Reproduction

Step 1: In binary fission genetic material divides first. Step 2: Then cytoplasm divides to form two separate cells. Step 3: Without cytoplasmic division reproduction will not be complete.

Step 1: Asexual reproduction has only one parent. Step 2: Genetic material is copied. Step 3: Small copying errors can create slight variation.

Step 1: Binary fission means division into two parts. Step 2: Multiple fission can form many daughter cells from one cell. Step 3: Remember the difference by number of offspring cells.

Step 1: In budding a small outgrowth forms on the parent body. Step 2: This outgrowth grows into a new organism. Step 3: When sufficiently developed it can separate from the parent.

Step 1: Spirogyra is a filament like organism. Step 2: Its filament can break into many parts. Step 3: Each part can grow into a new filament.

Step 1: In fragmentation body pieces can form new organisms. Step 2: In regeneration an organism can reform lost parts. Step 3: Both may relate to asexual reproduction but their meanings differ.

Step 1: Planaria has a simple body plan. Step 2: Its cut parts can divide and grow. Step 3: Therefore a small part can form a new organism.

Step 1: Spores can be very small and light. Step 2: They can spread through air. Step 3: With suitable moisture and food they form new mould.

Step 1: Some plants produce few or weak seeds. Step 2: In vegetative propagation a plant part can form a new plant. Step 3: Thus plants can be multiplied even without seeds.

Step 1: Small eyes are seen on potato. Step 2: These are actually buds. Step 3: Under suitable conditions they sprout into new plants.

Step 1: In Bryophyllum small buds form on leaf margins. Step 2: These buds can fall on soil and form new plants. Step 3: Therefore this is vegetative propagation.

Step 1: Vegetative propagation does not involve fusion of male and female gametes. Step 2: The new plant forms from a part of one parent. Step 3: So qualities mostly remain like the parent.

Step 1: In sexual reproduction male and female gametes fuse. Step 2: Genetic information from both parents enters offspring. Step 3: This mixing creates new combinations and variation.

Step 1: Stamen is the male reproductive part of a flower. Step 2: It produces pollen grains. Step 3: Pistil has ovary containing ovules.

Step 1: Pollination is transfer of pollen grains. Step 2: Fertilisation is fusion of male and female gametes. Step 3: Therefore pollination occurs before fertilisation.

Step 1: Pollen grain germinates on the stigma. Step 2: Pollen tube carries the male gamete to the ovule. Step 3: Without the tube gametes cannot fuse.

Step 1: Self pollination may involve the same plant. Step 2: Cross pollination involves two different plants of the same species. Step 3: Mixing information from different plants can increase variation.

Step 1: After fertilisation embryo develops inside the ovule. Step 2: The ovule becomes a seed. Step 3: The ovary grows into a fruit.

Step 1: Ovules are present inside the ovary of a flower. Step 2: After fertilisation ovules become seeds. Step 3: The ovary becomes fruit and contains the seeds.

Step 1: A dry seed may remain inactive. Step 2: Water makes it swell and starts internal activities. Step 3: Under favourable conditions the embryo forms a seedling.

Step 1: Testes are male reproductive organs. Step 2: They produce sperms. Step 3: They also secrete male hormone linked with puberty changes.

Step 1: Ovaries are female reproductive organs. Step 2: They produce ova. Step 3: They also secrete female hormones that control body changes.

Step 1: Sperm is the male gamete. Step 2: It is motile to reach the ovum. Step 3: Ovum is larger and contains material for early development.

Step 1: Sperm and ovum may fuse in the oviduct. Step 2: The zygote divides and reaches the uterus. Step 3: The uterus provides a safe and nourishing place for embryo development.

Step 1: The embryo cannot eat food by itself. Step 2: Placenta helps exchange nutrients and oxygen from the mother's blood. Step 3: It also helps remove wastes from the embryo.