A. कटे हुए डीएनए सिरों को जोड़ने के चरण में/At the stage of joining cut DNA ends
Step 1
Concept
Restriction enzyme cuts DNA and later ligase joins the cut ends. This is the common order in cloning workflow.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कटे हुए डीएनए सिरों को जोड़ने के चरण में / At the stage of joining cut DNA ends. Restriction enzyme cuts DNA and later ligase joins the cut ends. This is the common order in cloning workflow.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction enzyme डीएनए काटता है और बाद में ligase कटे सिरों को जोड़ता है। यह cloning workflow का सामान्य क्रम है।
A. थ्री प्राइम ओएच और फाइव प्राइम फॉस्फेट/3 prime OH and 5 prime phosphate
Step 1
Concept
DNA ligase forms a bond between 3 prime OH and 5 prime phosphate. It completes the DNA backbone.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. थ्री प्राइम ओएच और फाइव प्राइम फॉस्फेट / 3 prime OH and 5 prime phosphate. DNA ligase forms a bond between 3 prime OH and 5 prime phosphate. It completes the DNA backbone.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase थ्री प्राइम ओएच और फाइव प्राइम फॉस्फेट के बीच bond बनाता है। यह DNA backbone को पूरा करता है।
A. डीएनए की शर्करा-फॉस्फेट रीढ़/Sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA
Step 1
Concept
Phosphodiester bond is the main bond of the DNA backbone. Ligase forms it to join DNA fragments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. डीएनए की शर्करा-फॉस्फेट रीढ़ / Sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA. Phosphodiester bond is the main bond of the DNA backbone. Ligase forms it to join DNA fragments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
फॉस्फोडाइएस्टर बंध DNA backbone का मुख्य बंध है। Ligase इसे बनाकर DNA fragments जोड़ता है।
A. सक्रिय लाइगेज और अनुकूल डीएनए सिरे/Active ligase and compatible DNA ends
Step 1
Concept
Successful ligation needs active enzyme and proper DNA ends. An energy source also helps ligase action.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सक्रिय लाइगेज और अनुकूल डीएनए सिरे / Active ligase and compatible DNA ends. Successful ligation needs active enzyme and proper DNA ends. An energy source also helps ligase action.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Successful ligation के लिए active enzyme और सही DNA ends जरूरी हैं। Energy source भी ligase action में मदद करता है।
A. टी फोर एटीपी उपयोग करता है और ई कोलाई सामान्यतः एनएडी प्लस उपयोग करता है/T4 uses ATP and E coli generally uses NAD plus
Step 1
Concept
T4 DNA ligase depends on ATP while E coli DNA ligase is generally linked with NAD plus. This is a direct exam difference.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. टी फोर एटीपी उपयोग करता है और ई कोलाई सामान्यतः एनएडी प्लस उपयोग करता है / T4 uses ATP and E coli generally uses NAD plus. T4 DNA ligase depends on ATP while E coli DNA ligase is generally linked with NAD plus. This is a direct exam difference.
Step 3
Exam Tip
T4 DNA ligase ATP पर निर्भर होता है जबकि E coli DNA ligase सामान्यतः NAD plus से जुड़ा है। यह direct exam difference है।
A. पिछड़े तंतु के खंड जुड़े नहीं रहेंगे/Fragments on lagging strand will not remain joined
Step 1
Concept
If ligase is absent Okazaki fragments will not join properly. The lagging strand will remain incomplete.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. पिछड़े तंतु के खंड जुड़े नहीं रहेंगे / Fragments on lagging strand will not remain joined. If ligase is absent Okazaki fragments will not join properly. The lagging strand will remain incomplete.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase absent होने पर Okazaki fragments ठीक से नहीं जुड़ेंगे। इससे lagging strand incomplete रहेगा।
A. डीएनए प्रतिकृति में खंड जोड़ना/Joining fragments in DNA replication
Step 1
Concept
DNA ligase joins discontinuous fragments in replication. Remember it with the lagging strand.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. डीएनए प्रतिकृति में खंड जोड़ना / Joining fragments in DNA replication. DNA ligase joins discontinuous fragments in replication. Remember it with the lagging strand.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase replication में discontinuous fragments को जोड़ता है। इसे lagging strand से जोड़कर याद करें।
A. ताकि लाइगेज उनके बीच बंध बना सके/So ligase can form a bond between them
Step 1
Concept
Ligase forms a bond between adjacent DNA ends. Distant or incompatible ends make ligation difficult.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ताकि लाइगेज उनके बीच बंध बना सके / So ligase can form a bond between them. Ligase forms a bond between adjacent DNA ends. Distant or incompatible ends make ligation difficult.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase adjacent DNA ends के बीच bond बनाता है। दूर या असंगत ends ligation को कठिन बनाते हैं।
A. लाइगेशन प्रभावित हो सकती है/Ligation may be affected
Step 1
Concept
5 prime phosphate is needed to form a phosphodiester bond. Its absence can reduce ligation efficiency.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. लाइगेशन प्रभावित हो सकती है / Ligation may be affected. 5 prime phosphate is needed to form a phosphodiester bond. Its absence can reduce ligation efficiency.
Step 3
Exam Tip
5 prime phosphate phosphodiester bond बनाने के लिए जरूरी होता है। इसकी कमी ligation efficiency घटा सकती है।
A. compatible ends active ligase और energy source/Compatible ends active ligase and energy source
Step 1
Concept
Ligation needs compatible ends active ligase and an energy source. These conditions help permanent joining.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. compatible ends active ligase और energy source / Compatible ends active ligase and energy source. Ligation needs compatible ends active ligase and an energy source. These conditions help permanent joining.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligation के लिए compatible ends active ligase और energy source जरूरी होते हैं। ये conditions permanent joining में मदद करते हैं।
A. यह cloning में widely used है/It is widely used in cloning
Step 1
Concept
T4 DNA ligase is a common joining enzyme in cloning experiments. It joins DNA ends.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यह cloning में widely used है / It is widely used in cloning. T4 DNA ligase is a common joining enzyme in cloning experiments. It joins DNA ends.
Step 3
Exam Tip
T4 DNA ligase cloning experiments में common joining enzyme है। यह DNA ends को जोड़ता है।
A. लाइगेज compatible ends को जोड़ता है पर direction control enzyme choice से प्रभावित हो सकता है/Ligase joins compatible ends but direction control can be affected by enzyme choice
Step 1
Concept
Ligase joins matching ends. Insert orientation often depends on restriction enzyme design and ends.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. लाइगेज compatible ends को जोड़ता है पर direction control enzyme choice से प्रभावित हो सकता है / Ligase joins compatible ends but direction control can be affected by enzyme choice. Ligase joins matching ends. Insert orientation often depends on restriction enzyme design and ends.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase matching ends को join करता है। Insert orientation अक्सर restriction enzyme design और ends पर निर्भर करती है।
A. कटे vector का अपने ही सिरों से जुड़ जाना/Joining of cut vector ends with itself
Step 1
Concept
In self-ligation a vector can join its own ends without insert. This can be an unwanted result in cloning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कटे vector का अपने ही सिरों से जुड़ जाना / Joining of cut vector ends with itself. In self-ligation a vector can join its own ends without insert. This can be an unwanted result in cloning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Self-ligation में vector insert के बिना अपने ही ends से जुड़ सकता है। Cloning में यह unwanted result हो सकता है।
A. दो अलग restriction enzymes से अलग सिरे बनाना/Making different ends with two restriction enzymes
Step 1
Concept
Two different ends can reduce the chance of vector self-joining. This is useful in directional cloning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. दो अलग restriction enzymes से अलग सिरे बनाना / Making different ends with two restriction enzymes. Two different ends can reduce the chance of vector self-joining. This is useful in directional cloning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
दो अलग ends vector के अपने आप जुड़ने की संभावना घटा सकते हैं। यह directional cloning में उपयोगी है।
A. कटे vector से phosphate हटाने के लिए/To remove phosphate from cut vector
Step 1
Concept
Removing phosphate from vector ends can reduce self-ligation. Correct phosphate ends on insert then help ligation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कटे vector से phosphate हटाने के लिए / To remove phosphate from cut vector. Removing phosphate from vector ends can reduce self-ligation. Correct phosphate ends on insert then help ligation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Vector ends से phosphate हटाने पर self-ligation घट सकती है। फिर insert के सही phosphate ends ligation में मदद करते हैं।
A. host cell में transformation के लिए/For transformation into a host cell
Step 1
Concept
Ligase joins vector and insert to make a recombinant plasmid. It can be transferred into a host cell.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. host cell में transformation के लिए / For transformation into a host cell. Ligase joins vector and insert to make a recombinant plasmid. It can be transferred into a host cell.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase vector और insert को जोड़कर recombinant plasmid बनाता है। इसे host cell में transfer किया जा सकता है।
A. single-strand nick को seal करना/Sealing a single-strand nick
Step 1
Concept
DNA ligase can close a single-strand nick. It is useful in both DNA repair and replication.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. single-strand nick को seal करना / Sealing a single-strand nick. DNA ligase can close a single-strand nick. It is useful in both DNA repair and replication.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase single-strand nick को close कर सकता है। यह DNA repair और replication दोनों में उपयोगी है।
A. लाइगेज जोड़ता है और हेलिकेज डीएनए खोलता है/Ligase joins and helicase unwinds DNA
Step 1
Concept
Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix. Ligase joins DNA fragments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. लाइगेज जोड़ता है और हेलिकेज डीएनए खोलता है / Ligase joins and helicase unwinds DNA. Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix. Ligase joins DNA fragments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Helicase DNA double helix को खोलता है। Ligase DNA fragments को जोड़ता है।
A. एक काटता है और दूसरा जोड़ता है/One cuts and the other joins
Step 1
Concept
In recombinant DNA work restriction enzyme cuts DNA and ligase joins DNA. Therefore both tools are studied together.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. एक काटता है और दूसरा जोड़ता है / One cuts and the other joins. In recombinant DNA work restriction enzyme cuts DNA and ligase joins DNA. Therefore both tools are studied together.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Recombinant DNA में restriction enzyme DNA काटता है और ligase DNA जोड़ता है। इसलिए दोनों tools साथ पढ़े जाते हैं।
DNA ligase acts on cut or nicked DNA ends. It forms a bond in the DNA backbone.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कटे या nicked DNA ends / Cut or nicked DNA ends. DNA ligase acts on cut or nicked DNA ends. It forms a bond in the DNA backbone.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase cut या nicked DNA ends पर कार्य करता है। यह DNA backbone में bond बनाता है।
D. यह DNA को recognition site पर काटता है/It cuts DNA at recognition sites
Step 1
Concept
Cutting DNA at recognition sites is the job of restriction enzymes. T4 DNA ligase is a joining enzyme.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. यह DNA को recognition site पर काटता है / It cuts DNA at recognition sites. Cutting DNA at recognition sites is the job of restriction enzymes. T4 DNA ligase is a joining enzyme.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA को recognition site पर काटना restriction enzyme का काम है। T4 DNA ligase joining enzyme है।
A. DNA ends ठीक से नहीं जुड़ेंगे/DNA ends will not join properly
Step 1
Concept
Inactive ligase cannot form phosphodiester bonds. Therefore recombinant DNA formation may decrease or stop.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA ends ठीक से नहीं जुड़ेंगे / DNA ends will not join properly. Inactive ligase cannot form phosphodiester bonds. Therefore recombinant DNA formation may decrease or stop.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Inactive ligase phosphodiester bond नहीं बना पाएगा। इसलिए recombinant DNA formation कम या बंद हो सकती है।
A. compatible sticky ends हों/Compatible sticky ends are present
Step 1
Concept
Compatible sticky ends come together easily due to base pairing. This can increase ligation efficiency.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. compatible sticky ends हों / Compatible sticky ends are present. Compatible sticky ends come together easily due to base pairing. This can increase ligation efficiency.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Compatible sticky ends base pairing के कारण आसानी से पास आते हैं। इससे ligation efficiency बढ़ सकती है।
A. अधिक उपयुक्त ligase conditions/More suitable ligase conditions
Step 1
Concept
Blunt ends lack overhangs so joining can be difficult. Suitable conditions can help ligation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. अधिक उपयुक्त ligase conditions / More suitable ligase conditions. Blunt ends lack overhangs so joining can be difficult. Suitable conditions can help ligation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Blunt ends में overhang नहीं होता इसलिए joining कठिन हो सकती है। Suitable conditions ligation में मदद कर सकती हैं।
A. कटना restriction enzyme और जुड़ना ligase/Cutting is restriction enzyme and joining is ligase
Step 1
Concept
In exams roles of restriction enzyme and ligase are often confused. The easy rule is restriction cuts and ligase joins.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कटना restriction enzyme और जुड़ना ligase / Cutting is restriction enzyme and joining is ligase. In exams roles of restriction enzyme and ligase are often confused. The easy rule is restriction cuts and ligase joins.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Exam में restriction enzyme और ligase के role confuse होते हैं। आसान नियम है restriction cuts and ligase joins।
A. लाइगेज Okazaki fragments जोड़ता है/Ligase joins Okazaki fragments
Step 1
Concept
Okazaki fragments form on the lagging strand. DNA ligase joins them to make a continuous strand.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. लाइगेज Okazaki fragments जोड़ता है / Ligase joins Okazaki fragments. Okazaki fragments form on the lagging strand. DNA ligase joins them to make a continuous strand.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Lagging strand पर Okazaki fragments बनते हैं। DNA ligase इन्हें जोड़कर continuous strand बनाता है।
A. DNA cloning में insert को vector से जोड़ना/Joining insert with vector in DNA cloning
Step 1
Concept
In DNA cloning ligase joins compatible ends of insert and vector. This can form a recombinant plasmid.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA cloning में insert को vector से जोड़ना / Joining insert with vector in DNA cloning. In DNA cloning ligase joins compatible ends of insert and vector. This can form a recombinant plasmid.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA cloning में ligase insert और vector के compatible ends को जोड़ता है। इससे recombinant plasmid बन सकता है।
A. temperature और buffer condition/Temperature and buffer condition
Step 1
Concept
Ligase is a protein enzyme and can be affected by reaction conditions. Proper buffer and temperature are important in practicals.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. temperature और buffer condition / Temperature and buffer condition. Ligase is a protein enzyme and can be affected by reaction conditions. Proper buffer and temperature are important in practicals.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase protein enzyme है और reaction conditions से प्रभावित हो सकता है। सही buffer और तापमान practical में महत्वपूर्ण हैं।
A. heat enzyme activity घटा सकती है/Heat can reduce enzyme activity
Step 1
Concept
Ligase is a protein enzyme. Excess heat can denature and inactivate it.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. heat enzyme activity घटा सकती है / Heat can reduce enzyme activity. Ligase is a protein enzyme. Excess heat can denature and inactivate it.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase एक protein enzyme है। अधिक heat से enzyme denature होकर inactive हो सकता है।
The product of ligase action is a joined DNA molecule. It joins fragments by forming a bond in the DNA backbone.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. जुड़ा हुआ डीएनए अणु / Joined DNA molecule. The product of ligase action is a joined DNA molecule. It joins fragments by forming a bond in the DNA backbone.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase action का product joined DNA molecule होता है। यह DNA backbone में bond बनाकर fragments जोड़ता है।
DNA ligase joins fragments with covalent bonds. Therefore the molecular glue comparison is correct.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यह DNA pieces को जोड़ता है / It joins DNA pieces. DNA ligase joins fragments with covalent bonds. Therefore the molecular glue comparison is correct.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase fragments को covalent bond से जोड़ता है। इसलिए molecular glue तुलना सही है।
DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone of vector and insert. This makes stable recombinant DNA.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. phosphodiester bond. DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone of vector and insert. This makes stable recombinant DNA.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase vector और insert के DNA backbone में phosphodiester bond बनाता है। यह stable recombinant DNA बनाता है।
Sticky ends can make weak association by base pairing. DNA ligase creates a permanent phosphodiester bond.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligation by DNA ligase. Sticky ends can make weak association by base pairing. DNA ligase creates a permanent phosphodiester bond.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Sticky ends base pairing से weak association बना सकते हैं। DNA ligase permanent phosphodiester bond बनाता है।
A. यह DNA nicks को seal कर सकता है/It can seal DNA nicks
Step 1
Concept
Ligase can seal nicks in the DNA backbone. It is important in replication repair and cloning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यह DNA nicks को seal कर सकता है / It can seal DNA nicks. Ligase can seal nicks in the DNA backbone. It is important in replication repair and cloning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase DNA backbone में nicks seal कर सकता है। यह replication repair और cloning में महत्वपूर्ण है।
A. Ligase different DNA fragments को जोड़कर recombinant DNA बनाने में मदद करता है/Ligase helps make recombinant DNA by joining different DNA fragments
Step 1
Concept
In recombinant DNA fragments from different sources are joined. Ligase helps in this joining.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Ligase different DNA fragments को जोड़कर recombinant DNA बनाने में मदद करता है / Ligase helps make recombinant DNA by joining different DNA fragments. In recombinant DNA fragments from different sources are joined. Ligase helps in this joining.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Recombinant DNA में अलग source के DNA fragments जोड़े जाते हैं। Ligase इस joining में मदद करता है।
Ligase is an enzyme and enzymes are generally protein in nature. Thus conditions can affect activity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यह protein enzyme है / It is a protein enzyme. Ligase is an enzyme and enzymes are generally protein in nature. Thus conditions can affect activity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase एक enzyme है और enzymes सामान्यतः protein nature के होते हैं। इसलिए conditions से activity प्रभावित हो सकती है।
DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond to join DNA ends. This is its main catalytic role.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligase bond बनाता है / Ligase forms the bond. DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond to join DNA ends. This is its main catalytic role.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase phosphodiester bond बनाकर DNA ends को जोड़ता है। यह उसका main catalytic role है।
A. क्योंकि पहले DNA ends तैयार किए जाते हैं फिर उन्हें जोड़ा जाता है/Because DNA ends are prepared first and then joined
Step 1
Concept
In cloning compatible ends of vector and insert are made first. Then ligase joins them.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि पहले DNA ends तैयार किए जाते हैं फिर उन्हें जोड़ा जाता है / Because DNA ends are prepared first and then joined. In cloning compatible ends of vector and insert are made first. Then ligase joins them.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cloning में पहले vector और insert के compatible ends बनाए जाते हैं। फिर ligase उनका joining करता है।
A. ligase टूटे backbone nicks को close कर सकता है/Ligase can close broken backbone nicks
Step 1
Concept
Ligase can seal nicks in DNA repair. This maintains DNA continuity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligase टूटे backbone nicks को close कर सकता है / Ligase can close broken backbone nicks. Ligase can seal nicks in DNA repair. This maintains DNA continuity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase DNA repair में nicks को seal कर सकता है। इससे DNA की continuity बनी रहती है।
The core function of ligase is DNA joining. Other details relate to energy source and bond formation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligase joins DNA fragments. The core function of ligase is DNA joining. Other details relate to energy source and bond formation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase का core function DNA joining है। बाकी details energy source और bond formation से जुड़ी हैं।
A. ये ऊर्जा की सहायता से DNA ends जोड़ते हैं/They join DNA ends with the help of energy
Step 1
Concept
Ligase enzymes form bonds between DNA ends with the help of energy. In Class 11 link them with recombinant DNA.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ये ऊर्जा की सहायता से DNA ends जोड़ते हैं / They join DNA ends with the help of energy. Ligase enzymes form bonds between DNA ends with the help of energy. In Class 11 link them with recombinant DNA.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase enzymes energy की सहायता से DNA ends के बीच bond बनाते हैं। Class 11 में इन्हें recombinant DNA से जोड़ें।
