Correct answer: A. Ramanuja
Explanation: The correct answer is A, Ramanuja. Ramanuja, the influential South Indian philosopher and theologian, is traditionally associated with Vishishtadvaita, or qualified non-dualism. This school teaches that reality is one but includes real distinctions, especially between the Supreme Being, individual souls and the material world; devotion to a personal God is central to the path of liberation. Kabir is known for a strongly nirgun devotional tradition and criticism of ritual divisions. Dadu Dayal also belonged to a devotional stream emphasising spiritual unity, while Namdev is remembered as an important poet-saint of the Bhakti tradition. These associations do not identify Vishishtadvaita as directly as Ramanuja does.