The Judiciary (Supreme Court, High Courts, and judicial independence)

A citizen can go to court to protect Fundamental Rights. In exams, remember rights remedy.

Independent courts decide without pressure. In exams, connect judicial independence with fairness.

The Supreme Court can hear appeals against High Court decisions. In exams, remember appellate jurisdiction.

High Court can hear appeals from lower courts in its area. In exams, remember lower court to High Court.

Judicial independence helps courts give fair decisions. In exams, remember fair justice.

The Supreme Court plays an important role in final interpretation of the Constitution. In exams, remember constitutional interpretation.

The judiciary is an independent organ so it can give fair decisions. In exams, remember organs of government.

A court can examine whether an official’s action is legal. If the action violates the law or the Constitution, the court may order it to be stopped, set aside, or corrected according to law. Election symbols are allotted by the Election Commission, while appointing ministers or approving budgets are not normal functions of courts. Exam tip: remember that judicial review allows courts to check unlawful government actions.

Rule of law is related to applying law equally to all. In exams, remember rule of law and courts.

A court must decide cases according to the law and the provisions of the Constitution, not according to a judge’s personal preference or anyone’s influence. This is essential for an independent and impartial judiciary. Decisions based on money, fear, or personal friendship would violate the principle of justice. Exam tip: Remember that law and the Constitution are the basis of judicial decisions.

The jurisdiction of a High Court covers a state or states. In exams, remember the term jurisdiction.

Courts are arranged from lower courts to High Courts and then Supreme Court. In exams, remember hierarchy.

Courts can check government decisions using the Constitution and law. In exams, remember judicial review.

The purpose of a court hearing is to give both parties a fair opportunity to present their arguments and evidence. The judge then gives an impartial decision on the basis of the applicable law and facts. Hearing only the complainant would violate the principle of natural justice. Exam tip: A fair hearing always involves giving both sides an opportunity to be heard.

The Supreme Court can decide major questions related to the Constitution. In exams, remember constitutional role.

Security of judges helps them give independent decisions. In exams, remember security of tenure.

The judiciary can review laws that conflict with the Constitution. In exams, write judicial review.

An independent court can give justice even against powerful people. In exams, remember citizen protection.

Courts provide legal solutions to disputes. In exams, remember peaceful dispute resolution.

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body for interpreting the Constitution. In exams, remember final interpreter.