Modern Indian History

The Board of Control increased government control over the Company's political affairs. Exam tip is to link it with dual control.

Permanent Settlement benefited zamindars but did not secure peasants. Exam tip is to link it with rural exploitation.

In Ryotwari the ryot or peasant paid revenue directly to the government. Exam tip is to link it with Thomas Munro.

In Subsidiary Alliance the Resident and Company troops increased control over the state. Exam tip is to link it with Wellesley.

Awadh was annexed in 1856 on the charge of misgovernance. Exam tip is to link Jhansi and Satara with Doctrine of Lapse.

Tipu Sultan sought foreign support against British expansion. Exam tip is to link the Mysore Wars with British expansion.

The direct answer is C: the Third Anglo-Mysore War. The Treaty of Seringapatam, also called the Treaty of Srirangapatna, was signed in 1792 after the Third Anglo-Mysore War. In that conflict, Tipu Sultan of Mysore fought the alliance of the British East India Company, the Nizam of Hyderabad, and the Marathas. After Tipu’s defeat, he had to accept severe terms, including giving up a large part of his territory, paying an indemnity, and giving hostages until payment conditions were fulfilled. Step by step, connect the date 1792 with the end of the Third Anglo-Mysore War and then with Tipu Sultan. Option A is wrong because the First Anglo-Maratha War ended in 1782 and concerned the Marathas, not this treaty. Option B is wrong because the Second Anglo-Sikh War occurred much later, in 1848–49. Option C is correct because the treaty followed the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Option D is wrong because the Third Carnatic War ended in 1763 and was a different conflict. Memory cue: Mysore and Tipu Sultan—1792—Third Anglo-Mysore War—Treaty of Seringapatam.

The Treaty of Salbai was signed in 1782 between the Marathas and the British. Exam tip is to link it with the end of the First Anglo-Maratha War.

The Treaty of Bassein increased British interference in Maratha politics. Exam tip is to treat it as the background of the Second Anglo-Maratha War.

The Treaty of Amritsar fixed the boundary between the Sikh state and British influence. Exam tip is to link it with Ranjit Singh's diplomacy.

Direct answer: Option A is correct. The First Anglo-Sikh War ended with the Treaty of Lahore in 1846. The Sikh kingdom was defeated, had to accept important conditions, and British influence over its administration and affairs increased. The treaty therefore weakened Sikh independence and brought the state under stronger British pressure. This is exactly what option A states. Option B is wrong because India became a republic only on 26 January 1950, more than a century later. Option C is wrong because the East India Company did not leave India in 1846; it continued to rule large parts of India until the Crown took over in 1858. Option D is wrong because the Swadeshi Movement began mainly in response to the partition of Bengal in 1905, not the Treaty of Lahore. The treaty should be placed in the sequence of Anglo-Sikh conflicts and the gradual extension of British control in Punjab. Memory cue: First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846, Treaty of Lahore, weaker Sikh power and stronger British influence. Do not confuse this treaty with events of 1857, 1905, or 1950.

Railways linked markets ports and raw material areas. Exam tip is to see railways as both economic and administrative tools.

Telegraph made administrative control and military response faster. Exam tip is to link it with British control after 1857.

The annexation of Awadh became a major cause of discontent in 1857. Exam tip is to link Awadh with political and social causes.

Bahadur Shah Zafar was made a symbol by rebels. Exam tip is to remember the end of Mughal authority after 1857.

After 1857 the British reorganized the army in a more controlled way. Exam tip is to see army policy as a reaction to the revolt.

This representation was very limited and controlled. Exam tip is to link it with post-1857 conciliatory policy.

Ripon made reforms toward local self-government. Exam tip is to remember the local self-government resolution of 1882.

Both events show the limits of colonial rule. Exam tip is to link them with the growth of political consciousness.

Moderate leaders wanted rights through peaceful methods. Exam tip is to link early Congress with petitions and reforms.

Dadabhai Naoroji explained economic exploitation with logic. Exam tip is to link Drain of Wealth with economic nationalism.

Boycott connected economic protest with public participation. Exam tip is to remember Swadeshi and boycott together.

The Swadeshi Movement made education a nationalist programme too. Exam tip is to not see Swadeshi only as an economic movement.

The Surat Split weakened Congress unity. Exam tip is to link it with the internal ideological conflict of 1907.

The direct answer is Option A: organized propaganda for self-government. Home Rule means the right of Indians to govern their own country while remaining within the British Empire at that stage. Before the Home Rule movement, Congress politics was often limited to meetings, petitions, and demands made by educated leaders. The Home Rule Leagues, started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant in 1916, carried the demand for self-government to a wider public through speeches, meetings, newspapers, pamphlets, and local branches. Thus, they added organized and popular political propaganda to Congress politics. Option A is correct because it describes this new method and message. Option B is wrong because the Leagues opposed British control; they did not demand the return of East India Company rule. Option C is wrong because Permanent Settlement was a land-revenue arrangement introduced earlier, not a political contribution of the Leagues. Option D is wrong because the movement used constitutional agitation, public education, and political mobilization, not armed foreign invasion. Remember: Home Rule Leagues mean Tilak, Annie Besant, and organized demand for self-government.