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Subjects

History

The Rise of Commercial Forestry

TOPIC PRACTICE

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Up to 20 questions from this page. Select your focus, then start.

20 questions
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Expert · Level 54 · permit system,bureaucracy,community autonomy
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  1. It made community rights dependent on bureaucratic approval
  2. It opened forests completely without rules
  3. It exempted local people from forest laws
  4. It removed the state from forests
Expert · Level 54 · forest research,training,administration
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  1. Placing local customs above every law
  2. Implementing scientific forest management through trained officials
  3. Leaving forests without records
  4. Separating railways from timber
Expert · Level 54 · cutting cycle,production unit,timber supply
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  1. Viewing forests as controlled production units yielding at fixed intervals
  2. Leaving forests only for unplanned local use
  3. Considering forests economically unimportant
  4. Keeping forests free from all laws
Expert · Level 54 · grazing control,environment,economy
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  1. Protection of plants was linked with future timber supply
  2. Forest revenue was increased by making grazing fully free
  3. Animals were made railway workers
  4. Village communities were made owners of reserved forests
Expert · Level 54 · seasonal mobility,scientific forestry,fixed boundaries
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  1. Because scientific forestry was based on fixed boundaries and planned production
  2. Because forest communities had no relation with forests
  3. Because scientific forestry freed all seasonal uses
  4. Because railways abandoned forests
Expert · Level 54 · artisans,raw materials,forest permits
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  1. Access to forest raw materials being limited by permits and control
  2. Making artisans owners of all forest products
  3. Artisans receiving permanent exemption from forest laws
  4. Increase in local use of forest products
Expert · Level 54 · marketable timber,social inequality,local resources
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  1. Local multi-use resources declined and imperial needs received priority
  2. All local products received equal government protection
  3. Forest communities received unconditional market benefits
  4. Revenue extraction from forests stopped
Expert · Level 54 · railways,shipbuilding,imperial needs
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  1. Forest policy was deeply linked with imperial infrastructure and military-commercial needs
  2. Forest policy was based only on local food gathering
  3. Forest policy treated timber as unimportant
  4. Forest policy made local self-rule supreme
Expert · Level 54 · law,science,market,forest policy
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  1. Law limited rights, science gave management and market shaped timber selection
  2. Law returned all rights, science removed control and market ended
  3. Law was absent, science was irrelevant and market was inactive
  4. Law expanded shifting cultivation, science stopped railways and market abandoned timber
Expert · Level 54 · forest communities,colonial discourse,control
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  1. It could justify control and restrictions over their rights
  2. It gave them the right to make forest policy
  3. It weakened the state's claim over forests
  4. It ended commercial demand for timber
Expert · Level 54 · Forest Act 1927,legal continuity,colonial control
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  1. It further consolidated the legal tradition of colonial forest control
  2. It completely ended the controls of 1865 and 1878
  3. It handed all reserved forests to village councils
  4. It declared commercial forestry illegal
Expert · Level 54 · forest classification,bargaining power,local claims
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  1. Because rights were limited within predetermined government categories and rules
  2. Because all categories were decided by local councils
  3. Because classification made every use free
  4. Because the government abandoned forests
Expert · Level 54 · working plans,long term control,scientific forestry
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  1. They tied future cutting, planting and yield into an administrative plan
  2. They left forest use completely unplanned
  3. They freed local people from every rule
  4. They separated forests from the market
Expert · Level 54 · resource interest,local rights,imperial needs
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  1. These claims subordinated local livelihood rights to imperial needs
  2. These claims fully protected local rights
  3. These claims stopped timber trade
  4. These claims handed the Forest Department to village communities
Expert · Level 54 · environmental diversity,social justice,monoculture
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  1. Monoculture plantations reduced diverse resources and increased pressure on dependent local communities
  2. Biodiversity increased and local rights became complete
  3. All forest products received equal economic value
  4. Resource dependence of forest communities ended
Expert · Level 54 · source analysis,forest laws,critical history
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  1. Whose rights were limited and whose economic interests were protected
  2. Which colour of trees was most beautiful
  3. How many folk songs were written
  4. Whether every forest was without trees
Expert · Level 54 · local resistance,forest laws,customary rights
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  1. Because laws affected daily life, livelihood and customary rights
  2. Because the government made all forest use free
  3. Because the state abolished the Forest Department
  4. Because railways abandoned timber demand
Expert · Level 54 · official definition,local definition,forest use
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  1. The official definition focused on timber and control, the local definition on multi-use life
  2. Both definitions were exactly the same
  3. The local definition was based only on railways
  4. The official definition was based only on folklore
Expert · Level 54 · forest valuation,marketable timber,power relation
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  1. It valued marketable timber and downgraded local non-market uses
  2. It gave equal power to all uses
  3. It placed local custom above revenue
  4. It freed forests from all value
Expert · Level 54 · time discipline,cutting cycles,replanting
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  1. Through cutting cycles and planned replanting
  2. By leaving seasonal community use without rules
  3. By allowing every tree to grow without records
  4. By closing the Forest Department once a year