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DNA ligase forms phosphodiester bonds between cut vector and insert. This can make stable recombinant DNA.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. डीएनए लाइगेज / DNA ligase. DNA ligase forms phosphodiester bonds between cut vector and insert. This can make stable recombinant DNA.
Step 3
Exam Tip
डीएनए लाइगेज cut vector और insert के बीच phosphodiester bond बनाता है। इससे stable recombinant DNA बन सकता है।
A. vector और insert के बीच phosphodiester bond/Phosphodiester bond between vector and insert
Step 1
Concept
Ligase forms a phosphodiester bond between vector and insert. This makes the recombinant plasmid stable.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. vector और insert के बीच phosphodiester bond / Phosphodiester bond between vector and insert. Ligase forms a phosphodiester bond between vector and insert. This makes the recombinant plasmid stable.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase vector और insert के बीच phosphodiester bond बनाता है। यही recombinant plasmid को stable बनाता है।
Sticky ends have complementary overhangs. They can first come together by base pairing and then ligase joins them.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. complementary base pairing. Sticky ends have complementary overhangs. They can first come together by base pairing and then ligase joins them.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Sticky ends में complementary overhangs होते हैं। वे पहले base pairing से पास आ सकते हैं और फिर ligase उन्हें जोड़ता है।
Blunt ends do not have complementary overhangs. Therefore they lack initial pairing support like sticky ends.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. उनमें overhang नहीं होता / They have no overhang. Blunt ends do not have complementary overhangs. Therefore they lack initial pairing support like sticky ends.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Blunt ends में complementary overhang नहीं होता। इसलिए sticky ends की तरह initial pairing support नहीं मिलता।
DNA ligase repairs or creates phosphodiester bonds in the DNA backbone. It is needed for DNA continuity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. phosphodiester bond in DNA. DNA ligase repairs or creates phosphodiester bonds in the DNA backbone. It is needed for DNA continuity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase DNA backbone में phosphodiester bond repair या create करता है। यह DNA continuity के लिए जरूरी है।
D. Ligase Okazaki fragments जोड़ता है/Ligase joins Okazaki fragments
Step 1
Concept
Ligase joins Okazaki fragments and makes the lagging strand continuous. This is an important point in replication.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. Ligase Okazaki fragments जोड़ता है / Ligase joins Okazaki fragments. Ligase joins Okazaki fragments and makes the lagging strand continuous. This is an important point in replication.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase Okazaki fragments जोड़ता है और lagging strand को continuous बनाता है। यह replication का important point है।
A. Okazaki fragments जुड़े नहीं रहेंगे/Okazaki fragments will not remain joined
Step 1
Concept
If ligase is absent nicks between Okazaki fragments will not be sealed. The lagging strand will remain incomplete.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Okazaki fragments जुड़े नहीं रहेंगे / Okazaki fragments will not remain joined. If ligase is absent nicks between Okazaki fragments will not be sealed. The lagging strand will remain incomplete.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase absent होने पर Okazaki fragments के बीच nicks seal नहीं होंगे। इससे lagging strand incomplete रहेगा।
A. 3 prime OH और 5 prime phosphate/3 prime OH and 5 prime phosphate
Step 1
Concept
DNA ligase forms a covalent phosphodiester bond between 3 prime OH and 5 prime phosphate. This is the chemical basis of ligation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. 3 prime OH और 5 prime phosphate / 3 prime OH and 5 prime phosphate. DNA ligase forms a covalent phosphodiester bond between 3 prime OH and 5 prime phosphate. This is the chemical basis of ligation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA ligase 3 prime OH और 5 prime phosphate के बीच covalent phosphodiester bond बनाता है। यही ligation का chemical basis है।
A. self-ligation घट सकती है/Self-ligation can decrease
Step 1
Concept
Removing 5 prime phosphate from vector can reduce joining of its own ends. This helps control self-ligation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. self-ligation घट सकती है / Self-ligation can decrease. Removing 5 prime phosphate from vector can reduce joining of its own ends. This helps control self-ligation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Vector से 5 prime phosphate हटाने पर उसके अपने ends की joining घट सकती है। यह self-ligation control में मदद करता है।
Alkaline phosphatase can remove phosphate from vector ends. This can reduce vector self-ligation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. alkaline phosphatase treatment. Alkaline phosphatase can remove phosphate from vector ends. This can reduce vector self-ligation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Alkaline phosphatase vector ends से phosphate हटा सकता है। इससे vector self-ligation कम हो सकती है।
A. insert के पास सही phosphate ends हों/Insert has proper phosphate ends
Step 1
Concept
Dephosphorylated vector reduces self-ligation but proper insert ends help ligation. Chemical ends must be considered.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. insert के पास सही phosphate ends हों / Insert has proper phosphate ends. Dephosphorylated vector reduces self-ligation but proper insert ends help ligation. Chemical ends must be considered.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Dephosphorylated vector self-ligation घटाता है लेकिन proper insert ends ligation में मदद करते हैं। Chemical ends का ध्यान जरूरी है।
In directional cloning different ends are designed. Ligase joins compatible insert and vector ends.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. compatible designed ends of insert and vector. In directional cloning different ends are designed. Ligase joins compatible insert and vector ends.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Directional cloning में अलग ends design किए जाते हैं। Ligase compatible insert और vector ends को जोड़ता है।
A. insert orientation control हो सकता है/Insert orientation can be controlled
Step 1
Concept
Directional cloning helps join the insert in the desired orientation. Ligase then permanently joins the correct ends.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. insert orientation control हो सकता है / Insert orientation can be controlled. Directional cloning helps join the insert in the desired orientation. Ligase then permanently joins the correct ends.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Directional cloning insert को desired orientation में जोड़ने में मदद करती है। Ligase फिर सही ends को स्थायी रूप से जोड़ता है।
A self-ligated vector may close with its own ends but lacks the desired insert. Therefore it can be unwanted in cloning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. desired insert DNA. A self-ligated vector may close with its own ends but lacks the desired insert. Therefore it can be unwanted in cloning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Self-ligated vector अपने ends से बंद हो सकता है लेकिन desired insert नहीं होता। इसलिए यह cloning में unwanted हो सकता है।
A. desired recombinant molecule बनने की संभावना बढ़ाने के लिए/To increase chance of desired recombinant molecule formation
Step 1
Concept
A proper vector and insert ratio can improve desired ligation. Too little insert can form fewer recombinant plasmids.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. desired recombinant molecule बनने की संभावना बढ़ाने के लिए / To increase chance of desired recombinant molecule formation. A proper vector and insert ratio can improve desired ligation. Too little insert can form fewer recombinant plasmids.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Vector और insert का उचित अनुपात desired ligation को बेहतर कर सकता है। Too little insert से recombinant plasmid कम बन सकते हैं।
A. desired recombinant कम बन सकते हैं/Desired recombinants may be fewer
Step 1
Concept
Low insert can reduce the chance of desired joining with vector. Ratio is a practical factor in cloning experiments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. desired recombinant कम बन सकते हैं / Desired recombinants may be fewer. Low insert can reduce the chance of desired joining with vector. Ratio is a practical factor in cloning experiments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कम insert से vector के साथ desired joining की संभावना घट सकती है। Ratio cloning experiments में practical factor है।
A. enzyme activity preserve करने के लिए/To preserve enzyme activity
Step 1
Concept
Ligase is a protein enzyme and can become inactive by heat. Cold condition helps preserve activity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme activity preserve करने के लिए / To preserve enzyme activity. Ligase is a protein enzyme and can become inactive by heat. Cold condition helps preserve activity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase protein enzyme है और heat से inactive हो सकता है। Cold condition activity बचाने में मदद करती है।
A. ligation कमजोर या असफल हो सकती है/Ligation may be weak or fail
Step 1
Concept
T4 DNA ligase is ATP dependent. Without ATP bond formation can be affected.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligation कमजोर या असफल हो सकती है / Ligation may be weak or fail. T4 DNA ligase is ATP dependent. Without ATP bond formation can be affected.
Step 3
Exam Tip
T4 DNA ligase ATP dependent होता है। ATP न होने पर bond formation प्रभावित हो सकती है।
A. enzyme activity घट सकती है/Enzyme activity may decrease
Step 1
Concept
Proper buffer gives ligase correct pH and salt conditions. Wrong conditions can reduce activity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme activity घट सकती है / Enzyme activity may decrease. Proper buffer gives ligase correct pH and salt conditions. Wrong conditions can reduce activity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Proper buffer ligase को सही pH और salt conditions देता है। गलत conditions activity घटा सकती हैं।
A. Mg ion enzyme activity में cofactor की तरह मदद कर सकता है/Mg ion can help enzyme activity as a cofactor
Step 1
Concept
Many ligation buffers contain magnesium ions for enzyme activity. Cofactors can be important in practical conditions.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Mg ion enzyme activity में cofactor की तरह मदद कर सकता है / Mg ion can help enzyme activity as a cofactor. Many ligation buffers contain magnesium ions for enzyme activity. Cofactors can be important in practical conditions.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कई ligation buffers में magnesium ions enzyme activity के लिए होते हैं। Practical conditions में cofactors महत्वपूर्ण हो सकते हैं।
A. ligase denature होकर inactive हो सकता है/Ligase can denature and become inactive
Step 1
Concept
Ligase is a protein enzyme and can denature at high heat. This can reduce ligation efficiency.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligase denature होकर inactive हो सकता है / Ligase can denature and become inactive. Ligase is a protein enzyme and can denature at high heat. This can reduce ligation efficiency.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase protein enzyme है और अधिक heat से denature हो सकता है। इससे ligation efficiency घट सकती है।
A. Okazaki fragments और vector-insert joining/Okazaki fragments and vector-insert joining
Step 1
Concept
In replication ligase joins Okazaki fragments and in cloning it joins vector-insert. These are two main contexts.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Okazaki fragments और vector-insert joining / Okazaki fragments and vector-insert joining. In replication ligase joins Okazaki fragments and in cloning it joins vector-insert. These are two main contexts.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Replication में ligase Okazaki fragments जोड़ता है और cloning में vector-insert जोड़ता है। यही दो मुख्य contexts हैं।
A. ligase DNA strand में break seal कर सकता है/Ligase can seal a break in DNA strand
Step 1
Concept
In DNA repair ligase can help seal a strand nick or break. This maintains genome stability.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligase DNA strand में break seal कर सकता है / Ligase can seal a break in DNA strand. In DNA repair ligase can help seal a strand nick or break. This maintains genome stability.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA repair में ligase strand nick या break को seal करने में मदद कर सकता है। इससे genome stability बनी रहती है।
A. backbone nick seal करके/By sealing backbone nick
Step 1
Concept
Ligase seals nicks in the DNA backbone. This makes the DNA strand continuous.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. backbone nick seal करके / By sealing backbone nick. Ligase seals nicks in the DNA backbone. This makes the DNA strand continuous.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase DNA backbone में निक को seal करता है। इससे DNA strand continuous बनता है।
A nick is a small break in DNA backbone. Ligase seals it and restores continuity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligase nick seal करता है / Ligase seals the nick. A nick is a small break in DNA backbone. Ligase seals it and restores continuity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Nick DNA backbone में छोटा टूटाव है। Ligase इसे seal करके continuity restore करता है।
A. T4 ligase ATP और E coli ligase NAD plus/T4 ligase ATP and E coli ligase NAD plus
Step 1
Concept
T4 DNA ligase is ATP dependent and E coli DNA ligase is generally NAD plus dependent. This is a common comparison.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. T4 ligase ATP और E coli ligase NAD plus / T4 ligase ATP and E coli ligase NAD plus. T4 DNA ligase is ATP dependent and E coli DNA ligase is generally NAD plus dependent. This is a common comparison.
Step 3
Exam Tip
T4 DNA ligase ATP dependent और E coli DNA ligase सामान्यतः NAD plus dependent है। यह common comparison है।
A. molecules को जोड़ने वाले enzymes/Enzymes that join molecules
Step 1
Concept
Ligases are enzymes that join molecules using energy. DNA ligase joins DNA ends.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. molecules को जोड़ने वाले enzymes / Enzymes that join molecules. Ligases are enzymes that join molecules using energy. DNA ligase joins DNA ends.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligases ऊर्जा की मदद से molecules को जोड़ने वाले enzymes हैं। DNA ligase DNA ends जोड़ता है।
D. DNA को restriction site पर काटना/Cutting DNA at restriction site
Step 1
Concept
Cutting DNA at restriction sites is the role of restriction enzyme. Ligase is a joining enzyme.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. DNA को restriction site पर काटना / Cutting DNA at restriction site. Cutting DNA at restriction sites is the role of restriction enzyme. Ligase is a joining enzyme.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA को restriction site पर काटना restriction enzyme का role है। Ligase joining enzyme है।
A. different DNA fragments को जोड़ना/Joining different DNA fragments
Step 1
Concept
In recombinant DNA DNA fragments from different sources are joined. Ligase makes this joining permanent.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. different DNA fragments को जोड़ना / Joining different DNA fragments. In recombinant DNA DNA fragments from different sources are joined. Ligase makes this joining permanent.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Recombinant DNA में अलग स्रोतों के DNA fragments जोड़े जाते हैं। Ligase इस joining को स्थायी बनाता है।
A. no colonies with insert may indicate ligation problem
Step 1
Concept
In cloning practical fewer desired recombinants can indicate a ligation problem. It is not always the only reason.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. no colonies with insert may indicate ligation problem. In cloning practical fewer desired recombinants can indicate a ligation problem. It is not always the only reason.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cloning practical में desired recombinant कम मिलना ligation problem का संकेत हो सकता है। यह हमेशा एकमात्र कारण नहीं होता।
Ligase joins DNA ends to form a joined DNA molecule. This product can be useful in both cloning and repair.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. joined DNA molecule. Ligase joins DNA ends to form a joined DNA molecule. This product can be useful in both cloning and repair.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase DNA ends को जोड़कर joined DNA molecule बनाता है। यह product cloning और repair दोनों में उपयोगी हो सकता है।
A. यह DNA pieces को covalent bond से जोड़ता है/It joins DNA pieces with covalent bond
Step 1
Concept
Ligase joins DNA pieces with phosphodiester bonds. Therefore the molecular glue analogy is correct.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यह DNA pieces को covalent bond से जोड़ता है / It joins DNA pieces with covalent bond. Ligase joins DNA pieces with phosphodiester bonds. Therefore the molecular glue analogy is correct.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase DNA pieces को phosphodiester bond से जोड़ता है। इसलिए molecular glue analogy सही है।
A. वे सही pairing और joining में मदद करते हैं/They help proper pairing and joining
Step 1
Concept
Compatible ends come close and make joining easier for ligase. Incompatible ends can reduce ligation efficiency.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. वे सही pairing और joining में मदद करते हैं / They help proper pairing and joining. Compatible ends come close and make joining easier for ligase. Incompatible ends can reduce ligation efficiency.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Compatible ends पास आकर ligase के लिए joining आसान करते हैं। Incompatible ends ligation efficiency घटा सकते हैं।
A. leading strand continuous synthesis से बनता है/Leading strand is made by continuous synthesis
Step 1
Concept
The leading strand is made continuously while Okazaki fragments form on the lagging strand. Therefore ligase fragment joining role is more prominent on the lagging strand.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. leading strand continuous synthesis से बनता है / Leading strand is made by continuous synthesis. The leading strand is made continuously while Okazaki fragments form on the lagging strand. Therefore ligase fragment joining role is more prominent on the lagging strand.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Leading strand continuous रूप से बनता है जबकि lagging strand पर Okazaki fragments बनते हैं। इसलिए ligase का fragment joining role lagging strand पर अधिक प्रमुख है।
A. vector और insert के DNA backbone को जोड़कर/By joining DNA backbones of vector and insert
Step 1
Concept
Ligase forms a phosphodiester bond between DNA backbones of vector and insert. This makes stable recombinant DNA.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. vector और insert के DNA backbone को जोड़कर / By joining DNA backbones of vector and insert. Ligase forms a phosphodiester bond between DNA backbones of vector and insert. This makes stable recombinant DNA.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase vector और insert के DNA backbones के बीच phosphodiester bond बनाता है। इससे stable recombinant DNA बनता है।
A. ligation पहले और transformation बाद में/Ligation first and transformation later
Step 1
Concept
In cloning ligation makes recombinant DNA. Then transformation can introduce it into a host cell.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. ligation पहले और transformation बाद में / Ligation first and transformation later. In cloning ligation makes recombinant DNA. Then transformation can introduce it into a host cell.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cloning में ligation recombinant DNA बनाता है। फिर transformation से इसे host cell में डाला जा सकता है।
A. DNA ends जोड़ने वाले enzymes useful in cloning and replication/DNA-end joining enzymes useful in cloning and replication
Step 1
Concept
In Class 11 link ligase with DNA joining in cloning and Okazaki fragment joining in replication. This is the safest summary.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA ends जोड़ने वाले enzymes useful in cloning and replication / DNA-end joining enzymes useful in cloning and replication. In Class 11 link ligase with DNA joining in cloning and Okazaki fragment joining in replication. This is the safest summary.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Class 11 में ligase को cloning में DNA joining और replication में Okazaki fragment joining से जोड़ें। यही safest summary है।
The core fact of ligase is DNA joining and phosphodiester bond formation. Keep it separate from the cutting role of restriction enzyme.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Ligase joins DNA and forms phosphodiester bond. The core fact of ligase is DNA joining and phosphodiester bond formation. Keep it separate from the cutting role of restriction enzyme.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase का core fact DNA joining और phosphodiester bond formation है। इसे restriction enzyme के cutting role से अलग रखें।
A. Energy की मदद से DNA fragments को जोड़ने वाले enzymes/Enzymes that join DNA fragments with the help of energy
Step 1
Concept
Ligase enzymes join DNA fragments with the help of energy. DNA ligase completes the DNA backbone by forming phosphodiester bonds.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Energy की मदद से DNA fragments को जोड़ने वाले enzymes / Enzymes that join DNA fragments with the help of energy. Ligase enzymes join DNA fragments with the help of energy. DNA ligase completes the DNA backbone by forming phosphodiester bonds.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Ligase enzymes energy की मदद से DNA fragments को जोड़ते हैं। DNA ligase phosphodiester bond बनाकर DNA backbone को पूरा करता है।
