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A. insert और vector को compatible बनाना/Making insert and vector compatible
Step 1
Concept
Cutting gives insert and vector ends that can join. Ligation follows this step.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. insert और vector को compatible बनाना / Making insert and vector compatible. Cutting gives insert and vector ends that can join. Ligation follows this step.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cutting insert और vector को ऐसे ends देता है जो जुड़ सकते हैं। इसके बाद ligation step आता है।
B. desired DNA fragment को vector या source DNA से अलग करना/Separating desired DNA fragment from vector or source DNA
Step 1
Concept
In insert release the desired fragment is cut out by restriction sites. It can be purified from gel.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. desired DNA fragment को vector या source DNA से अलग करना / Separating desired DNA fragment from vector or source DNA. In insert release the desired fragment is cut out by restriction sites. It can be purified from gel.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Insert release में desired fragment restriction sites से cut होकर अलग होता है। इसे gel से purify किया जा सकता है।
C. मुख्य vector DNA जिसमें cloning elements होते हैं/Main vector DNA containing cloning elements
Step 1
Concept
The vector backbone contains elements like origin marker and cloning site. The insert is joined into it.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. मुख्य vector DNA जिसमें cloning elements होते हैं / Main vector DNA containing cloning elements. The vector backbone contains elements like origin marker and cloning site. The insert is joined into it.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Vector backbone में origin marker और cloning site जैसी elements होती हैं। Insert इसी में जोड़ा जाता है।
D. agarose gel electrophoresis से/By agarose gel electrophoresis
Step 1
Concept
Gel electrophoresis separates fragments by size. Thus insert and backbone bands can be seen.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. agarose gel electrophoresis से / By agarose gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis separates fragments by size. Thus insert and backbone bands can be seen.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Gel electrophoresis fragments को size के आधार पर अलग करता है। इससे insert और backbone bands दिख सकते हैं।
A. कई restriction sites देना/Providing multiple restriction sites
Step 1
Concept
MCS contains many restriction sites. This allows insert cloning using suitable enzymes.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कई restriction sites देना / Providing multiple restriction sites. MCS contains many restriction sites. This allows insert cloning using suitable enzymes.
Step 3
Exam Tip
MCS में कई restriction sites होती हैं। इससे suitable enzyme चुनकर insert cloning की जा सकती है।
C. cloning enzyme choice में flexibility देता है/It gives flexibility in choosing cloning enzymes
Step 1
Concept
Multiple sites allow cloning with different enzymes. This is a major benefit of MCS.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. cloning enzyme choice में flexibility देता है / It gives flexibility in choosing cloning enzymes. Multiple sites allow cloning with different enzymes. This is a major benefit of MCS.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Multiple sites अलग-अलग enzymes से cloning की सुविधा देते हैं। यह MCS का बड़ा लाभ है।
D. insert unwanted fragments में कट सकता है/Insert can cut into unwanted fragments
Step 1
Concept
If the chosen enzyme cuts inside the insert the desired gene can break. Check sequence before enzyme choice.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. insert unwanted fragments में कट सकता है / Insert can cut into unwanted fragments. If the chosen enzyme cuts inside the insert the desired gene can break. Check sequence before enzyme choice.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अगर chosen enzyme insert के अंदर cut करे तो desired gene टूट सकता है। Enzyme choice से पहले sequence check करें।
A. internal restriction sites से बचने के लिए/To avoid internal restriction sites
Step 1
Concept
If the chosen enzyme site is inside the insert the insert can break. Therefore sequence analysis is needed in cloning planning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. internal restriction sites से बचने के लिए / To avoid internal restriction sites. If the chosen enzyme site is inside the insert the insert can break. Therefore sequence analysis is needed in cloning planning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Insert में chosen enzyme site हो तो insert टूट सकता है। इसलिए sequence analysis cloning planning में जरूरी है।
B. different band sizes pattern से/By different band size pattern
Step 1
Concept
Depending on insert orientation distances between restriction sites can change. Digest pattern can indicate orientation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. different band sizes pattern से / By different band size pattern. Depending on insert orientation distances between restriction sites can change. Digest pattern can indicate orientation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Insert orientation के अनुसार restriction sites की distance बदल सकती है। Digest pattern से orientation का संकेत मिलता है।
C. plasmid linearization या simple size check के लिए/For plasmid linearization or simple size check
Step 1
Concept
A single cut can convert plasmid into linear form. This can help check approximate plasmid size.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. plasmid linearization या simple size check के लिए / For plasmid linearization or simple size check. A single cut can convert plasmid into linear form. This can help check approximate plasmid size.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Single cut plasmid को linear form में बदल सकता है। इससे approximate plasmid size check हो सकता है।
D. insert size या orientation बेहतर check करना/Better checking insert size or orientation
Step 1
Concept
Two enzymes give an expected fragment pattern. This can make clone verification more informative.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. insert size या orientation बेहतर check करना / Better checking insert size or orientation. Two enzymes give an expected fragment pattern. This can make clone verification more informative.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Two enzymes expected fragment pattern देते हैं। इससे clone verification अधिक informative हो सकता है।
A. incomplete digestion के कारण/Due to incomplete digestion
Step 1
Concept
In incomplete digestion some plasmid can remain uncut. Uncut and cut forms can appear together on gel.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. incomplete digestion के कारण / Due to incomplete digestion. In incomplete digestion some plasmid can remain uncut. Uncut and cut forms can appear together on gel.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Incomplete digestion में कुछ plasmid uncut रह सकता है। Gel पर uncut और cut forms साथ दिख सकते हैं।
B. degraded DNA या nonspecific cutting/Degraded DNA or nonspecific cutting
Step 1
Concept
A smear can show DNA degradation or a problem like star activity. Check reaction conditions.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. degraded DNA या nonspecific cutting / Degraded DNA or nonspecific cutting. A smear can show DNA degradation or a problem like star activity. Check reaction conditions.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Smear DNA degradation या star activity जैसी समस्या दिखा सकता है। Reaction conditions check करें।
A. insert absent या digestion failed हो सकता है/Insert may be absent or digestion failed
Step 1
Concept
Absence of expected band can indicate wrong clone partial digestion or low DNA amount. Confirm with controls.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. insert absent या digestion failed हो सकता है / Insert may be absent or digestion failed. Absence of expected band can indicate wrong clone partial digestion or low DNA amount. Confirm with controls.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Expected band न होना wrong clone partial digestion या low DNA amount का संकेत हो सकता है। Controls से confirm करें।
C. overloaded DNA या degradation/Overloaded DNA or degradation
Step 1
Concept
Too much DNA loading or degraded DNA can give a smear. Check gel loading and DNA quality.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. overloaded DNA या degradation / Overloaded DNA or degradation. Too much DNA loading or degraded DNA can give a smear. Check gel loading and DNA quality.
Step 3
Exam Tip
बहुत ज्यादा DNA loading या degraded DNA smear दे सकता है। Gel loading और DNA quality check करें।
D. fragment size estimate गलत हो सकता है/Fragment size estimate can be wrong
Step 1
Concept
The ladder should match the expected fragment range. Wrong ladder confuses size interpretation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. fragment size estimate गलत हो सकता है / Fragment size estimate can be wrong. The ladder should match the expected fragment range. Wrong ladder confuses size interpretation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ladder expected fragment range से match होनी चाहिए। गलत ladder size interpretation को confuse करती है।
B. DNA को specific fragments में काटने के लिए/To cut DNA into specific fragments
Step 1
Concept
Restriction enzyme cuts DNA into site-specific fragments. Fragment pattern is used in variation analysis.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. DNA को specific fragments में काटने के लिए / To cut DNA into specific fragments. Restriction enzyme cuts DNA into site-specific fragments. Fragment pattern is used in variation analysis.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction enzyme DNA को site-specific fragments में काटता है। Fragment pattern variation analysis में use होता है।
C. अगर partial digestion या wrong enzyme हो/If partial digestion or wrong enzyme occurs
Step 1
Concept
Partial digestion or wrong enzyme can give misleading band patterns. Confirm with controls and sequencing.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. अगर partial digestion या wrong enzyme हो / If partial digestion or wrong enzyme occurs. Partial digestion or wrong enzyme can give misleading band patterns. Confirm with controls and sequencing.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Partial digestion या wrong enzyme misleading band pattern दे सकते हैं। Controls और sequencing से पुष्टि करें।
A. desired compatible ends नहीं बनेंगे/Desired compatible ends will not form
Step 1
Concept
The wrong enzyme can cut vector or insert at the wrong place. This can cause cloning failure.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. desired compatible ends नहीं बनेंगे / Desired compatible ends will not form. The wrong enzyme can cut vector or insert at the wrong place. This can cause cloning failure.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Wrong enzyme vector या insert को गलत जगह काट सकता है। इससे cloning fail हो सकती है।
A. multiple similar reactions में pipetting variation घटाने के लिए/To reduce pipetting variation in multiple similar reactions
Step 1
Concept
A master mix keeps common components same. This improves reproducibility and pipetting accuracy.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. multiple similar reactions में pipetting variation घटाने के लिए / To reduce pipetting variation in multiple similar reactions. A master mix keeps common components same. This improves reproducibility and pipetting accuracy.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Master mix common components को समान रखता है। इससे reproducibility और pipetting accuracy बेहतर होती है।
C. sample mix-up रोकने के लिए/To prevent sample mix-up
Step 1
Concept
Clear labels prevent wrong enzyme or wrong sample mix-up. This is necessary for reliable results.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. sample mix-up रोकने के लिए / To prevent sample mix-up. Clear labels prevent wrong enzyme or wrong sample mix-up. This is necessary for reliable results.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Clear labels wrong enzyme या wrong sample mix-up से बचाते हैं। यह reliable result के लिए जरूरी है।
A. enzyme name buffer temperature और result/Enzyme name buffer temperature and result
Step 1
Concept
Records help troubleshooting and repeat experiments. Recording enzyme conditions is important.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme name buffer temperature और result / Enzyme name buffer temperature and result. Records help troubleshooting and repeat experiments. Recording enzyme conditions is important.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Records troubleshooting और repeat experiments में मदद करते हैं। Enzyme conditions का record important है।
B. sample और chemical safe handling से/Safe handling of sample and chemicals
Step 1
Concept
DNA samples and reagents should be handled safely. Follow PPE and disposal rules.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. sample और chemical safe handling से / Safe handling of sample and chemicals. DNA samples and reagents should be handled safely. Follow PPE and disposal rules.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA samples और reagents को safe तरीके से handle करना चाहिए। PPE और disposal rules follow करें।
A. safe handling और proper disposal/Safe handling and proper disposal
Step 1
Concept
Some DNA stains can be hazardous. Gloves and approved waste disposal are necessary.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. safe handling और proper disposal / Safe handling and proper disposal. Some DNA stains can be hazardous. Gloves and approved waste disposal are necessary.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कुछ DNA stains hazardous हो सकते हैं। Gloves और approved waste disposal जरूरी हैं।
A. band pattern record करने के लिए/To record band pattern
Step 1
Concept
A gel image records the band pattern. It is useful for clone verification and lab notebook.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. band pattern record करने के लिए / To record band pattern. A gel image records the band pattern. It is useful for clone verification and lab notebook.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Gel image band pattern का record देती है। यह clone verification और lab notebook के लिए उपयोगी है।
A. standard protocol और accurate records से/By standard protocol and accurate records
Step 1
Concept
Standard conditions and records help obtain similar results. This increases scientific reliability.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. standard protocol और accurate records से / By standard protocol and accurate records. Standard conditions and records help obtain similar results. This increases scientific reliability.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Standard conditions और records same result पाने में मदद करते हैं। यह scientific reliability बढ़ाता है।
A. sequencing exact base order बताती है/Sequencing tells the exact base order
Step 1
Concept
Restriction digest gives size pattern but not exact sequence. Sequencing can give final confirmation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. sequencing exact base order बताती है / Sequencing tells the exact base order. Restriction digest gives size pattern but not exact sequence. Sequencing can give final confirmation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction digest size pattern देता है पर exact sequence नहीं। Sequencing final confirmation दे सकती है।
A. restriction digestion DNA काटता है और PCR DNA amplify करता है/Restriction digestion cuts DNA and PCR amplifies DNA
Step 1
Concept
Restriction enzyme makes DNA fragments. PCR makes copies of a specific DNA region.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. restriction digestion DNA काटता है और PCR DNA amplify करता है / Restriction digestion cuts DNA and PCR amplifies DNA. Restriction enzyme makes DNA fragments. PCR makes copies of a specific DNA region.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction enzyme DNA fragments बनाता है। PCR specific DNA region की copies बनाता है।
A. restriction enzyme specific internal sites काटता है और exonuclease ends से हटाता है/Restriction enzyme cuts specific internal sites and exonuclease removes from ends
Step 1
Concept
Restriction endonucleases cut specific internal sites in DNA. Exonucleases remove nucleotides from ends.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. restriction enzyme specific internal sites काटता है और exonuclease ends से हटाता है / Restriction enzyme cuts specific internal sites and exonuclease removes from ends. Restriction endonucleases cut specific internal sites in DNA. Exonucleases remove nucleotides from ends.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction endonucleases DNA के अंदर specific sites काटते हैं। Exonucleases ends से nucleotides हटाते हैं।
A. nucleic acid के अंदर cut करने वाला enzyme/Enzyme that cuts inside nucleic acid
Step 1
Concept
An endonuclease cuts phosphodiester bonds within a nucleic acid chain. Restriction enzymes belong to this group.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. nucleic acid के अंदर cut करने वाला enzyme / Enzyme that cuts inside nucleic acid. An endonuclease cuts phosphodiester bonds within a nucleic acid chain. Restriction enzymes belong to this group.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Endonuclease nucleic acid chain के भीतर phosphodiester bonds काटता है। Restriction enzymes इसी group में आते हैं।
Bacteria can cut foreign DNA using restriction enzymes. This is a natural defense mechanism.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. bacterial defense against foreign DNA. Bacteria can cut foreign DNA using restriction enzymes. This is a natural defense mechanism.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Bacteria restriction enzymes से foreign DNA को काट सकते हैं। यह natural defense mechanism है।
A. host DNA को own restriction enzyme से बचाना/Protecting host DNA from its own restriction enzyme
Step 1
Concept
When host DNA is methylated the restriction enzyme does not cut it. Foreign unmethylated DNA can be cut.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. host DNA को own restriction enzyme से बचाना / Protecting host DNA from its own restriction enzyme. When host DNA is methylated the restriction enzyme does not cut it. Foreign unmethylated DNA can be cut.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Host DNA methylated होने पर restriction enzyme उसे नहीं काटता। Foreign unmethylated DNA काटा जा सकता है।
The name EcoRI is related to organism strain and order of discovery. Such naming conventions can be asked in exams.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. strain designation. The name EcoRI is related to organism strain and order of discovery. Such naming conventions can be asked in exams.
Step 3
Exam Tip
EcoRI नाम organism strain और order of discovery से जुड़ा है। ऐसे naming conventions exam में पूछे जा सकते हैं।
A. enzyme के origin को बताने के लिए/To indicate the origin of enzyme
Step 1
Concept
Restriction enzyme names are often derived from organism source. This makes naming systematic.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme के origin को बताने के लिए / To indicate the origin of enzyme. Restriction enzyme names are often derived from organism source. This makes naming systematic.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction enzyme names often organism source से बनते हैं। यह naming system को systematic बनाता है।
A. enzyme buffer और small fragments हटाने के लिए/To remove enzyme buffer and small fragments
Step 1
Concept
Purification can reduce ligation inhibitors. Clean compatible ends give better ligation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme buffer और small fragments हटाने के लिए / To remove enzyme buffer and small fragments. Purification can reduce ligation inhibitors. Clean compatible ends give better ligation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Purification ligation inhibitors को कम कर सकती है। Clean compatible ends better ligation देते हैं।
A. ligation efficiency को प्रभावित करता है/It affects ligation efficiency
Step 1
Concept
Suitable amounts of insert and vector help ligation success. Wrong ratio can give empty vector or low clones.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligation efficiency को प्रभावित करता है / It affects ligation efficiency. Suitable amounts of insert and vector help ligation success. Wrong ratio can give empty vector or low clones.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Insert और vector की suitable मात्रा ligation success में मदद करती है। गलत ratio empty vector या low clones दे सकता है।
A. blunt ends में complementary overhang नहीं होता/Blunt ends lack complementary overhang
Step 1
Concept
Sticky ends come together by complementary pairing. Blunt ends do not have this help.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. blunt ends में complementary overhang नहीं होता / Blunt ends lack complementary overhang. Sticky ends come together by complementary pairing. Blunt ends do not have this help.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Sticky ends complementary pairing से पास आते हैं। Blunt ends में यह सहायता नहीं होती।
A. वे complementary bases से आपस में चिपक सकते हैं/They can stick together by complementary bases
Step 1
Concept
Sticky ends can anneal because of complementary overhangs. Therefore they are also called cohesive ends.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. वे complementary bases से आपस में चिपक सकते हैं / They can stick together by complementary bases. Sticky ends can anneal because of complementary overhangs. Therefore they are also called cohesive ends.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Sticky ends complementary overhangs के कारण anneal कर सकते हैं। इसलिए इन्हें cohesive ends भी कहते हैं।
A. complementary sticky ends का pairing/Pairing of complementary sticky ends
Step 1
Concept
Complementary sticky ends can temporarily base pair. Ligase later forms the bond.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. complementary sticky ends का pairing / Pairing of complementary sticky ends. Complementary sticky ends can temporarily base pair. Ligase later forms the bond.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Complementary sticky ends temporary base pairing कर सकते हैं। Ligase बाद में bond बनाता है।
A. phosphodiester bonds बनाकर/By forming phosphodiester bonds
Step 1
Concept
Ligase forms phosphodiester bonds in the DNA backbone. This makes recombinant DNA stable.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. phosphodiester bonds बनाकर / By forming phosphodiester bonds. Ligase forms phosphodiester bonds in the DNA backbone. This makes recombinant DNA stable.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase DNA backbone में phosphodiester bonds बनाता है। इससे recombinant DNA स्थायी बनता है।
After cutting compatible DNA fragments are joined by ligase. This is the next step of recombinant DNA formation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA ligation. After cutting compatible DNA fragments are joined by ligase. This is the next step of recombinant DNA formation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cutting के बाद compatible DNA fragments को ligase से जोड़ा जाता है। यह recombinant DNA formation का next step है।
A. enzyme buffer temperature और DNA quality/Enzyme buffer temperature and DNA quality
Step 1
Concept
Digestion failure can often relate to enzyme condition DNA purity or temperature. Check controls too.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme buffer temperature और DNA quality / Enzyme buffer temperature and DNA quality. Digestion failure can often relate to enzyme condition DNA purity or temperature. Check controls too.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Digestion failure अक्सर enzyme condition DNA purity या temperature से जुड़ा हो सकता है। Controls भी check करें।
A. enzyme names expected bands observed bands और conditions/Enzyme names expected bands observed bands and conditions
Step 1
Concept
The report compares expected and observed patterns. This helps result interpretation and repeat work.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme names expected bands observed bands और conditions / Enzyme names expected bands observed bands and conditions. The report compares expected and observed patterns. This helps result interpretation and repeat work.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Report में expected और observed pattern compare किया जाता है। इससे result interpretation और repeat work आसान होता है।
A. construct या digestion सही है या नहीं जानने के लिए/To know whether construct or digestion is correct
Step 1
Concept
Expected pattern comes from the map and observed pattern comes from gel. Comparison helps clone verification.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. construct या digestion सही है या नहीं जानने के लिए / To know whether construct or digestion is correct. Expected pattern comes from the map and observed pattern comes from gel. Comparison helps clone verification.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Expected pattern map से आता है और observed pattern gel से मिलता है। Comparison clone verification में मदद करता है।
A. enzyme choice restriction map diagnostic digest और gel interpretation याद रखें/Remember enzyme choice restriction map diagnostic digest and gel interpretation
Step 1
Concept
Cutting of DNA is important in both cloning planning and clone verification. Compare band pattern with the map.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme choice restriction map diagnostic digest और gel interpretation याद रखें / Remember enzyme choice restriction map diagnostic digest and gel interpretation. Cutting of DNA is important in both cloning planning and clone verification. Compare band pattern with the map.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cutting of DNA cloning planning और clone verification दोनों में important है। Band pattern को map से compare करें।
A. सही restriction enzyme से DNA काटकर compatible fragments बनते हैं और gel से verify होते हैं/Correct restriction enzyme cuts DNA to make compatible fragments and they are verified by gel
Step 1
Concept
Restriction digestion is a key step in cloning and verification. Correct enzyme condition controls and gel interpretation are necessary.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सही restriction enzyme से DNA काटकर compatible fragments बनते हैं और gel से verify होते हैं / Correct restriction enzyme cuts DNA to make compatible fragments and they are verified by gel. Restriction digestion is a key step in cloning and verification. Correct enzyme condition controls and gel interpretation are necessary.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction digestion cloning और verification की key step है। सही enzyme condition controls और gel interpretation जरूरी हैं।
