B. विशिष्ट न्यूक्लियोटाइड क्रम/Specific nucleotide sequence
Step 1
Concept
Restriction enzymes recognize specific nucleotide sequences in DNA. Keep sequence specificity as the key exam point.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. विशिष्ट न्यूक्लियोटाइड क्रम / Specific nucleotide sequence. Restriction enzymes recognize specific nucleotide sequences in DNA. Keep sequence specificity as the key exam point.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिबंध एंजाइम डीएनए में विशेष न्यूक्लियोटाइड क्रम पहचानते हैं। परीक्षा में sequence specificity को मुख्य बिंदु रखें।
Restriction enzymes are naturally found in bacteria. Bacteria use them to defend against foreign DNA.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. जीवाणु कोशिका / Bacterial cell. Restriction enzymes are naturally found in bacteria. Bacteria use them to defend against foreign DNA.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिबंध एंजाइम मूल रूप से जीवाणुओं में पाए जाते हैं। जीवाणु इन्हें विदेशी डीएनए से रक्षा के लिए उपयोग करते हैं।
A. डीएनए को विशिष्ट स्थानों पर काटना/Cutting DNA at specific sites
Step 1
Concept
Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sites. They are also called molecular scissors.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. डीएनए को विशिष्ट स्थानों पर काटना / Cutting DNA at specific sites. Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sites. They are also called molecular scissors.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिबंध एंजाइम डीएनए को विशिष्ट पहचान स्थलों पर काटते हैं। इन्हें आणविक कैंची भी कहा जाता है।
B. यह डीएनए का पहचाना जाने वाला क्रम है/It is a recognized sequence of DNA
Step 1
Concept
A restriction site is the DNA sequence recognized by the enzyme. The cut may occur at or near that site.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. यह डीएनए का पहचाना जाने वाला क्रम है / It is a recognized sequence of DNA. A restriction site is the DNA sequence recognized by the enzyme. The cut may occur at or near that site.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिबंध स्थल वह डीएनए क्रम है जिसे एंजाइम पहचानता है। कट उसी स्थान पर या उसके पास हो सकता है।
D. कोई एकल तंतु उभार नहीं होता/They have no single stranded overhang
Step 1
Concept
Blunt ends are straight cut and have no overhang. This is the main difference from sticky ends.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. कोई एकल तंतु उभार नहीं होता / They have no single stranded overhang. Blunt ends are straight cut and have no overhang. This is the main difference from sticky ends.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मंद सिरे सीधे कटे होते हैं और उनमें overhang नहीं होता। यह sticky ends से मुख्य अंतर है।
B. प्रतिबंध एंजाइम काटता है और लाइगेज जोड़ता है/Restriction enzyme cuts and ligase joins
Step 1
Concept
Restriction enzyme cuts DNA and DNA ligase joins cut fragments. This is a basic difference in recombinant DNA technology.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. प्रतिबंध एंजाइम काटता है और लाइगेज जोड़ता है / Restriction enzyme cuts and ligase joins. Restriction enzyme cuts DNA and DNA ligase joins cut fragments. This is a basic difference in recombinant DNA technology.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिबंध एंजाइम डीएनए काटता है और डीएनए लाइगेज कटे खंडों को जोड़ता है। यह recombinant DNA तकनीक का मूल अंतर है।
C. विशिष्ट डीएनए क्रम काटने के लिए/Cutting a specific DNA sequence
Step 1
Concept
EcoRI is a famous restriction enzyme. It cuts after recognizing a specific DNA sequence.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. विशिष्ट डीएनए क्रम काटने के लिए / Cutting a specific DNA sequence. EcoRI is a famous restriction enzyme. It cuts after recognizing a specific DNA sequence.
Step 3
Exam Tip
EcoRI एक प्रसिद्ध प्रतिबंध एंजाइम है। यह विशिष्ट डीएनए क्रम पहचानकर कट करता है।
In EcoRI E is linked with the genus Escherichia of the source organism. Source organism is important in nomenclature.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Escherichia. In EcoRI E is linked with the genus Escherichia of the source organism. Source organism is important in nomenclature.
Step 3
Exam Tip
EcoRI में E स्रोत जीव Escherichia के genus से जुड़ा है। नामकरण में स्रोत जीव की जानकारी महत्वपूर्ण होती है।
Bacteria can cut foreign DNA such as phage DNA using restriction enzymes. Remember this as the natural defense role.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. विदेशी डीएनए को काटना / Cutting foreign DNA. Bacteria can cut foreign DNA such as phage DNA using restriction enzymes. Remember this as the natural defense role.
Step 3
Exam Tip
जीवाणु फेज जैसे विदेशी डीएनए को प्रतिबंध एंजाइमों से काट सकते हैं। इसे natural defense role के रूप में याद रखें।
B. विदेशी डीएनए काटना और अपना डीएनए सुरक्षित करना/Cutting foreign DNA and protecting self DNA
Step 1
Concept
In this system the restriction enzyme cuts foreign DNA and methylase protects self DNA. It is linked with bacterial defense.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. विदेशी डीएनए काटना और अपना डीएनए सुरक्षित करना / Cutting foreign DNA and protecting self DNA. In this system the restriction enzyme cuts foreign DNA and methylase protects self DNA. It is linked with bacterial defense.
Step 3
Exam Tip
इस प्रणाली में restriction enzyme विदेशी डीएनए काटता है और methylase अपना डीएनए बचाता है। यह जीवाणु रक्षा से जुड़ी है।
A. वे पहचान स्थल पर या उसके पास कट करते हैं/They cut at or near recognition sites
Step 1
Concept
Type II enzymes have clear cut sites. Therefore they are easy to use in cloning and mapping.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. वे पहचान स्थल पर या उसके पास कट करते हैं / They cut at or near recognition sites. Type II enzymes have clear cut sites. Therefore they are easy to use in cloning and mapping.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रकार द्वितीय एंजाइमों के cut sites स्पष्ट होते हैं। इसलिए cloning और mapping में उनका प्रयोग आसान होता है।
Vector and desired gene can be cut with a suitable restriction enzyme. This can produce compatible ends.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. वेक्टर और जीन को काटना / Cutting vector and gene. Vector and desired gene can be cut with a suitable restriction enzyme. This can produce compatible ends.
Step 3
Exam Tip
वेक्टर और वांछित जीन को उपयुक्त restriction enzyme से काटा जा सकता है। इससे compatible ends बन सकते हैं।
B. जब दोनों में अनुकूल सिरे हों/When both have compatible ends
Step 1
Concept
Compatible ends can pair by complementary bases. DNA ligase later joins them permanently.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. जब दोनों में अनुकूल सिरे हों / When both have compatible ends. Compatible ends can pair by complementary bases. DNA ligase later joins them permanently.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अनुकूल सिरे पूरक आधारों से जुड़ सकते हैं। बाद में DNA ligase उन्हें स्थायी रूप से जोड़ता है।
B. खंडों के आकार का अनुमान लगाने के लिए/To estimate fragment sizes
Step 1
Concept
A DNA ladder is a standard with known fragment sizes. It helps estimate the sizes of sample bands.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. खंडों के आकार का अनुमान लगाने के लिए / To estimate fragment sizes. A DNA ladder is a standard with known fragment sizes. It helps estimate the sizes of sample bands.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ladder ज्ञात आकार के खंडों का मानक है। इससे sample bands के आकार का अनुमान लगाया जाता है।
A. उनमें single stranded overhang होता है/They have a single stranded overhang
Step 1
Concept
Sticky ends have a single stranded overhang. This makes them able to join with complementary ends.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. उनमें single stranded overhang होता है / They have a single stranded overhang. Sticky ends have a single stranded overhang. This makes them able to join with complementary ends.
Step 3
Exam Tip
चिपचिपे सिरों में single stranded overhang होता है। यही उन्हें complementary ends से जुड़ने योग्य बनाता है।
One cut on a circular plasmid makes it a linear molecule. This is a basic rule of plasmid digestion.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. एक linear plasmid / One linear plasmid. One cut on a circular plasmid makes it a linear molecule. This is a basic rule of plasmid digestion.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Circular plasmid पर एक cut उसे linear molecule बना देता है। यह plasmid digestion का basic rule है।
A. DNA पर restriction sites की स्थिति/Positions of restriction sites on DNA
Step 1
Concept
A restriction map shows positions of enzyme cut sites on DNA. It helps predict expected fragments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA पर restriction sites की स्थिति / Positions of restriction sites on DNA. A restriction map shows positions of enzyme cut sites on DNA. It helps predict expected fragments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction map DNA पर enzyme cut sites की स्थिति बताता है। इससे expected fragments का अनुमान लगाया जा सकता है।
A. restriction enzyme द्वारा DNA काटना/Cutting DNA by restriction enzyme
Step 1
Concept
In restriction digestion a restriction enzyme cuts DNA at its recognition sites. This is a common lab practical term.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. restriction enzyme द्वारा DNA काटना / Cutting DNA by restriction enzyme. In restriction digestion a restriction enzyme cuts DNA at its recognition sites. This is a common lab practical term.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction digestion में restriction enzyme DNA को अपने recognition sites पर काटता है। यह lab practical का common term है।
A. गलत conditions में non-specific cutting/Non-specific cutting under wrong conditions
Step 1
Concept
In star activity an enzyme may cut outside its normal specificity. Wrong buffer or excess enzyme can cause it.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. गलत conditions में non-specific cutting / Non-specific cutting under wrong conditions. In star activity an enzyme may cut outside its normal specificity. Wrong buffer or excess enzyme can cause it.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Star activity में enzyme अपने normal specificity से हटकर cut कर सकता है। गलत buffer या excess enzyme इसके कारण हो सकते हैं।
Many Type II restriction enzymes work properly in the presence of Mg ion. This is why reaction buffer is important.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. मैग्नीशियम आयन / Magnesium ion. Many Type II restriction enzymes work properly in the presence of Mg ion. This is why reaction buffer is important.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कई Type II restriction enzymes Mg ion की उपस्थिति में ठीक काम करते हैं। Reaction buffer इसीलिए महत्वपूर्ण होता है।
A. enzyme activity सुरक्षित रखना/To preserve enzyme activity
Step 1
Concept
Restriction enzymes are protein in nature and can become inactive by heat. Cold storage preserves activity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme activity सुरक्षित रखना / To preserve enzyme activity. Restriction enzymes are protein in nature and can become inactive by heat. Cold storage preserves activity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction enzymes protein nature के होते हैं और heat से inactive हो सकते हैं। Cold storage activity को बचाता है।
A. cutting प्रभावित हो सकती है/Cutting may be affected
Step 1
Concept
Buffer gives the enzyme proper pH and ionic conditions. A wrong buffer can reduce or alter enzyme activity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. cutting प्रभावित हो सकती है / Cutting may be affected. Buffer gives the enzyme proper pH and ionic conditions. A wrong buffer can reduce or alter enzyme activity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Buffer enzyme को सही pH और ionic condition देता है। गलत buffer enzyme activity घटा या बदल सकता है।
D. वे starch digestion के मुख्य enzyme हैं/They are the main enzymes for starch digestion
Step 1
Concept
Restriction enzymes are not enzymes for starch digestion. Their main role is DNA cutting.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. वे starch digestion के मुख्य enzyme हैं / They are the main enzymes for starch digestion. Restriction enzymes are not enzymes for starch digestion. Their main role is DNA cutting.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction enzymes starch digestion के enzyme नहीं हैं। उनका मुख्य संबंध DNA cutting से है।
A. bacteria में foreign DNA defense/Foreign DNA defense in bacteria
Step 1
Concept
Bacteria defend themselves by cutting foreign DNA using restriction enzymes. This is their natural function.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. bacteria में foreign DNA defense / Foreign DNA defense in bacteria. Bacteria defend themselves by cutting foreign DNA using restriction enzymes. This is their natural function.
Step 3
Exam Tip
जीवाणु restriction enzymes से foreign DNA को काटकर रक्षा करते हैं। यह उनका natural function है।
A. उसमें कई restriction sites होते हैं/It has many restriction sites
Step 1
Concept
A multiple cloning site provides many restriction enzyme sites. This increases options for insert cloning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. उसमें कई restriction sites होते हैं / It has many restriction sites. A multiple cloning site provides many restriction enzyme sites. This increases options for insert cloning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Multiple cloning site कई restriction enzyme sites प्रदान करता है। इससे insert cloning के विकल्प बढ़ते हैं।
B. एक DNA sample को दो restriction enzymes से काटना/Cutting one DNA sample with two restriction enzymes
Step 1
Concept
In double digestion two different restriction enzymes act on one DNA sample. It can be useful in directional cloning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. एक DNA sample को दो restriction enzymes से काटना / Cutting one DNA sample with two restriction enzymes. In double digestion two different restriction enzymes act on one DNA sample. It can be useful in directional cloning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Double digestion में दो अलग restriction enzymes एक DNA sample पर काम करते हैं। यह directional cloning में उपयोगी हो सकता है।
A. insert की दिशा नियंत्रित हो सकती है/Insert orientation can be controlled
Step 1
Concept
Two different ends help insert the DNA in the correct orientation. This is the main benefit of directional cloning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. insert की दिशा नियंत्रित हो सकती है / Insert orientation can be controlled. Two different ends help insert the DNA in the correct orientation. This is the main benefit of directional cloning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
दो अलग ends insert को सही orientation में लगाने में मदद करते हैं। यह directional cloning का मुख्य लाभ है।
A. same sequence पहचानकर अलग position पर cut कर सकते हैं/They can recognize the same sequence but cut at different positions
Step 1
Concept
Neoschizomers can recognize the same sequence but may cut at different positions. This is restriction enzyme terminology.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. same sequence पहचानकर अलग position पर cut कर सकते हैं / They can recognize the same sequence but cut at different positions. Neoschizomers can recognize the same sequence but may cut at different positions. This is restriction enzyme terminology.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Neoschizomers same recognition sequence पहचान सकते हैं पर cut position अलग हो सकती है। यह restriction enzyme terminology है।
B. कुछ recognition sites पर cut न होना/Some recognition sites remain uncut
Step 1
Concept
In partial digestion not every recognition site is cut. This may show unexpected larger bands in a gel.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. कुछ recognition sites पर cut न होना / Some recognition sites remain uncut. In partial digestion not every recognition site is cut. This may show unexpected larger bands in a gel.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Partial digestion में हर recognition site कट नहीं पाता। इससे gel में unexpected larger bands दिख सकते हैं।
C. सभी उपलब्ध recognition sites पर cut होना/Cutting at all available recognition sites
Step 1
Concept
In complete digestion the enzyme cuts all available recognition sites. This gives the expected fragment pattern.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. सभी उपलब्ध recognition sites पर cut होना / Cutting at all available recognition sites. In complete digestion the enzyme cuts all available recognition sites. This gives the expected fragment pattern.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Complete digestion में enzyme सभी उपलब्ध recognition sites पर cut करता है। इससे expected fragment pattern मिलता है।
A. DNA को specific fragments में काटते हैं/They cut DNA into specific fragments
Step 1
Concept
In RFLP differences in lengths of cut DNA fragments are observed. Restriction enzyme helps create this pattern.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA को specific fragments में काटते हैं / They cut DNA into specific fragments. In RFLP differences in lengths of cut DNA fragments are observed. Restriction enzyme helps create this pattern.
Step 3
Exam Tip
RFLP में cut DNA fragments की लंबाई में अंतर देखा जाता है। Restriction enzyme इस pattern को बनाने में मदद करता है।
A. DNA fragments का pattern बनाना/Creating a pattern of DNA fragments
Step 1
Concept
Specific cutting creates a DNA fragment pattern. This can be useful in DNA comparison.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA fragments का pattern बनाना / Creating a pattern of DNA fragments. Specific cutting creates a DNA fragment pattern. This can be useful in DNA comparison.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Specific cutting से DNA fragment pattern बनता है। यह DNA comparison में उपयोगी हो सकता है।
A. दोनों strands पर opposite direction में same पढ़ा जा सकता है/It can read same on both strands in opposite direction
Step 1
Concept
Many restriction enzymes recognize palindromic DNA sequences. This is a common feature of recognition sites.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. दोनों strands पर opposite direction में same पढ़ा जा सकता है / It can read same on both strands in opposite direction. Many restriction enzymes recognize palindromic DNA sequences. This is a common feature of recognition sites.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कई restriction enzymes palindromic DNA sequences पहचानते हैं। यह recognition site का common feature है।
A. cutting रुक या घट सकती है/Cutting may stop or decrease
Step 1
Concept
Methylation can block cutting by many restriction enzymes. This helps bacteria protect their own DNA.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. cutting रुक या घट सकती है / Cutting may stop or decrease. Methylation can block cutting by many restriction enzymes. This helps bacteria protect their own DNA.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Methylation कई restriction enzymes की cutting रोक सकती है। इसी से bacteria अपना DNA बचाते हैं।
A. सही buffer और temperature/Proper buffer and temperature
Step 1
Concept
Restriction enzyme activity can depend on proper buffer and temperature. Remember reaction conditions in practical questions.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सही buffer और temperature / Proper buffer and temperature. Restriction enzyme activity can depend on proper buffer and temperature. Remember reaction conditions in practical questions.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction enzyme की activity सही buffer और temperature पर निर्भर कर सकती है। Practical questions में reaction condition याद रखें।
A. specific DNA sequence को cut करने वाला enzyme/Enzyme that cuts a specific DNA sequence
Step 1
Concept
A restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific sequence. It is a basic tool of biotechnology.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. specific DNA sequence को cut करने वाला enzyme / Enzyme that cuts a specific DNA sequence. A restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific sequence. It is a basic tool of biotechnology.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction enzyme DNA को specific sequence पर cut करता है। यह biotechnology का basic tool है।
A. enzyme name source recognition sequence और end type साथ याद करें/Remember enzyme name source recognition sequence and end type together
Step 1
Concept
Questions on restriction enzymes may ask source sequence and sticky or blunt ends. Revise them together.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme name source recognition sequence और end type साथ याद करें / Remember enzyme name source recognition sequence and end type together. Questions on restriction enzymes may ask source sequence and sticky or blunt ends. Revise them together.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction enzymes के प्रश्नों में source sequence और sticky या blunt ends पूछे जा सकते हैं। इन्हें एक साथ revise करें।
