolution separation is helpful.

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Restriction digestion experiment में conclusion लिखते समय क्या avoid करना चाहिए?

What should be avoided while writing conclusion of restriction digestion experiment?

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A. बिना control के निश्चित दावा करनाMaking a definite claim without controls

Explanation

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Controls के बिना result interpretation कमजोर होता है। Scientific conclusion evidence पर आधारित होना चाहिए। / Without controls result interpretation is weak. Scientific conclusion should be based on evidence.

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Restriction digest में ethical data handling का एक नियम क्या है?

What is one rule of ethical data handling in restriction digest?

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A. original gel image सुरक्षित रखेंPreserve original gel image

Explanation

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Original image और lane map transparency देते हैं। Result को manipulate नहीं करना चाहिए। / Original image and lane map give transparency. Results should not be manipulated.

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Restriction digestion में biosafety record क्यों useful है?

Why is a biosafety record useful in restriction digestion?

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A. used stains chemicals और waste tracking के लिएFor tracking used stains chemicals and waste

Explanation

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Stains और chemicals का disposal record safety compliance में मदद करता है। Lab safety भी experiment का भाग है। / Disposal record of stains and chemicals helps safety compliance. Lab safety is also part of experiment.

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Level 52 का best revision point क्या है?

What is the best revision point of Level 52?

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A. quality control expected observed bands partial digest star activity और cleanup याद रखेंRemember quality control expected observed bands partial digest star activity and cleanup

Explanation

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Restriction digestion result को map controls और gel pattern से verify करें। Troubleshooting में DNA quality और enzyme conditions check करें। / Verify restriction digestion result using map controls and gel pattern. In troubleshooting check DNA quality and enzyme conditions.

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Cutting of DNA level 52 का final summary क्या है?

What is the final summary of Cutting of DNA level 52?

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A. reliable digestion के लिए correct enzyme condition controls gel interpretation और records जरूरी हैंCorrect enzyme condition controls gel interpretation and records are needed for reliable digestion

Explanation

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DNA cutting में केवल band देखना काफी नहीं है। Expected pattern controls और cleanup भी important हैं। / Only seeing a band is not enough in DNA cutting. Expected pattern controls and cleanup are also important.

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Restriction digestion के बाद ligation के लिए सबसे जरूरी DNA feature क्या है?

What is the most important DNA feature for ligation after restriction digestion?

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A. compatible clean ends

Explanation

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Compatible clean ends ligase को joining में मदद करते हैं। Impurities ligation को रोक सकती हैं। / Compatible clean ends help ligase in joining. Impurities can block ligation.

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Restriction cut vector को ligation से पहले purify क्यों करते हैं?

Why is a restriction-cut vector purified before ligation?

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A. buffer enzyme और small fragments हटाने के लिएTo remove buffer enzyme and small fragments

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Purification ligation inhibitors कम करती है। Clean vector ends recombinant DNA formation में मदद करते हैं। / Purification reduces ligation inhibitors. Clean vector ends help recombinant DNA formation.

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Restriction cut insert को purify करने का मुख्य कारण क्या है?

What is the main reason for purifying a restriction-cut insert?

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A. desired fragment को unwanted DNA से अलग करनाTo separate desired fragment from unwanted DNA

Explanation

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Insert purification unwanted fragments और salts हटाती है। इससे ligation specificity बेहतर होती है। / Insert purification removes unwanted fragments and salts. This improves ligation specificity.

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Restriction digestion के बाद insert और vector ratio क्यों set किया जाता है?

Why is insert and vector ratio set after restriction digestion?

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A. recombinant ligation chance बढ़ाने के लिएTo increase chance of recombinant ligation

Explanation

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सही insert-vector ratio recombinant clones बढ़ा सकता है। बहुत गलत ratio cloning efficiency घटा सकता है। / Correct insert-vector ratio can increase recombinant clones. A very wrong ratio can reduce cloning efficiency.

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Vector self-ligation का अर्थ क्या है?

What does vector self-ligation mean?

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A. vector ends का insert बिना आपस में जुड़नाVector ends joining each other without insert

Explanation

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Self-ligation empty vector colonies दे सकती है। Dephosphorylation या directional cloning इसे घटाती है। / Self-ligation can give empty vector colonies. Dephosphorylation or directional cloning reduces it.

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Restriction cut vector में dephosphorylation क्यों की जाती है?

Why is dephosphorylation done in a restriction-cut vector?

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A. self-ligation कम करने के लिएTo reduce self-ligation

Explanation

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Phosphate हटाने से vector ends का self-joining कम हो सकता है। इससे insert-containing clones की संभावना बढ़ती है। / Removing phosphate can reduce self-joining of vector ends. This increases chance of insert-containing clones.

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Dephosphorylated vector को ligate करने के लिए insert में क्या होना चाहिए?

For ligating a dephosphorylated vector what should the insert have?

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A. phosphate group

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Ligase phosphodiester bond बनाने के लिए phosphate की जरूरत रखता है। Insert phosphate joining में मदद करता है। / Ligase needs phosphate to form phosphodiester bond. Insert phosphate helps joining.

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Restriction cut ends पर phosphate क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है?

Why is phosphate important at restriction-cut ends?

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A. ligase द्वारा bond formation के लिएFor bond formation by ligase

Explanation

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DNA ligase phosphodiester bond बनाता है। इसके लिए सही chemical ends जरूरी हैं। / DNA ligase forms phosphodiester bonds. Correct chemical ends are needed for this.

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Restriction digestion के बाद blunt-end cloning में कौन सा factor अधिक critical हो सकता है?

Which factor can be more critical in blunt-end cloning after restriction digestion?

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A. DNA concentration और ligation conditionDNA concentration and ligation condition

Explanation

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Blunt ends complementary overhang नहीं रखते। इसलिए concentration और ligation condition अधिक महत्वपूर्ण हो जाते हैं। / Blunt ends lack complementary overhang. Therefore concentration and ligation condition become more important.

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Sticky-end cloning में annealing किस कारण संभव होती है?

Why is annealing possible in sticky-end cloning?

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A. complementary overhangs के कारणBecause of complementary overhangs

Explanation

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Sticky ends complementary bases से temporary pair करते हैं। Ligase बाद में backbone जोड़ता है। / Sticky ends temporarily pair by complementary bases. Ligase later joins the backbone.

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Restriction digestion में ends compatible हों लेकिन ligation fail हो तो क्या कारण हो सकता है?

If ends are compatible but ligation fails in restriction digestion work what can be a cause?

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A. contaminants या wrong DNA ratioContaminants or wrong DNA ratio

Explanation

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Compatible ends के अलावा clean DNA और सही ratio जरूरी है। Salt ethanol या enzyme carryover ligation रोक सकते हैं। / Besides compatible ends clean DNA and correct ratio are necessary. Salt ethanol or enzyme carryover can block ligation.

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Restriction digestion के बाद ligation setup में leftover restriction enzyme क्यों समस्या है?

Why is leftover restriction enzyme a problem in ligation setup after restriction digestion?

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A. वह DNA को फिर काट सकता हैIt can cut DNA again

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Active restriction enzyme ligation mix में newly joined DNA को काट सकता है। Cleanup या inactivation useful है। / Active restriction enzyme can cut newly joined DNA in ligation mix. Cleanup or inactivation is useful.

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Heat inactivation के बाद भी cleanup कब बेहतर हो सकता है?

When can cleanup be better even after heat inactivation?

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A. जब buffer salts या enzymes next step affect करेंWhen buffer salts or enzymes affect next step

Explanation

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Heat inactivation enzyme रोक सकती है लेकिन salts और proteins रह सकते हैं। Cleanup next reaction को सुधार सकता है। / Heat inactivation can stop enzyme but salts and proteins may remain. Cleanup can improve next reaction.

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Restriction digestion के बाद PCR cleanup kit क्यों use हो सकती है?

Why can a PCR cleanup kit be used after restriction digestion?

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A. छोटे contaminants और buffer components हटाने के लिएTo remove small contaminants and buffer components

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Cleanup kit DNA को reaction components से अलग करती है। यह ligation या analysis से पहले useful है। / A cleanup kit separates DNA from reaction components. It is useful before ligation or analysis.

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Gel extraction और PCR cleanup में मुख्य अंतर क्या है?

What is the main difference between gel extraction and PCR cleanup?

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A. gel extraction specific band recover करती है और cleanup reaction mixture साफ करता हैGel extraction recovers specific band and cleanup cleans reaction mixture

Explanation

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Gel extraction band selection देती है। Cleanup whole reaction DNA को impurities से साफ करता है। / Gel extraction gives band selection. Cleanup cleans whole reaction DNA from impurities.

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अगर restriction digest में desired fragment unique नहीं है तो क्या करना सही हो सकता है?

If the desired fragment is not unique in restriction digest what can be appropriate?

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A. alternative enzymes या gel purification strategy चुननाChoosing alternative enzymes or gel purification strategy

Explanation

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Non-unique fragments cloning को confuse कर सकते हैं। Better enzyme plan से clear fragment मिल सकता है। / Non-unique fragments can confuse cloning. A better enzyme plan can give a clear fragment.

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Restriction digest में fragment बहुत छोटा हो तो ligation में क्या issue हो सकता है?

If a fragment is very small in restriction digest what issue can occur in ligation?

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A. recovery और quantification कठिन हो सकती हैRecovery and quantification can be difficult

Explanation

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छोटे fragments gel extraction में खो सकते हैं। Accurate amount estimate भी कठिन हो सकता है। / Small fragments can be lost during gel extraction. Accurate amount estimation can also be difficult.

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Restriction digest में large fragment purification की चुनौती क्या हो सकती है?

What can be a challenge in large fragment purification after restriction digest?

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A. shearing और low recoveryShearing and low recovery

Explanation

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Large DNA fragments fragile हो सकते हैं। Gentle handling और suitable gel condition जरूरी है। / Large DNA fragments can be fragile. Gentle handling and suitable gel condition are needed.

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Large DNA fragments को protect करने के लिए क्या practice अच्छी है?

What practice is good to protect large DNA fragments?

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A. gentle handling और low UV exposureGentle handling and low UV exposure

Explanation

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Large fragments rough handling और UV से damage हो सकते हैं। Gentle handling recovery बचाती है। / Large fragments can be damaged by rough handling and UV. Gentle handling preserves recovery.

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Restriction digestion के बाद vector band को gel से काटते समय क्या सावधानी जरूरी है?

What precaution is needed while cutting vector band from gel after restriction digestion?

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A. पास की unwanted band से बचनाAvoiding nearby unwanted band

Explanation

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गलत band काटने से wrong DNA purify हो सकता है। Band identity ladder और map से confirm करें। / Cutting the wrong band can purify wrong DNA. Confirm band identity with ladder and map.

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Restriction digestion में band excision से पहले क्या compare करना चाहिए?

What should be compared before band excision in restriction digestion?

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A. band size with ladder and expected map

Explanation

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Band excision से पहले expected size और ladder से match करें। इससे wrong band purification से बचते हैं। / Before band excision match expected size with ladder. This prevents wrong band purification.

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Restriction digestion के बाद purified DNA को फिर gel पर क्यों check किया जा सकता है?

Why can purified DNA be checked again on gel after restriction digestion?

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A. purity size और recovery देखने के लिएTo see purity size and recovery

Explanation

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Post-purification gel confirm करता है कि desired fragment recovered है। यह ligation से पहले useful check है। / A post-purification gel confirms that desired fragment is recovered. It is useful before ligation.

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Restriction digest में purified fragment में salt बचा हो तो ligation पर क्या असर होगा?

What effect can leftover salt in purified fragment have on ligation?

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A. ligation efficiency घट सकती हैLigation efficiency can decrease

Explanation

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Salt carryover ligase reaction को प्रभावित कर सकता है। Final wash और drying सही करें। / Salt carryover can affect ligase reaction. Do final wash and drying properly.

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Restriction digest purification में ethanol carryover क्यों avoid करना चाहिए?

Why should ethanol carryover be avoided in restriction digest purification?

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A. ligation और enzyme reactions inhibit हो सकती हैंLigation and enzyme reactions can be inhibited

Explanation

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Residual ethanol downstream reactions को रोक सकता है। Purified DNA को सही तरह dry करें। / Residual ethanol can inhibit downstream reactions. Dry purified DNA properly.

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Restriction digestion से मिली DNA concentration गलत estimate हो तो क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

What problem can occur if DNA concentration from restriction digestion is estimated wrongly?

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A. ligation ratio गलत हो सकता हैLigation ratio can be wrong

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Insert-vector ratio concentration पर आधारित होता है। गलत estimate cloning efficiency घटा सकता है। / Insert-vector ratio is based on concentration. Wrong estimate can reduce cloning efficiency.

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Restriction digestion में molar ratio mass ratio से क्यों अलग हो सकता है?

Why can molar ratio differ from mass ratio in restriction digestion work?

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A. fragment length अलग होने के कारणBecause fragment lengths differ

Explanation

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लंबे और छोटे fragments की same mass में molecule numbers अलग होते हैं। Ligation में molar ratio important है। / Long and short fragments have different molecule numbers at the same mass. Molar ratio is important in ligation.

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Insert बहुत अधिक हो तो ligation result पर क्या असर हो सकता है?

What effect can too much insert have on ligation result?

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A. multiple inserts या inefficient cloning riskRisk of multiple inserts or inefficient cloning

Explanation

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Excess insert abnormal ligation products बढ़ा सकता है। Suitable ratio use करें। / Excess insert can increase abnormal ligation products. Use a suitable ratio.

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Vector बहुत अधिक हो और insert कम हो तो क्या risk है?

What is the risk if vector is too much and insert is low?

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A. empty vector colonies बढ़ सकती हैंEmpty vector colonies can increase

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Low insert availability vector self-ligation या empty colonies का chance बढ़ा सकती है। Ratio optimize करें। / Low insert availability can increase chance of vector self-ligation or empty colonies. Optimize ratio.

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Restriction cut vector में दो अलग ends हों तो empty vector formation क्यों घट सकती है?

Why can empty vector formation decrease when restriction-cut vector has two different ends?

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A. ends आपस में easily compatible नहीं होतेEnds are not easily compatible with each other

Explanation

Simple Explanation

दो अलग ends vector self-closing को कम कर सकते हैं। Insert correct orientation में जोड़ने में मदद मिलती है। / Two different ends can reduce vector self-closing. They help join insert in correct orientation.

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Directional cloning का सबसे अच्छा outcome क्या है?

What is the best outcome of directional cloning?

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A. insert correct orientation में लगने की संभावना बढ़ती हैChance of insert joining in correct orientation increases

Explanation

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दो different restriction ends orientation control में मदद करते हैं। इससे screening load कम हो सकता है। / Two different restriction ends help control orientation. This can reduce screening load.

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Restriction digestion में same enzyme से cut vector में orientation issue क्यों हो सकता है?

Why can orientation issue occur in a vector cut with the same enzyme?

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A. insert दोनों directions में ligate हो सकता हैInsert can ligate in both directions

Explanation

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Same ends insert को either orientation में allow कर सकते हैं। Orientation screening जरूरी हो सकती है। / Same ends can allow insert in either orientation. Orientation screening may be needed.

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Restriction digest के बाद orientation screening के लिए कौन सा method useful हो सकता है?

Which method can be useful for orientation screening after restriction digest?

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A. diagnostic digest या colony PCRDiagnostic digest or colony PCR

Explanation

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Diagnostic digest या PCR orientation-specific pattern दे सकता है। Final confirmation sequencing से करें। / Diagnostic digest or PCR can give orientation-specific pattern. Do final confirmation by sequencing.

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Restriction digestion में colony screening बाद में क्यों जरूरी हो सकती है?

Why can colony screening later be needed after restriction digestion?

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A. हर ligation product desired clone नहीं होताNot every ligation product is desired clone

Explanation

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Cutting और ligation के बाद false clones मिल सकते हैं। Screening correct recombinant identify करती है। / After cutting and ligation false clones can appear. Screening identifies the correct recombinant.

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Restriction cutting step में गलत enzyme use होने पर downstream effect क्या होगा?

What is the downstream effect of using a wrong enzyme in cutting step?

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A. ligation और transformation result खराब हो सकते हैंLigation and transformation results can fail

Explanation

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Wrong enzyme incompatible या damaged ends बना सकता है। इससे पूरा cloning workflow प्रभावित होता है। / Wrong enzyme can create incompatible or damaged ends. This affects the whole cloning workflow.

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Cutting step में incomplete digestion से ligation में क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

What problem can incomplete digestion in cutting step cause in ligation?

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A. uncut vector background colonies

Explanation

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Uncut vector transform होकर background दे सकता है। Complete digestion और gel purification इसे घटाते हैं। / Uncut vector can transform and give background. Complete digestion and gel purification reduce it.

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Uncut vector background को कैसे घटाया जा सकता है?

How can uncut vector background be reduced?

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A. complete digestion और gel purification सेBy complete digestion and gel purification

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Complete digestion vector को linearizes करती है और gel purification uncut plasmid हटाता है। इससे background घटता है। / Complete digestion linearizes vector and gel purification removes uncut plasmid. This reduces background.

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Restriction digest में gel purification से uncut plasmid कैसे हट सकता है?

How can gel purification remove uncut plasmid in restriction digest?

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A. cut linear band को अलग excise करकेBy excising the cut linear band separately

Explanation

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Uncut plasmid अलग mobility दिखा सकता है। Desired cut band को अलग purify किया जा सकता है। / Uncut plasmid can show different mobility. The desired cut band can be purified separately.

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Restriction digest में small unwanted fragments ligation में क्या कर सकते हैं?

What can small unwanted fragments do in ligation after restriction digest?

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A. compete करके unwanted products बना सकते हैंThey can compete and form unwanted products

Explanation

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Unwanted fragments ligation reaction में interfere कर सकते हैं। Purification specific desired fragments रखती है। / Unwanted fragments can interfere in ligation reaction. Purification keeps specific desired fragments.

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Restriction digest के बाद छोटे कटे हुए adapter fragments क्यों हटाने चाहिए?

Why should small cut adapter fragments be removed after restriction digest?

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A. वे ligation reaction में unwanted competition दे सकते हैंThey can give unwanted competition in ligation reaction

Explanation

Simple Explanation

Small fragments compatible ends रख सकते हैं और ligation में confuse कर सकते हैं। Cleanup इन्हें हटाता है। / Small fragments can have compatible ends and confuse ligation. Cleanup removes them.

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Restriction digestion में purification के बाद elution buffer choose करते समय क्या ध्यान रखें?

What should be considered while choosing elution buffer after purification in restriction digestion?

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A. next ligation या enzyme reaction compatibilityCompatibility with next ligation or enzyme reaction

Explanation

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Elution buffer में ऐसे components न हों जो ligation inhibit करें। Downstream use के अनुसार buffer चुनें। / Elution buffer should not contain components that inhibit ligation. Choose buffer according to downstream use.

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Restriction digest purification में nuclease-free water कब useful हो सकता है?

When can nuclease-free water be useful in restriction digest purification?

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A. जब downstream enzyme reaction sensitive होWhen downstream enzyme reaction is sensitive

Explanation

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Nuclease-free water unwanted nucleases से बचाता है और कई downstream reactions में compatible होता है। / Nuclease-free water avoids unwanted nucleases and is compatible with many downstream reactions.

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Restriction digest से पहले DNA sample का A260 by A280 ratio क्यों देखा जा सकता है?

Why can A260 by A280 ratio of DNA sample be checked before restriction digest?

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A. protein contamination का अनुमान लगाने के लिएTo estimate protein contamination

Explanation

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Protein contamination enzyme activity को affect कर सकती है। Ratio DNA purity check में मदद करता है। / Protein contamination can affect enzyme activity. The ratio helps check DNA purity.

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A260 by A230 ratio restriction digest से पहले क्यों useful हो सकता है?

Why can A260 by A230 ratio be useful before restriction digest?

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A. salt phenol carbohydrate contamination detect करने के लिएTo detect salt phenol carbohydrate contamination

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A260 by A230 खराब होने पर contaminants enzyme reactions रोक सकते हैं। Cleanup पर विचार करें। / If A260 by A230 is poor contaminants can inhibit enzyme reactions. Consider cleanup.

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Restriction digest में DNA integrity क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is DNA integrity important in restriction digest?

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A. broken DNA expected pattern बदल सकता हैBroken DNA can change expected pattern

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Degraded DNA extra smear या missing bands दे सकता है। Integrity gel check से समझें। / Degraded DNA can give extra smear or missing bands. Understand integrity by gel check.

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Restriction digest से पहले genomic DNA बहुत degraded हो तो result कैसा हो सकता है?

If genomic DNA is highly degraded before restriction digest how can result look?

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A. smear और unclear fragmentsSmear and unclear fragments

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Degraded DNA already छोटे fragments में टूट चुका होता है। Restriction pattern clear नहीं मिल सकता। / Degraded DNA is already broken into small fragments. Restriction pattern may not be clear.

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Restriction digestion में high-quality plasmid prep क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is high-quality plasmid prep necessary in restriction digestion?

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A. clear and reliable band pattern पाने के लिएTo obtain clear and reliable band pattern

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Clean plasmid enzyme digestion में better काम करता है। Contaminants partial digestion दे सकते हैं। / Clean plasmid works better in enzyme digestion. Contaminants can give partial digestion.

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Restriction digestion के बाद next transformation step से पहले recombinant DNA कैसे बनता है?

How is recombinant DNA formed before the next transformation step after restriction digestion?

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A. cut vector और insert को ligase से जोड़करBy joining cut vector and insert with ligase

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Restriction digestion compatible ends बनाता है। DNA ligase इन्हें जोड़कर recombinant DNA बनाता है। / Restriction digestion creates compatible ends. DNA ligase joins them to make recombinant DNA.

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Cutting of DNA step cloning workflow में कहाँ आता है?

Where does Cutting of DNA step come in cloning workflow?

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A. DNA isolation के बाद और ligation से पहलेAfter DNA isolation and before ligation

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पहले DNA isolate किया जाता है फिर restriction cutting होती है। उसके बाद ligation और transformation आते हैं। / First DNA is isolated then restriction cutting occurs. After that come ligation and transformation.

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Level 53 का best revision point क्या है?

What is the best revision point of Level 53?

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A. cut ends purification ratio ligation और downstream cloning याद रखेंRemember cut ends purification ratio ligation and downstream cloning

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DNA cutting ligation की तैयारी करता है। Clean compatible ends और correct ratio cloning success में मदद करते हैं। / DNA cutting prepares for ligation. Clean compatible ends and correct ratio help cloning success.

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Cutting of DNA level 53 का final summary क्या है?

What is the final summary of Cutting of DNA level 53?

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A. restriction cut fragments को purify कर सही ratio में ligation के लिए ready किया जाता हैRestriction cut fragments are purified and made ready for ligation in correct ratio

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Cutting step का success ligation और transformation तक असर डालता है। Purity ratio और controls हमेशा याद रखें। / Success of the cutting step affects ligation and transformation. Always remember purity ratio and controls.

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टाइप प्रथम प्रतिबंध एंजाइम recombinant cloning में कम उपयोगी क्यों होते हैं?

Why are Type I restriction enzymes less useful in recombinant cloning?

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B. वे recognition site से दूर और कम predictable जगह काट सकते हैंThey may cut far from recognition site and less predictably

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Cloning में predictable cut जरूरी होता है। इसलिए Type II enzymes अधिक उपयोगी माने जाते हैं। / A predictable cut is needed in cloning. Therefore Type II enzymes are considered more useful.

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टाइप द्वितीय प्रतिबंध एंजाइम cloning में क्यों पसंद किए जाते हैं?

Why are Type II restriction enzymes preferred in cloning?

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C. क्योंकि वे specific और predictable cuts देते हैंBecause they give specific and predictable cuts

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Type II enzymes defined recognition sites पर cut करते हैं। यह vector और insert preparation में मदद करता है। / Type II enzymes cut at defined recognition sites. This helps in vector and insert preparation.

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Restriction enzyme का cut predictable होना cloning plan में किसलिए जरूरी है?

Why is predictable cutting by a restriction enzyme necessary in a cloning plan?

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D. desired DNA ends और fragments पाने के लिएTo obtain desired DNA ends and fragments

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Predictable cut से planned fragment मिलता है। परीक्षा में इसे successful cloning की base condition समझें। / A predictable cut gives the planned fragment. In exams understand it as a base condition for successful cloning.

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Restriction enzyme की specificity किस बात पर निर्भर करती है?

On what does the specificity of a restriction enzyme depend?

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A. recognition sequence परOn recognition sequence

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Enzyme वही DNA sequence पहचानता है जिसके लिए वह specific है। इसलिए sequence information जरूरी है। / The enzyme recognizes the DNA sequence for which it is specific. Therefore sequence information is necessary.

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Restriction site की frequency किससे प्रभावित होती है?

What affects the frequency of a restriction site?

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B. recognition sequence की length और DNA sequence composition सेBy recognition sequence length and DNA sequence composition

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छोटी sites सामान्यतः अधिक बार मिल सकती हैं। DNA composition भी site frequency को प्रभावित करता है। / Shorter sites may occur more often. DNA composition also affects site frequency.

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छह base वाली restriction site चार base वाली site से सामान्यतः क्या अंतर रखती है?

How does a six-base restriction site generally differ from a four-base site?

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C. वह कम बार मिलने की संभावना रखती हैIt is likely to occur less often

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Longer site random DNA में कम बार मिलती है। इसलिए fewer fragments मिल सकते हैं। / A longer site occurs less often in random DNA. Therefore fewer fragments may be obtained.

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Rare cutter restriction enzyme से क्या अपेक्षा की जाती है?

What is expected from a rare-cutter restriction enzyme?

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D. कम cut sites और बड़े fragmentsFewer cut sites and larger fragments

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Rare cutters लंबी recognition sequence पहचान सकते हैं। इससे DNA कम जगह कटता है। / Rare cutters can recognize longer sequences. Thus DNA is cut at fewer places.

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Frequent cutter enzyme किस स्थिति में उपयोगी हो सकता है?

In which situation can a frequent-cutter enzyme be useful?

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A. restriction pattern analysis में छोटे fragments पाने के लिएTo obtain small fragments for restriction pattern analysis

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Frequent cutter कई छोटे fragments दे सकता है। इसे mapping या analysis में सावधानी से use किया जाता है। / A frequent cutter can give many small fragments. It is used carefully in mapping or analysis.

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Restriction enzyme से बने fragments का size किस पर निर्भर करता है?

On what does the size of fragments made by restriction enzyme depend?

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B. cut sites की positions परOn positions of cut sites

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Cut sites जहाँ होंगे fragments की length वही तय करेगी। Restriction map इसी बात को दिखाता है। / Fragment length is determined by the positions of cut sites. A restriction map shows this.

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Restriction map बनाने में digestion data किसलिए उपयोगी होता है?

Why is digestion data useful in making a restriction map?

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C. cut site positions का अनुमान लगाने के लिएTo estimate cut site positions

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Different digests के fragment sizes compare करके cut sites का अनुमान लगाया जाता है। यह mapping का basic idea है। / Cut site positions are estimated by comparing fragment sizes from different digests. This is the basic idea of mapping.

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Single digest restriction mapping में क्या जानकारी दे सकता है?

What information can a single digest give in restriction mapping?

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D. एक enzyme के cut sites से बने fragment sizesFragment sizes made by one enzyme cut sites

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Single digest एक enzyme का pattern देता है। Complete map के लिए double digests भी useful होते हैं। / A single digest gives the pattern for one enzyme. Double digests are also useful for a complete map.

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Double digest restriction map को कैसे बेहतर बनाता है?

How does double digest improve a restriction map?

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A. दो enzymes के sites की relative positions बताकरBy indicating relative positions of two enzyme sites

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Double digest fragments sites के बीच की distances समझने में मदद करते हैं। इससे map अधिक clear होता है। / Double digest fragments help understand distances between sites. This makes the map clearer.

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Restriction mapping में complete digestion क्यों आवश्यक है?

Why is complete digestion necessary in restriction mapping?

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A. क्योंकि partial digestion false fragment pattern दे सकती हैBecause partial digestion can give a false fragment pattern

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Incomplete cutting extra bands दे सकता है। Mapping में accurate band pattern बहुत जरूरी है। / Incomplete cutting can give extra bands. Accurate band pattern is very important in mapping.

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Partial digestion mapping में किस तरह भ्रम पैदा कर सकती है?

How can partial digestion create confusion in mapping?

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B. uncut और intermediate fragments दिखाकरBy showing uncut and intermediate fragments

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Partial digest में कुछ molecules fully cut नहीं होते। इससे actual map से अलग bands दिख सकते हैं। / In partial digest some molecules are not fully cut. This can show bands different from the actual map.

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Restriction fragment pattern में एक unexpected large band किसका संकेत हो सकता है?

What can an unexpected large band in restriction fragment pattern indicate?

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C. incomplete digestion

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Large band uncut या partially cut DNA का संकेत हो सकता है। Reaction time और enzyme activity check करें। / A large band can indicate uncut or partially cut DNA. Check reaction time and enzyme activity.

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Restriction fragment pattern में बहुत छोटे extra bands किससे जुड़ सकते हैं?

Very small extra bands in restriction fragment pattern can be linked with what?

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D. extra cut sites या star activityExtra cut sites or star activity

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Extra small bands nonspecific cutting या additional sites दिखा सकते हैं। Controls से confirm करें। / Extra small bands can show nonspecific cutting or additional sites. Confirm with controls.

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Restriction enzyme reaction में substrate DNA का circular होना fragment count को कैसे प्रभावित करता है?

How does circular substrate DNA affect fragment count in restriction enzyme reaction?

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A. एक cut circular DNA को linear बना सकता हैOne cut can make circular DNA linear

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Circular DNA एक site पर कटकर linear molecule बनता है। Linear DNA में वही एक cut दो fragments दे सकता है। / Circular DNA cut at one site becomes a linear molecule. The same one cut in linear DNA can give two fragments.

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Linear DNA में cut sites की संख्या और fragments की संख्या का सामान्य संबंध क्या है?

What is the general relation between number of cut sites and fragments in linear DNA?

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B. fragments सामान्यतः cut sites plus oneFragments generally equal cut sites plus one

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Linear DNA में हर internal cut fragment count बढ़ाता है। इसलिए one cut से two fragments बनते हैं। / Each internal cut increases fragment count in linear DNA. Therefore one cut gives two fragments.

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Circular DNA में cut sites की संख्या और fragments का सामान्य संबंध क्या है?

What is the general relation between cut sites and fragments in circular DNA?

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C. fragments सामान्यतः cut sites के बराबरFragments generally equal cut sites

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Circular DNA में two cut sites two fragments दे सकते हैं। One cut केवल molecule को linear बनाता है। / In circular DNA two cut sites can give two fragments. One cut only linearizes the molecule.

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Restriction digest में plasmid linearization किस बात का प्रमाण हो सकता है?

Plasmid linearization in restriction digest can prove what?

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A. enzyme ने plasmid में one site पर cut कियाThe enzyme cut at one site in plasmid

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Single cut circular plasmid को linear बनाता है। Linear band expected size के आसपास दिख सकती है। / A single cut makes a circular plasmid linear. The linear band can appear near expected size.

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Plasmid पर nicked form और linear form को अलग करने में कौन सहायक है?

What helps distinguish nicked form and linear form of a plasmid?

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A. restriction digestion और uncut control comparisonRestriction digestion and uncut control comparison

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Uncut control plasmid conformations दिखाता है। Cut sample से तुलना interpretation आसान करती है। / Uncut control shows plasmid conformations. Comparison with cut sample makes interpretation easier.

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Restriction digestion में agarose gel की pore size किससे प्रभावित होती है?

What affects pore size of agarose gel in restriction digestion analysis?

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A. agarose concentration सेBy agarose concentration

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Agarose concentration बदलने से gel pore size बदलती है। इससे fragment resolution प्रभावित होता है। / Changing agarose concentration changes gel pore size. This affects fragment resolution.

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बड़े DNA fragments को अलग करने के लिए सामान्यतः कैसी agarose concentration helpful होती है?

What agarose concentration is generally helpful for separating large DNA fragments?

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B. lower concentration

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Lower agarose में pores बड़े होते हैं। बड़े fragments के migration और separation में मदद मिलती है। / Lower agarose has larger pores. It helps migration and separation of large fragments.

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छोटे restriction fragments की resolution बढ़ाने के लिए क्या किया जा सकता है?

What can be done to improve resolution of small restriction fragments?

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C. higher percentage agarose gel use करेंUse higher percentage agarose gel

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Higher agarose concentration छोटे fragments को बेहतर अलग कर सकती है। Gel percentage expected size पर depend करता है। / Higher agarose concentration can separate small fragments better. Gel percentage depends on expected size.

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Restriction fragments के analysis में pulsed-field gel electrophoresis कब useful हो सकता है?

When can pulsed-field gel electrophoresis be useful in restriction fragment analysis?

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D. बहुत बड़े DNA fragments अलग करने के लिएTo separate very large DNA fragments

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PFGE large DNA fragments की separation में उपयोगी होता है। इसे सामान्य agarose gel से अलग application मानें। / PFGE is useful for separation of large DNA fragments. Treat it as a different application from normal agarose gel.

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Restriction digestion के बाद gel में DNA stain क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is DNA stain needed in a gel after restriction digestion?

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A. DNA bands को visible बनाने के लिएTo make DNA bands visible

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DNA खुद आँखों से clear नहीं दिखता। Stain bands को imaging में दिखाता है। / DNA is not clearly visible by eyes itself. Stain shows bands during imaging.

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DNA stain choosing में safety क्यों important है?

Why is safety important while choosing DNA stain?

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A. कुछ stains hazardous हो सकते हैंSome stains can be hazardous

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कुछ DNA stains mutagenic या hazardous माने जाते हैं। PPE और proper disposal जरूरी हैं। / Some DNA stains are considered mutagenic or hazardous. PPE and proper disposal are necessary.

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Restriction digestion में gel image overexposure से क्या समस्या आती है?

What problem arises from overexposure of gel image in restriction digestion?

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A. bands की intensity comparison खराब हो सकती हैBand intensity comparison can become poor

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Overexposed bands saturated दिखते हैं। Accurate documentation के लिए exposure सही रखें। / Overexposed bands look saturated. Keep proper exposure for accurate documentation.

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Restriction digest में underexposed gel image का क्या प्रभाव है?

What is the effect of an underexposed gel image in restriction digest?

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A. faint bands miss हो सकती हैंFaint bands can be missed

Explanation

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Underexposure weak DNA bands छिपा सकता है। Proper imaging result interpretation में जरूरी है। / Underexposure can hide weak DNA bands. Proper imaging is necessary for result interpretation.

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Restriction digestion में lane overloading से क्या समस्या होती है?

What problem occurs due to lane overloading in restriction digestion?

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A. bands diffuse या smear हो सकते हैंBands can become diffuse or smeared

Explanation

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बहुत ज्यादा DNA lane में साफ bands नहीं दे सकता। Proper loading amount रखें। / Too much DNA in a lane may not give clear bands. Keep proper loading amount.

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Restriction digest में sample wells damage होने से क्या हो सकता है?

What can happen if sample wells are damaged in restriction digest gel?

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A. sample leak या poor loading हो सकती हैSample leakage or poor loading can occur

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Damaged wells sample को सही तरह hold नहीं करते। Gel casting और loading सावधानी से करें। / Damaged wells do not hold sample properly. Cast and load the gel carefully.

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Loading dye में dense component का उद्देश्य क्या है?

What is the purpose of the dense component in loading dye?

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A. sample को well में बैठाने में मददHelping sample settle in well

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Dense component sample को well में नीचे बैठाता है। Dye front run progress दिखाता है। / The dense component helps sample settle in the well. Dye front shows run progress.

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Restriction digest sample में loading dye कब मिलाया जाता है?

When is loading dye mixed with restriction digest sample?

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A. gel loading से पहलेBefore gel loading

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Loading dye gel पर sample load करने से पहले मिलाया जाता है। यह digestion enzyme नहीं है। / Loading dye is mixed before loading sample on gel. It is not a digestion enzyme.

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Gel run में DNA bands curved दिखें तो क्या कारण हो सकता है?

What can cause curved DNA bands in a gel run?

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A. uneven heating या gel running issueUneven heating or gel running issue

Explanation

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High voltage या uneven gel condition band shape बिगाड़ सकती है। Proper voltage और buffer रखें। / High voltage or uneven gel condition can distort band shape. Keep proper voltage and buffer.

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Restriction digest gel में smiling bands क्या संकेत दे सकते हैं?

What can smiling bands in restriction digest gel indicate?

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A. uneven heating या high voltageUneven heating or high voltage

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Smiling bands gel run condition problem दिखाते हैं। Voltage और buffer temperature control करें। / Smiling bands indicate gel running condition problem. Control voltage and buffer temperature.

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Restriction digestion में buffer reuse करने से क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

What problem can occur by reusing buffer in restriction digestion gel?

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A. poor conductivity और weak band resolutionPoor conductivity and weak band resolution

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Old buffer ionic balance खो सकता है। Fresh running buffer clear separation में मदद करता है। / Old buffer can lose ionic balance. Fresh running buffer helps clear separation.

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Restriction digest में gel buffer और gel casting buffer same type क्यों होना चाहिए?

Why should gel buffer and gel casting buffer be the same type in restriction digest analysis?

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A. consistent ionic condition के लिएFor consistent ionic condition

Explanation

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Different buffers ionic mismatch पैदा कर सकते हैं। यह migration और resolution को affect कर सकता है। / Different buffers can create ionic mismatch. This can affect migration and resolution.

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Restriction digest gel में DNA ladder गलत lane में load हो जाए तो क्या समस्या होगी?

What problem occurs if DNA ladder is loaded in the wrong lane?

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A. lane interpretation confuse हो सकती हैLane interpretation can be confused

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Lane map सही न हो तो size comparison गलत हो सकता है। Loading order record करें। / If lane map is wrong size comparison can be incorrect. Record loading order.

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Restriction digest में ladder range sample fragments से match क्यों होनी चाहिए?

Why should ladder range match sample fragments in restriction digest?

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A. accurate size estimation के लिएFor accurate size estimation

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अगर ladder expected size range cover नहीं करती तो size estimate कमजोर होगा। सही ladder choose करें। / If ladder does not cover expected size range size estimate will be weak. Choose the correct ladder.

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Restriction digest में very close fragment sizes को अलग करने के लिए क्या strategy हो सकती है?

What strategy can separate very close fragment sizes in restriction digest?

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A. longer run और suitable agarose percentageLonger run and suitable agarose percentage

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Close bands को resolve करने के लिए gel condition optimize करनी पड़ती है। Agarose percentage और run time मदद करते हैं। / Gel conditions must be optimized to resolve close bands. Agarose percentage and run time help.

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Restriction digestion में gel के बजाय capillary electrophoresis कब useful हो सकता है?

When can capillary electrophoresis be useful instead of gel in restriction digestion?

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A. high resolution fragment sizing के लिएFor high resolution fragment sizing

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Capillary electrophoresis fragments को precise sizing दे सकता है। यह advanced analysis में useful है। / Capillary electrophoresis can give precise sizing of fragments. It is useful in advanced analysis.

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Restriction fragment analysis में band intensity से क्या rough information मिल सकती है?

What rough information can band intensity give in restriction fragment analysis?

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A. DNA amount in band का अनुमानEstimate of DNA amount in band

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Band brightness DNA mass से जुड़ी होती है। यह exact quantification नहीं पर rough estimate देती है। / Band brightness is related to DNA mass. It gives a rough estimate but not exact quantification.

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Restriction digest में equal mass fragments अलग brightness क्यों दिखा सकते हैं?

Why can equal mass fragments show different brightness in restriction digest?

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A. stain binding और imaging conditions के कारणDue to stain binding and imaging conditions

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Band intensity कई factors से प्रभावित होती है। इसलिए size और mass interpretation सावधानी से करें। / Band intensity is affected by many factors. Therefore interpret size and mass carefully.

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Restriction digestion में image record के साथ lane legend क्यों लिखना चाहिए?

Why should a lane legend be written with image record in restriction digestion?

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A. किस lane में क्या है यह बताने के लिएTo show what is in each lane

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Lane legend के बिना gel image का meaning clear नहीं रहता। यह documentation का जरूरी भाग है। / Without a lane legend the gel image meaning is unclear. It is an essential part of documentation.

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Restriction digest result में raw gel image क्यों save करनी चाहिए?

Why should the raw gel image be saved in restriction digest results?

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A. transparent और reliable record रखने के लिएTo keep transparent and reliable record

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Raw data result verification में मदद करता है। Image manipulation से scientific conclusion गलत हो सकता है। / Raw data helps result verification. Image manipulation can make scientific conclusions wrong.

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Restriction digest में gel image crop करते समय क्या सावधानी रखनी चाहिए?

What precaution is needed while cropping a gel image in restriction digest?

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A. relevant lanes और ladder context न हटेRelevant lanes and ladder context should not be removed

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Cropping से data context नहीं हटना चाहिए। Scientific reporting में transparency जरूरी है। / Cropping should not remove data context. Transparency is necessary in scientific reporting.

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Restriction digestion में electronic lab record का लाभ क्या है?

What is the benefit of electronic lab record in restriction digestion?

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A. enzyme conditions और gel images track करना आसान होता हैTracking enzyme conditions and gel images becomes easier

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Records repeat experiments और troubleshooting में मदद करते हैं। Digital images और notes साथ रखे जा सकते हैं। / Records help repeat experiments and troubleshooting. Digital images and notes can be kept together.

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Restriction digestion में reproducible result पाने के लिए क्या जरूरी है?

What is needed to obtain reproducible result in restriction digestion?

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A. standard protocol और controlled conditionsStandard protocol and controlled conditions

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Same conditions repeat करने से results comparable बनते हैं। Documentation reproducibility बढ़ाती है। / Repeating the same conditions makes results comparable. Documentation increases reproducibility.

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Level 54 का best revision point क्या है?

What is the best revision point of Level 54?

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A. restriction map fragment pattern gel resolution और documentation याद रखेंRemember restriction map fragment pattern gel resolution and documentation

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इस level में DNA cutting के बाद pattern analysis important है। Gel condition और records result को reliable बनाते हैं। / In this level pattern analysis after DNA cutting is important. Gel condition and records make the result reliable.

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Cutting of DNA level 54 का final summary क्या है?

What is the final summary of Cutting of DNA level 54?

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A. restriction cuts से बने fragments को map और gel से समझा जाता हैFragments made by restriction cuts are understood using map and gel

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Restriction analysis में expected fragments observed gel bands से compare होते हैं। Proper ladder resolution और records जरूरी हैं। / In restriction analysis expected fragments are compared with observed gel bands. Proper ladder resolution and records are needed.

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Restriction enzyme digestion में enzyme stock को contaminate होने से बचाना क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is it important to prevent contamination of enzyme stock in restriction enzyme digestion?

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A. क्योंकि contaminated stock कई reactions खराब कर सकता हैBecause contaminated stock can spoil many reactions

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Restriction enzyme stock कई experiments में use होता है। Clean sterile tips और quick handling जरूरी हैं। / Restriction enzyme stock is used in many experiments. Clean sterile tips and quick handling are necessary.

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Restriction enzyme aliquot बनाने का practical लाभ क्या है?

What is the practical benefit of making restriction enzyme aliquots?

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B. repeated freeze-thaw और contamination risk घटानाTo reduce repeated freeze-thaw and contamination risk

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Aliquots main stock को बार-बार thaw करने से बचाते हैं। इससे enzyme stability और cleanliness बनी रहती है। / Aliquots avoid repeated thawing of main stock. This preserves enzyme stability and cleanliness.

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Restriction enzyme को glycerol storage buffer में रखने का उद्देश्य क्या है?

What is the purpose of keeping restriction enzyme in glycerol storage buffer?

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C. freezing damage से enzyme को बचानाTo protect enzyme from freezing damage

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Glycerol enzyme को freezer में liquid-like और stable रखने में मदद करता है। Reaction में glycerol बहुत अधिक नहीं होना चाहिए। / Glycerol helps keep enzyme liquid-like and stable in freezer. Glycerol should not be too high in reaction.

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Restriction reaction में glycerol concentration बहुत अधिक होने से क्या risk है?

What is the risk of very high glycerol concentration in restriction reaction?

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D. star activity बढ़ सकती हैStar activity can increase

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High glycerol enzyme specificity को प्रभावित कर सकता है। इसलिए enzyme volume recommended limit में रखें। / High glycerol can affect enzyme specificity. Therefore keep enzyme volume within recommended limit.

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Restriction digestion setup में enzyme volume कम लेकिन activity sufficient रखना क्यों जरूरी है?

Why is it important to keep enzyme volume low but activity sufficient in restriction digestion setup?

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A. glycerol कम रखते हुए complete digestion पाने के लिएTo get complete digestion while keeping glycerol low

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Sufficient units complete digestion देते हैं। Low enzyme volume star activity risk घटा सकता है। / Sufficient units give complete digestion. Low enzyme volume can reduce star activity risk.

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Restriction enzyme unit reaction planning में कैसे उपयोगी है?

How is restriction enzyme unit useful in reaction planning?

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B. enzyme activity amount estimate करने मेंIn estimating enzyme activity amount

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Units enzyme activity को standard way में बताते हैं। DNA amount के अनुसार units चुने जाते हैं। / Units describe enzyme activity in a standard way. Units are chosen according to DNA amount.

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Restriction enzyme lot बदलने पर control digest क्यों useful है?

Why is control digest useful when restriction enzyme lot changes?

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C. new lot की activity verify करने के लिएTo verify activity of the new lot

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New lot की performance verify करने से reliable results मिलते हैं। Known substrate control अच्छा तरीका है। / Verifying performance of a new lot gives reliable results. Known substrate control is a good method.

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Expired restriction enzyme use करने से क्या समस्या हो सकती है?

What problem can occur by using an expired restriction enzyme?

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B. enzyme activity घट चुकी हो सकती हैEnzyme activity may be reduced

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Expired enzyme partial या failed digestion दे सकता है। Storage और expiry details check करें। / Expired enzyme can give partial or failed digestion. Check storage and expiry details.

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