Ergonomics: definition, need and benefits

Correct answer: A. It puts excessive force on the hand and shoulder

Answer: A, a heavy tool puts excessive force on the hand, arm, and shoulder. Ergonomics studies how work, tools, and the working environment can be designed to suit the human body. If a tool is very heavy, the worker must apply greater muscular force to hold, lift, or control it. Repeating this action continuously can cause fatigue, discomfort, muscle strain, and a greater risk of overuse injury. B is wrong because a heavy tool does not always save time; fatigue may actually reduce efficiency. C is the opposite of the likely effect, because extra effort generally increases fatigue. D is wrong because tool weight by itself does not improve posture and may encourage awkward postures. A is correct. Memory cue: excessive load plus repetition usually means greater body strain.

Correct answer: D. Lower cost due to reduced injuries and absenteeism

Healthy employees are absent less and work continuity remains. In exams, connect economic benefit with health.

Correct answer: B. Keeping back supported and feet stable

Direct answer: B, keep the back supported and the feet stable. Ergonomic sitting distributes body weight more safely and keeps the body in a balanced position. A supported back can reduce strain on the spine, while stable feet give the body a firm base. Option A is wrong because bending the neck too much creates neck and upper-back strain. Option B is correct because support and stability are important signs of safe sitting. Option C is wrong because hanging feet lack a stable base and may make the legs uncomfortable; a footrest can help when needed. Option D is wrong because sitting sideways continuously twists the body and can cause uneven strain. The reasoning is: support the back, keep the feet steady, and avoid extreme bending or twisting. Memory cue: “back supported, feet grounded, head balanced.”

Correct answer: C. Type of task and worker's body build

Ergonomics designs work conditions so that the task fits the worker and can be done safely, comfortably, and efficiently. Work height should not be selected from an unrelated feature such as a wall, floor colour, or office name. The important considerations are the nature of the task and the worker’s body build, including reach, posture, and body dimensions.

The correct choice is C because different activities need different heights: writing, standing assembly, precision work, and lifting do not place the same demands on the body. A height suitable for one person or task may cause bending, raised shoulders, or excessive reaching for another. Thus both task requirements and worker characteristics must be considered together when setting the work surface.

Correct answer: A. Keep materials near the main work area

Keeping materials near the main area reduces turning and fatigue. In exams, treat repeated turning as unnecessary movement.

Correct answer: D. To identify risks before problems increase

The direct answer is D: identifying risks before problems increase. Ergonomics means designing work, tools, furniture and surroundings so that people can work safely, comfortably and efficiently. Workplace assessment is most useful before pain, fatigue, injury or repeated mistakes become serious. First observe the task, posture, lighting, tools, noise and workload. Next identify hazards, then improve the arrangement and check whether the improvement works. Option A is wrong because assessment is not mainly for blaming someone after an accident; prevention is more valuable. Option B is wrong because ergonomics makes work visible so it can be improved, not hidden. Option C is wrong because removing breaks can increase fatigue and risk. Option D is correct because early observation allows corrective action before harm grows. Memory cue: assess early, prevent later.

Correct answer: B. Providing proper support for hand or elbow

Fine hand work, such as writing, stitching, drawing, or assembling a small object, requires controlled and steady movements. If the hand or elbow has proper support, some of the arm’s weight is taken by the supporting surface. This reduces unnecessary muscle effort and shaking, allowing the fingers to make smaller, more accurate movements. Good support should be comfortable and should not force the wrist or shoulder into an awkward position. It is an ergonomic arrangement because it matches the task with the worker’s physical needs.

Option B is correct because supporting the hand or elbow improves stability, control, and precision. A shaking table in option A makes accurate work harder. Switching off the light in option C reduces visibility and may cause strain. Keeping tools far away in option D adds unnecessary reaching and movement. Ergonomics aims to make work safer, easier, and more efficient, so suitable support is the logical choice.

Correct answer: C. Better health can increase productivity and quality

The direct answer is option C: better health can increase productivity and quality. Ergonomics benefits both people and the organisation because a safe, comfortable workplace reduces physical strain and helps workers perform tasks steadily. Step by step: suitable posture and equipment reduce pain and fatigue; fewer problems can mean fewer absences and interruptions; a healthier worker can concentrate better; better concentration may improve both the amount and quality of work. Option C is correct because it states this dual benefit without promising an automatic result in every case. Option A is wrong because ergonomic design supports useful work rather than stopping all tasks. Option B is wrong because safety rules remain important; ergonomics does not make rules unnecessary. Option D is wrong because increased cost without reason is not a benefit and is not the normal purpose of ergonomics. Memory cue: healthy worker plus suitable workplace can mean better productivity and quality.

Correct answer: A. Short planned breaks between long work

Direct answer: A, take short planned breaks between long periods of work. Ergonomic work is not only about furniture and posture; it also includes organising time so the body can recover. During a long task, brief planned pauses allow muscles and eyes to relax, reduce fatigue and help maintain attention. Option A is correct because it balances work with recovery while allowing the task to continue. Option B is wrong because uninterrupted work can increase tiredness, stiffness and errors. Option C is wrong because removing rest completely ignores the body’s need for recovery. Option D is wrong because only resting and doing no work is not a balance between work and rest. The reasoning is: work for a suitable period, pause briefly, change position or relax, then resume safely. Breaks should be sensible and should not replace all responsibility. Memory cue: “short planned pauses prevent long-lasting strain.”

Correct answer: D. Safe movement and fewer obstacles

An organised place reduces collisions and searching problems. In exams, connect cleanliness with safety.

Correct answer: B. Place the screen in front and at proper height

A front screen reduces unnecessary neck movement. In exams, connect screen position with neck health.

Correct answer: C. To reduce chances of wrong use and accidents

Clear signs help correct decisions and safe behaviour. In exams, treat information arrangement also as part of ergonomics.

Correct answer: A. Proper grip and adequate lighting

Small objects need both grip and visual clarity. In exams, choose the measure according to task nature.

Correct answer: D. To reduce unsafe reach and body strain

The direct answer is D: reduce unsafe reach and body strain. A shelf at an unsuitable height may force a worker to bend too far, stretch above shoulder level, twist the body, or use a stool. These actions can reduce balance, make objects fall, and place extra load on the back, shoulders, neck, or arms. Ergonomic shelf placement keeps commonly used items within a safe and comfortable reach. Option D is correct because it explains both safety and body comfort. Option A is wrong because the purpose is not to hide files. Option B is wrong because shelf height is not selected to change colour. Option C is wrong because good design supports continued work rather than stopping it. Remember: store frequently used objects between comfortable waist and shoulder reach whenever possible.

Correct answer: B. Keeping work demands according to human capacity

Work becomes safe and convenient when matched with human capacity. In exams, connect the definition with human capacity.

Correct answer: C. Changes in fatigue pain errors and productivity

The effect of improvement is seen through health and work outcomes. In exams, focus on measurable changes.

Correct answer: A. Suitable surface and rest breaks for standing work

Long standing work can increase pressure on feet and back. In exams, consider comfort for standing work too.

Correct answer: A. To perform work safely and effectively with less effort

The purpose of teaching the correct work method in ergonomics is to perform work safely and effectively with less physical effort. Proper posture, suitable use of tools, and an appropriately arranged workstation reduce fatigue and the risk of injury. Increasing speed while increasing body strain is not an ergonomic goal. Exam tip: Associate ergonomics with safety, comfort, efficiency, and reduced physical strain.

Correct answer: B. Keeping frequently used items near the work area

Nearby items save searching and walking time. In exams, connect time saving with work arrangement.

Correct answer: C. To know the real problem area

The direct answer is C: asking employees about pain or discomfort helps identify the real problem area. Ergonomics is user-centred, so the worker’s actual experience is important evidence. The reasoning is: the worker performs the task repeatedly, notices where strain occurs, and can describe which movement, tool, height or posture causes difficulty. That information helps the designer or supervisor investigate and improve the workplace. Option A is wrong because questions should not be used to blame the employee. Option B is too extreme and wrong; the purpose is usually to improve work, not automatically stop it. Option C is correct because discomfort reports locate possible ergonomic hazards. Option D is opposite to the purpose: useful answers should inform a report, not leave it blank. The worker’s report should be considered along with observation and, when needed, professional advice. Memory cue: “Ask the user to find the real strain.”

Correct answer: A. Keeping work within a comfortable reach zone

A comfortable reach zone reduces unnecessary body strain. In exams, treat reach zone as a basic principle.

Correct answer: D. Change tool or work height to keep the wrist straight

Adjusting the height of the tool or work surface helps keep the wrist in a neutral, straight position. This reduces repeated strain on the wrist muscles and tendons. Keeping the work farther away may require extra reaching, so it is not an appropriate improvement. Exam tip: In ergonomics questions, prefer adjustments that keep the wrist, neck, and back in neutral postures.

Correct answer: B. Safe layout correct tools and clear pathways

Safe arrangement reduces chances of accidents. In exams, see layout tools and pathways together.

Correct answer: C. Designing work by considering human health comfort and performance

Ergonomics is human-centred work design. In exams, remember health comfort and performance together.

Correct answer: B. Reducing muscle and eye strain

Answer: B, micro-breaks reduce muscle and eye strain. A micro-break is a short, planned pause or brief change of activity during work. It gives muscles an opportunity to relax, allows the eyes to look away from close or fixed work, and helps the worker change position. These pauses can reduce the build-up of fatigue and discomfort, especially during repetitive tasks or prolonged screen work. A is wrong because a micro-break is temporary, not permanent stopping. C is unrelated to ergonomics. D is wrong because a properly planned break supports safe work rather than removing safety. B is correct because the main benefit is relief from physical and visual strain. Memory cue: micro-break means a small pause for recovery, not avoidance of work.