Taylor’s scientific management

The correct answer is C. Taylor advocated replacing the rule of thumb—methods based on habit or guesswork—with scientific study to find the best way to perform a task.

The correct answer is D. Mental revolution means a fundamental change in the attitudes of both management and workers, encouraging cooperation and a fair share in the gains from higher productivity.

The direct answer is option B, harmony not discord. Taylor argued that management and workers should cooperate rather than fight. In the situation described, owners see workers only as a cost, while workers see owners as exploiters. These hostile and opposing attitudes show conflict, distrust, and the absence of cooperation. Therefore the missing principle is harmony, not discord. Option A, differential wages, concerns paying different rates according to performance or output; it does not directly describe the relationship of mutual hostility in the question. Option B is correct because it calls for friendly cooperation and a common attitude between management and workers. Option C, standardisation, means setting uniform standards for tools, methods, materials, or working conditions; it cannot by itself solve the relationship problem stated. Option D, time study, measures the time required for a task and is unrelated to owners and workers considering each other enemies. The important fact chain is: owners versus workers, exploitation and distrust, conflict, therefore lack of harmony. Memory cue: when the question describes management-worker conflict, choose harmony not discord.

The correct answer is C. Taylor’s development principle calls for scientifically selecting and training workers so each can reach their greatest efficiency and prosperity.

The correct answer is D. Work study includes method, motion, time and fatigue studies. Together, these examine how a task is performed, the movements involved, the time required and the effects of fatigue.

The correct answer is C. Method study compares ways of doing a job to identify the best method, taking factors such as safety and cost into account.

The correct answer is B. Motion study examines the movements involved in a task and aims to eliminate unnecessary ones, such as repeatedly reaching too far for a box.

Standard output is calculated by dividing the total available time by the standard time per unit: \(480 \div 10 = 48\). Therefore, the standard output is 48 units. An output of 40 units would result if each job required 12 minutes. Exam tip: keep time units the same and use \(\text{available time} \div \text{standard time per unit}\).

The correct answer is C. Fatigue study examines how work causes fatigue and helps determine suitable rest intervals, which can reduce errors and support consistent quality.

The correct answer is option D: standardisation and simplification. Standardisation means establishing uniform standards for quality, size, design, equipment or methods. Therefore, keeping the same quality standards is standardisation. Simplification means reducing unnecessary variety, sizes, designs or models while retaining useful choice. Therefore, reducing unnecessary models is simplification. Option D correctly identifies both actions in the stated order. Option A is wrong because foremanship concerns supervision, while mental revolution concerns a change in the attitude of workers and management; neither specifically names these two actions. Option B is wrong because simplification is relevant to the second action, but motion study deals with unnecessary movements, not uniform quality standards. Option C is wrong because time study determines standard time and fatigue study examines rest and tiredness; they do not identify the two actions. Option D is correct because it links uniform standards with standardisation and reduced variety with simplification. Memory cue: same standard = standardisation; fewer unnecessary models = simplification.

Because the worker’s total output of 45 units exceeds the 40-unit standard, the high rate applies to all 45 units. Wage = 45 × ₹8 = ₹360.

Since the worker produces fewer than the standard 35 units, the low rate applies to all 30 units. Wage = 30 × ₹5 = ₹150.

The planning side includes the route clerk, instruction card clerk, time and cost clerk, and disciplinarian. The gang boss, speed boss, repair boss, and inspector belong to the production side.

The production side has four specialists: the gang boss, speed boss, repair boss, and inspector. The clerks and disciplinarian are on the planning side.

Functional foremanship divides supervisory work among specialists, so a worker may receive different technical instructions from different specialist foremen.

The instruction card clerk prepares written instructions describing how the work should be carried out. The inspector checks work, while the speed and repair bosses have different production-side duties.

In Taylor’s functional foremanship, the route clerk plans the route of production work. The route clerk decides through which processes and departments raw material will pass to become finished goods, so option C is correct. A gang boss arranges machines and workers for the job, whereas an inspector checks the quality of completed work. Exam tip: remember that ‘route’ refers to the path or sequence of work.

The direct answer is B, Repair boss. Taylor’s functional foremanship divides supervision into specialist duties. If machines and tools are not in working condition, production stops because equipment needs repair or maintenance. Therefore the repair boss is responsible. Option A, Time and cost clerk, records time taken and calculates costs; this clerk does not repair machines. Option B, Repair boss, checks equipment, arranges repairs and helps keep tools ready, so it fits exactly. Option C, Speed boss, ensures that the prescribed working speed is followed; speed is different from machine maintenance. Option D, Route clerk, decides the route or sequence through which work should move; this clerk does not correct damaged equipment. Remember: repair, maintenance and working tools point to the repair boss. The answer is clear and confidence is high.

The direct answer is C, Inspector. In production, the finished product must be checked to find defects and judge whether its quality meets the required standard. This quality-checking duty belongs to the inspector. Option A, Disciplinarian, deals with maintaining discipline and proper conduct, not examining finished goods. Option B, Speed boss, makes sure workers follow the planned speed or time standard; speed does not mean product inspection. Option C, Inspector, examines the completed work, detects defects and helps ensure quality, so it is correct. Option D, Route clerk, plans the route and sequence by which work passes through operations; this role does not test the final product. A useful exam cue is: inspection means checking quality and defects. Thus the answer remains C.

Method study identifies the most suitable way to perform a task. Once the method is set, time study can determine how long that method should take and establish a time standard.

A time standard shows how long a task should take. Management can use it to plan output targets and, together with wage rates, estimate labour costs.

Motion study focuses on workers’ movements and aims to eliminate unnecessary ones. Method study examines how the task is done to identify the most effective overall method.

The correct answer is D, cooperation, not individualism. Taylor’s principle calls for management and workers to work together and share ideas; withholding information instead reflects a lack of cooperation.

The correct answer is D, increasing the total gains. Taylor’s mental revolution asks workers and management to cooperate in enlarging the total surplus, rather than treating its division as a fixed-sum conflict.

The correct answer is B, standardisation. It sets uniform standards for items such as tools, equipment and raw materials so that work is carried out consistently.