A. DNA ends के बीच joining reaction/Joining reaction between DNA ends
Step 1
Concept
DNA ligase catalyzes joining between DNA ends. This reaction is linked with phosphodiester bond formation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA ends के बीच joining reaction / Joining reaction between DNA ends. DNA ligase catalyzes joining between DNA ends. This reaction is linked with phosphodiester bond formation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase DNA ends के बीच joining catalyze करता है। यह reaction phosphodiester bond formation से जुड़ी है।
Without ligase the permanent phosphodiester bond will not form. Therefore stable recombinant DNA will not form.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. stable phosphodiester joining. Without ligase the permanent phosphodiester bond will not form. Therefore stable recombinant DNA will not form.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase न होने पर permanent phosphodiester bond नहीं बनेगा। इसलिए stable recombinant DNA नहीं बनेगा।
A. complementary overhangs present हों/Complementary overhangs are present
Step 1
Concept
Complementary overhangs allow sticky ends to pair first. Active ligase then makes a permanent bond.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. complementary overhangs present हों / Complementary overhangs are present. Complementary overhangs allow sticky ends to pair first. Active ligase then makes a permanent bond.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Complementary overhangs sticky ends को पहले pair करने देते हैं। Active ligase फिर permanent bond बनाता है।
A. complementary overhang absent होता है/Complementary overhang is absent
Step 1
Concept
Blunt ends lack overhangs so initial base pairing support is low. Therefore ligation can be less efficient.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. complementary overhang absent होता है / Complementary overhang is absent. Blunt ends lack overhangs so initial base pairing support is low. Therefore ligation can be less efficient.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Blunt ends में overhang नहीं होता इसलिए initial base pairing support कम होता है। इसलिए ligation less efficient हो सकती है।
A. Okazaki fragments को join करता है/Joins Okazaki fragments
Step 1
Concept
In replication DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments. It makes the lagging strand continuous.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Okazaki fragments को join करता है / Joins Okazaki fragments. In replication DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments. It makes the lagging strand continuous.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Replication में DNA ligase Okazaki fragments को join करता है। यह lagging strand को continuous बनाता है।
A. polymerase strand बढ़ाता है और ligase nick seal करता है/Polymerase extends strand and ligase seals nick
Step 1
Concept
Polymerase extends a strand by adding nucleotides. Ligase seals backbone nicks between fragments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. polymerase strand बढ़ाता है और ligase nick seal करता है / Polymerase extends strand and ligase seals nick. Polymerase extends a strand by adding nucleotides. Ligase seals backbone nicks between fragments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Polymerase nucleotides जोड़कर strand बढ़ाता है। Ligase fragments के बीच backbone nick seal करता है।
A. ligase joins DNA और helicase unwinds DNA/Ligase joins DNA and helicase unwinds DNA
Step 1
Concept
Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix. Ligase joins DNA fragments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligase joins DNA और helicase unwinds DNA / Ligase joins DNA and helicase unwinds DNA. Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix. Ligase joins DNA fragments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Helicase DNA double helix को खोलता है। Ligase DNA fragments को जोड़ता है।
A. foreign DNA और vector को covalently join करना/Covalently joining foreign DNA and vector
Step 1
Concept
Ligase forms covalent phosphodiester bonds between foreign DNA and vector backbone. This makes recombinant DNA stable.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. foreign DNA और vector को covalently join करना / Covalently joining foreign DNA and vector. Ligase forms covalent phosphodiester bonds between foreign DNA and vector backbone. This makes recombinant DNA stable.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase foreign DNA और vector backbone के बीच covalent phosphodiester bond बनाता है। इससे recombinant DNA stable होता है।
A. enzyme के लिए suitable pH और salts देना/Providing suitable pH and salts for the enzyme
Step 1
Concept
Buffer gives the right environment for ligase activity. Wrong buffer can reduce ligation efficiency.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme के लिए suitable pH और salts देना / Providing suitable pH and salts for the enzyme. Buffer gives the right environment for ligase activity. Wrong buffer can reduce ligation efficiency.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Buffer ligase activity के लिए सही environment देता है। Wrong buffer ligation efficiency घटा सकता है।
A. enzyme activity में सहायक cofactor/A helper cofactor for enzyme activity
Step 1
Concept
In many ligation reactions magnesium ion is important for enzyme activity. Practical buffers may include such ions.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme activity में सहायक cofactor / A helper cofactor for enzyme activity. In many ligation reactions magnesium ion is important for enzyme activity. Practical buffers may include such ions.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कई ligation reactions में magnesium ion enzyme activity के लिए महत्वपूर्ण होता है। Practical buffer में ऐसे ions शामिल हो सकते हैं।
Ligase makes recombinant DNA and then it can be introduced into a host cell. This process is called transformation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. transformation. Ligase makes recombinant DNA and then it can be introduced into a host cell. This process is called transformation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase recombinant DNA बनाता है और फिर उसे host cell में डाला जा सकता है। यह process transformation कहलाती है।
A. vector insert के बिना जुड़ सकता है/Vector can join without insert
Step 1
Concept
In self-ligation the vector can join its own ends. This does not form the desired recombinant plasmid.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. vector insert के बिना जुड़ सकता है / Vector can join without insert. In self-ligation the vector can join its own ends. This does not form the desired recombinant plasmid.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Self-ligation में vector अपने ही ends जोड़ सकता है। इससे desired recombinant plasmid नहीं बनता।
A. insert को desired orientation में जोड़ने में मदद करती है/It helps join insert in desired orientation
Step 1
Concept
Directional cloning uses different ends. Ligase can then join the insert in the correct orientation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. insert को desired orientation में जोड़ने में मदद करती है / It helps join insert in desired orientation. Directional cloning uses different ends. Ligase can then join the insert in the correct orientation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Directional cloning अलग ends का उपयोग करती है। Ligase तब insert को सही orientation में जोड़ सकता है।
Non-complementary sticky ends cannot base pair properly. This can reduce ligation efficiency.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. joining कठिन होगी / Joining will be difficult. Non-complementary sticky ends cannot base pair properly. This can reduce ligation efficiency.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Non-complementary sticky ends base pairing नहीं कर पाएंगे। इससे ligation efficiency कम हो सकती है।
DNA ligase forms a bond between 3 prime hydroxyl and 5 prime phosphate. This is the chemical basis of ligation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. 3 prime hydroxyl. DNA ligase forms a bond between 3 prime hydroxyl and 5 prime phosphate. This is the chemical basis of ligation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase 3 prime hydroxyl और 5 prime phosphate के बीच bond बनाता है। यह ligation का chemical basis है।
A. ligase backbone nicks seal करके continuity restore करता है/Ligase restores continuity by sealing backbone nicks
Step 1
Concept
Ligase seals nicks in the DNA backbone. This maintains continuity of the DNA strand.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligase backbone nicks seal करके continuity restore करता है / Ligase restores continuity by sealing backbone nicks. Ligase seals nicks in the DNA backbone. This maintains continuity of the DNA strand.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase DNA backbone में nicks को seal करता है। इससे DNA strand की continuity बनी रहती है।
Ligase is a protein enzyme and can be heat sensitive. Cold storage preserves activity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. cold condition में रखना / Keep in cold condition. Ligase is a protein enzyme and can be heat sensitive. Cold storage preserves activity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase protein enzyme है और heat sensitive हो सकता है। Cold storage activity preserve करता है।
A. cut DNA फिर ligate DNA फिर transform/Cut DNA then ligate DNA then transform
Step 1
Concept
In cloning vector and insert are first cut then ligated and recombinant DNA goes into host. This is the logical order.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. cut DNA फिर ligate DNA फिर transform / Cut DNA then ligate DNA then transform. In cloning vector and insert are first cut then ligated and recombinant DNA goes into host. This is the logical order.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cloning में पहले vector और insert cut होते हैं फिर ligation होता है और recombinant DNA host में जाता है। यह logical order है।
A. vector DNA और insert DNA का joined molecule/Joined molecule of vector DNA and insert DNA
Step 1
Concept
Ligase can join vector DNA and insert DNA to form a recombinant plasmid. This is the central product of gene cloning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. vector DNA और insert DNA का joined molecule / Joined molecule of vector DNA and insert DNA. Ligase can join vector DNA and insert DNA to form a recombinant plasmid. This is the central product of gene cloning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase vector DNA और insert DNA को जोड़कर recombinant plasmid बना सकता है। यह gene cloning का central product है।
A. bond formation के लिए energy चाहिए/Energy is needed for bond formation
Step 1
Concept
Ligase uses energy to form a new covalent bond. ATP or NAD plus can depend on enzyme type.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. bond formation के लिए energy चाहिए / Energy is needed for bond formation. Ligase uses energy to form a new covalent bond. ATP or NAD plus can depend on enzyme type.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase नया covalent bond बनाने के लिए energy use करता है। ATP या NAD plus enzyme type पर निर्भर कर सकता है।
A. ligase glue जैसा और restriction enzyme scissors जैसा/Ligase is like glue and restriction enzyme is like scissors
Step 1
Concept
Ligase joins DNA so the glue analogy is correct. Restriction enzyme cuts DNA so the scissors analogy is correct.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligase glue जैसा और restriction enzyme scissors जैसा / Ligase is like glue and restriction enzyme is like scissors. Ligase joins DNA so the glue analogy is correct. Restriction enzyme cuts DNA so the scissors analogy is correct.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase DNA जोड़ता है इसलिए glue analogy सही है। Restriction enzyme DNA काटता है इसलिए scissors analogy सही है।
The enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments is DNA ligase. Unwinding is linked with helicase and cutting with restriction enzymes.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कौन सा enzyme Okazaki fragments जोड़ता है / Which enzyme joins Okazaki fragments. The enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments is DNA ligase. Unwinding is linked with helicase and cutting with restriction enzymes.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Okazaki fragments को join करने वाला enzyme DNA ligase है। DNA खोलना helicase और cutting restriction enzyme से जुड़ा है।
A. damaged strand में nick seal करना/Sealing a nick in a damaged strand
Step 1
Concept
DNA ligase can seal a nick in a damaged strand during repair. This is important for DNA stability.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. damaged strand में nick seal करना / Sealing a nick in a damaged strand. DNA ligase can seal a nick in a damaged strand during repair. This is important for DNA stability.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase repair में damaged strand के nick को seal कर सकता है। यह DNA stability के लिए जरूरी है।
A. यह compatible और chemically proper ends के बिना efficient नहीं होगा/It will not be efficient without compatible and chemically proper ends
Step 1
Concept
Ligase needs proper DNA ends. Incompatible or missing phosphate ends can weaken ligation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यह compatible और chemically proper ends के बिना efficient नहीं होगा / It will not be efficient without compatible and chemically proper ends. Ligase needs proper DNA ends. Incompatible or missing phosphate ends can weaken ligation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase को proper DNA ends चाहिए। Incompatible या missing phosphate ends ligation को कमजोर कर सकते हैं।
A. 5 prime phosphate bond formation में जरूरी है/5 prime phosphate is needed in bond formation
Step 1
Concept
DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond between 5 prime phosphate and 3 prime OH. Therefore 5 prime phosphate is important.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. 5 prime phosphate bond formation में जरूरी है / 5 prime phosphate is needed in bond formation. DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond between 5 prime phosphate and 3 prime OH. Therefore 5 prime phosphate is important.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase 5 prime phosphate और 3 prime OH के बीच phosphodiester bond बनाता है। इसलिए 5 prime phosphate important है।
A. 3 prime OH phosphodiester bond formation में भाग लेता है/3 prime OH participates in phosphodiester bond formation
Step 1
Concept
DNA ligase joins 3 prime OH with 5 prime phosphate. This makes the DNA backbone continuous.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. 3 prime OH phosphodiester bond formation में भाग लेता है / 3 prime OH participates in phosphodiester bond formation. DNA ligase joins 3 prime OH with 5 prime phosphate. This makes the DNA backbone continuous.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase 3 prime OH को 5 prime phosphate से जोड़ता है। इससे DNA backbone continuous होती है।
Recognizing palindromic sites and cutting DNA is the role of restriction enzymes. Ligase is a joining enzyme.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. It recognizes palindromic sites and cuts DNA. Recognizing palindromic sites and cutting DNA is the role of restriction enzymes. Ligase is a joining enzyme.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Palindromic sites को recognize करके DNA काटना restriction enzymes का काम है। Ligase joining enzyme है।
A. recombinant DNA construction में DNA joining tool/DNA joining tool in recombinant DNA construction
Step 1
Concept
In Class 11 biotechnology ligase is a joining tool in recombinant DNA construction. Study it in cloning workflow.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. recombinant DNA construction में DNA joining tool / DNA joining tool in recombinant DNA construction. In Class 11 biotechnology ligase is a joining tool in recombinant DNA construction. Study it in cloning workflow.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Class 11 biotechnology में ligase recombinant DNA construction का joining tool है। इसे cloning workflow में पढ़ें।
A. recombinant DNA बनने की संभावना/Possibility of recombinant DNA formation
Step 1
Concept
Ligase can join compatible vector and insert. This gives a possibility of recombinant DNA formation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. recombinant DNA बनने की संभावना / Possibility of recombinant DNA formation. Ligase can join compatible vector and insert. This gives a possibility of recombinant DNA formation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Compatible vector और insert को ligase join कर सकता है। इससे recombinant DNA बनने की संभावना होती है।
Ligase joins Okazaki fragments to make the lagging strand continuous. This is an essential role in replication.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. continuous lagging strand. Ligase joins Okazaki fragments to make the lagging strand continuous. This is an essential role in replication.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase Okazaki fragments जोड़कर lagging strand को continuous बनाता है। यह replication में essential role है।
A. Ligase covalent phosphodiester bond बनाता है/Ligase forms a covalent phosphodiester bond
Step 1
Concept
Ligase forms covalent phosphodiester bonds to permanently join DNA fragments. This is its catalytic product.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Ligase covalent phosphodiester bond बनाता है / Ligase forms a covalent phosphodiester bond. Ligase forms covalent phosphodiester bonds to permanently join DNA fragments. This is its catalytic product.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase covalent phosphodiester bond बनाकर DNA fragments को स्थायी रूप से जोड़ता है। यही उसका catalytic product है।
A. यह cut DNA pieces को stable recombinant molecule बनाता है/It makes cut DNA pieces into a stable recombinant molecule
Step 1
Concept
After restriction digestion ligase is needed to make DNA pieces into a stable molecule. This is an essential step in cloning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यह cut DNA pieces को stable recombinant molecule बनाता है / It makes cut DNA pieces into a stable recombinant molecule. After restriction digestion ligase is needed to make DNA pieces into a stable molecule. This is an essential step in cloning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction digestion के बाद DNA pieces को stable molecule बनाने के लिए ligase चाहिए। यही cloning में essential step है।
Permanent joining happens by phosphodiester bond formation. Ligase forms this bond in the DNA backbone.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. phosphodiester bond formation. Permanent joining happens by phosphodiester bond formation. Ligase forms this bond in the DNA backbone.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Permanent joining phosphodiester bond formation से होती है। Ligase यही bond DNA backbone में बनाता है।
A. Energy की मदद से DNA ends जोड़ने वाले enzymes/Enzymes that join DNA ends with help of energy
Step 1
Concept
Ligase enzymes join DNA ends with the help of energy. DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Energy की मदद से DNA ends जोड़ने वाले enzymes / Enzymes that join DNA ends with help of energy. Ligase enzymes join DNA ends with the help of energy. DNA ligase forms a phosphodiester bond.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase enzymes energy की सहायता से DNA ends join करते हैं। DNA ligase phosphodiester bond बनाता है।
A. restriction enzyme-cut और ligase-join/restriction enzyme-cut and ligase-join
Step 1
Concept
This pair of restriction enzyme and ligase is very useful in exams. Remember cutting and joining separately.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. restriction enzyme-cut और ligase-join / restriction enzyme-cut and ligase-join. This pair of restriction enzyme and ligase is very useful in exams. Remember cutting and joining separately.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction enzyme और ligase का यह pair exam में बहुत useful है। Cutting और joining को अलग-अलग याद रखें।
A. ये DNA fragments को phosphodiester bond से जोड़ते हैं/They join DNA fragments with phosphodiester bonds
Step 1
Concept
Ligase enzymes join DNA fragments and form phosphodiester bonds. In Class 11 link them with recombinant DNA and replication.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ये DNA fragments को phosphodiester bond से जोड़ते हैं / They join DNA fragments with phosphodiester bonds. Ligase enzymes join DNA fragments and form phosphodiester bonds. In Class 11 link them with recombinant DNA and replication.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase enzymes DNA fragments को जोड़ते हैं और phosphodiester bonds बनाते हैं। Class 11 में इन्हें recombinant DNA और replication से जोड़ें।
