The February Revolution in Petrograd

Correct answer: C. That working women were an active force at the movement’s beginning

On 23 February 1917, women workers led strikes in Petrograd. Their participation shows that working women helped initiate and give momentum to the mass movement.

Correct answer: B. They brought demands arising from bread shortages into public protest

On International Women’s Day in 1917, women workers joined strikes and protested against food shortages and hardship. This made demands connected to daily life part of a wider public movement.

Correct answer: A. The movement arose spontaneously from deep public discontent

At the start of the February movement in 1917, workers took action without active direction from political parties. This supports the view that the protests arose spontaneously from deep public discontent.

Correct answer: A. Opposition to Tsarist rule extended beyond workers to some political representatives

During the 1917 crisis, criticism from some Duma leaders showed that opposition to the Tsarist government was not confined to workers; it had also reached political representatives.

Correct answer: A. The livelihood and working conditions of workers and ordinary people

In 1917, demands for bread concerned people’s livelihood, while demands for wages and shorter hours concerned workers’ conditions. Together, they expressed economic hardship and labour grievances.

Correct answer: B. It challenged autocratic political rule directly

Food shortages were an economic grievance, but a demand for democracy concerned how the country was governed. In 1917, it therefore challenged the Tsar’s autocratic rule politically.

Correct answer: A. Because the regime could no longer rely on its troops to suppress the protests

In 1917, soldiers joined the demonstrators instead of reliably enforcing the Tsarist government’s orders. The regime’s loss of military support made it much harder to suppress the uprising and helped bring Tsarist rule to an end.

Correct answer: B. इसने मजदूरों और सैनिकों को प्रतिनिधित्व का मंच दिया

The Petrograd Soviet represented workers and soldiers and became a centre of popular authority alongside the Provisional Government in 1917. This situation is often described as dual power.

Correct answer: A. पुराने प्रतिनिधि संस्थान के स्थान पर एक नई जन परिषद बनी

The Tauride Palace had been the meeting place of the Duma. The Soviet's formation there symbolised the emergence of a new workers' and soldiers' representative body in a space associated with the old political order.

Correct answer: D. जन आंदोलन, सैनिक विद्रोह और जार का राजनीतिक रूप से अलग-थलग पड़ना

In 1917, mass protests and strikes in Petrograd were joined by soldiers who refused to support the Tsar. As the Tsar also lost political and military backing, he abdicated; it was not simply a personal decision.

Correct answer: A. फरवरी में जारशाही का अंत हुआ और अक्टूबर में बोल्शेविक सत्ता में आए

The February Revolution ended Tsarist rule and led to a Provisional Government. In October 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power. The two revolutions therefore brought different changes in government.

Correct answer: A. वे लोगों की रोजमर्रा की कठिनाई और भोजन की आपूर्ति में सरकारी विफलता दिखाती थीं

Long queues for bread showed that people were struggling to obtain food. When the government could not meet this basic need, it weakened public confidence in its ability to govern.

Correct answer: B. वहाँ मजदूरों ने सामूहिक हड़तालें कीं और संगठन बनाया

Factories brought workers together, making it easier for them to organise and act collectively. During the 1917 revolution, workers used strikes to express political demands and oppose the regime.

Correct answer: A. इसने श्रमिक महिलाओं की सक्रिय राजनीतिक भागीदारी दिखाई

Women textile workers took part in the strikes that helped launch the February Revolution in 1917. Their actions showed that working women were active in both labour protest and public political life.

Correct answer: C. A broad anti-regime movement

The governing concept is that a revolution can combine immediate economic grievances with wider political demands. In Petrograd, people protested shortages, rising prices, and poor working conditions, but they also challenged the war, autocratic rule, and the authority of the Tsarist government. Because these demands operated together, the February Revolution cannot be reduced to a food campaign. Option C is therefore correct: it was a broad anti-regime movement. Option A identifies only one part of the grievance, while B and D do not describe the mass strikes, demonstrations, and political challenge that shaped the revolution.

Correct answer: A. पुरानी दमनकारी सत्ता कमजोर हो रही थी और नई जन-सत्ता उभर रही थी

The attack on the police headquarters showed that the old regime's coercive authority was weakening. The formation of the Soviet showed that workers and soldiers were building a new centre of representation and power.

Correct answer: A. सैन्य नेतृत्व भी जार के समर्थन में एकजुट नहीं रहा था

In 1917, senior commanders advised Nicholas II to abdicate amid the unrest. Their advice showed that the Tsar had lost the firm support of the military leadership, an important part of his power base.

Correct answer: A. हड़तालों, सैनिक विद्रोह और राजनीतिक दबाव ने जार को पदत्याग के लिए मजबूर किया

In 1917, strikes and protests in Petrograd spread and soldiers joined the revolt. This weakened the Tsar's ability to govern and increased political pressure until Nicholas II abdicated, bringing Tsarist rule to an end.

Correct answer: A. Economic hardship and military discontent together weakened the regime

Bread shortages and hardship fuelled public protests, while soldiers’ mutiny weakened the government’s ability to suppress them. Together, these pressures turned discontent into a crisis for the regime.

Correct answer: A. The concentration of workers and important institutions shaped where protests gathered and confronted authority

Petrograd’s factories and public institutions concentrated workers and political authority in the city. This helped shape where demonstrations gathered and made the protests a direct challenge to the regime.

Correct answer: A. It publicly showed that the regime could not easily control the capital

Large protests in the capital made opposition to the regime visible and showed that its authority was being challenged. This weakened the public appearance of its control and legitimacy.

Correct answer: A. Both repressive machinery and army loyalty were breaking

The direct answer is A: both the repressive machinery and the army’s loyalty were breaking. In Tsarist Russia, the police enforced the ruler’s orders and the army protected the government. During the February Revolution, attacking the police headquarters showed that the police could no longer control the people. Soldiers’ mutiny showed that troops were refusing to obey the Tsar and were joining or supporting the protesters. Step by step: police control weakened; soldiers disobeyed; therefore the two main supports of Tsarism were failing. B is wrong because rising agriculture and trade do not explain these attacks. C is wrong because the Duma and Tsar were not both becoming stronger; the regime was losing control. D is wrong because bread shortages and economic hardship were important causes, not sufficient supplies. Memory cue: when police and soldiers stop supporting a ruler, political power is close to collapse.

Correct answer: A. Long-standing discontent turned into an open crisis of power within days

In the chronology used in the chapter, a factory lockout on 22 February was followed by strikes and demonstrations; by 27 February, soldiers had mutinied and the Petrograd Soviet had formed. This rapid escalation turned long-standing discontent into a crisis of power.

Correct answer: A. Some soldiers sent to suppress the protests mutinied and joined the people

When soldiers sent to suppress the demonstrations mutinied and joined the protesters, the Tsarist government lost an important means of controlling the uprising. This made the combined pressure a decisive challenge to Tsarism.

Correct answer: A. It became an important centre of political authority and power struggles

The Petrograd Soviet represented workers and soldiers and became an important centre of authority alongside the Provisional Government after the Tsar’s fall. This ‘dual power’ shaped the political struggles that followed, including the events of October.