The Judiciary (Supreme Court, High Courts, and judicial independence)

The judiciary gives decisions according to the Constitution and the laws in force in the country. Judges cannot decide cases on the basis of the government’s political wishes, rumours, or their personal interests; this supports judicial independence. Exam tip: Remember that the Constitution and law are the primary basis of judicial decisions.

Judiciary can intervene when rights are violated. Remember relation between civil liberties and judiciary.

In India the Supreme Court is the top of the judiciary. Remember the structure of Indian judiciary.

In many cases an appeal against High Court decision can go to Supreme Court. Remember appeal system.

Hierarchy has levels such as District Court, High Court and Supreme Court. Remember the level system.

A judicial decision is fair when the court applies the law, examines the evidence presented, and gives both sides an equal opportunity to be heard. Public opinion, government publicity, or a party's financial power cannot be the basis of a judicial decision. Exam tip: Remember the three foundations of fair justice—law, evidence, and a fair hearing.

The right to approach a court enables citizens to seek justice and protection when their fundamental rights are violated. Therefore, option A is correct. Casting two votes is not a democratic right; ordinarily, each voter casts one vote. Exam tip: A key role of the judiciary is to protect rights and ensure that laws are followed.

Judicial review strengthens supremacy of Constitution. Remember constitutional supremacy.

Independent judiciary gives weaker groups a chance to get justice. Remember equal justice.

Legality of a government order can be challenged in court. Remember judiciary and control of government.

The Supreme Court is the highest level of judiciary for the whole country. Remember apex court.

Judicial independence means that judges decide cases according to the Constitution and the law, without pressure from political parties or the government. This helps ensure fair justice for all citizens. Preventing political parties from contesting elections is not the purpose of judicial independence. Exam tip: Link judicial independence with impartial, law-based justice.

The judiciary is the part of government that applies and explains the law. Its main democratic purpose is to give people justice, protect their basic rights, and ensure that everyone, including powerful officials, follows the law. This supports the rule of law, meaning that decisions should be based on law rather than personal power or preference.

Option A is correct because justice, rights protection, and the rule of law are central judicial functions. Conducting election campaigns belongs to political parties, forming a government is mainly the work of elected representatives, and spending the budget belongs to public administration. The judiciary may review government action, but it does not perform these three activities.

Independent and fair decisions increase trust in judiciary. Remember trust and fairness together.

The order of courts helps understand appeal and jurisdiction. Remember judicial structure for exams.

High Court is a key institution for justice at state level. Link High Court with state judiciary for exams.

Independent courts can test government actions against Constitution and law. Remember judicial control.

The judiciary provides justice on the principle of equality before the law. This means that a person should not be treated differently because of caste, religion, gender, wealth, or social status. Option B is incorrect because giving priority only to rich people goes against equal justice. Exam tip: Link equal justice with “equality before law” and the “rule of law.”

PIL can make access to justice easier. Remember the link between public interest and courts.

Independent judiciary protects citizens' rights and Constitution. Understand judiciary as a protector of democracy.