How is a major policy decision taken?

Discussion and questions in Parliament force the government to answer. Link accountability with Parliament for exams.

The judiciary can review to protect rights and Constitution. Remember judicial review for exams.

Major policy affects a large section of society. Treat public interest as the main aim of policy for exams.

A recommendation can be a basis but needs institutional decision to implement. Remember report and decision difference for exams.

Opposition questions policy and performs democratic scrutiny. Link opposition with accountability for exams.

Evidence-based policy is more reliable and useful. Remember evidence-based decision for exams.

Review helps understand success and weaknesses of policy. Link review with improvement process for exams.

Along with popularity, facts and justice are necessary. Link policy with public interest and evidence for exams.

Bill and order are different institutional tools. Understand law and administrative order difference for exams.

Questions in Lok Sabha increase executive accountability. Remember Question Hour and control for exams.

Social justice makes policy more equal and inclusive. Remember justice and equality together for exams.

The Mandal decision was linked with reservation and representation of backward classes. Connect it with social justice for exams.

Accountability makes government answerable to people and Parliament. Treat it as a condition of democracy for exams.

Judicial review keeps policy within constitutional limits. Remember constitutional supremacy for exams.

Institutional balance means that the executive, legislature and judiciary check one another through their constitutional roles. It prevents any single institution from making arbitrary policy decisions and reduces the risk of misuse of power. Option B is the opposite because it concentrates all power in the executive. Exam tip: link institutional balance with checks and balances and accountability.

In democracy citizens may express support or opposition to policy. Link public opinion with democratic participation for exams.

Media informs citizens about a policy, highlights its possible effects and shortcomings, and encourages public debate. This may create democratic pressure on the government to review or improve the policy. Media does not make laws; law-making is the role of Parliament. Exam tip: link the media with information, public opinion, and accountability.

Major decisions have stages for care and accountability. Remember step-by-step process for exams.

While implementing a policy, the executive must follow the Constitution, laws and prescribed procedures. This prevents arbitrary action, protects citizens’ rights and keeps the policy legally valid. Courts can review executive action for legality, so option D is incorrect. Exam tip: link executive action with the rule of law and judicial review.

Coordination means that different ministries share information, divide responsibilities clearly, and work toward the same policy goal. A public policy often needs several departments to act together. If they do not coordinate, one department may repeat another’s work, give different instructions, or fail to provide information needed by the others. These problems reduce the effectiveness of implementation.

Thus, option A is correct: confusion and delay may occur in the work. A policy cannot become successful automatically merely because it has been announced. The courts would not disappear, and people can certainly be affected by poor implementation. Good coordination helps departments use resources properly, avoid contradictions, and deliver services on time.