History
Forest Society and Colonialism
वन समाज और उपनिवेशवाद
In Class 9 History, the chapter Forest Society and Colonialism examines how colonial rule changed forests and the lives of communities dependent on them. It explains reasons for deforestation, the growth of commercial forestry, and restrictions on traditional forest use. The chapter also explores forest rebellions and compares changes in India with forest transformations in Java, showing how colonial policies affected people, livelihoods, and environments.