Taylor’s scientific management

A time study establishes how long a task should take, but its standard is meaningful only when the method being timed has first been selected and standardized. Otherwise, the measured time may not represent the best method.

Taylor’s principle of cooperation, not individualism, calls for management and workers to work together. Excluding workers from setting targets weakens that cooperation, even if the targets are based on scientific methods.

Because the worker exceeds the 94-unit standard, the high rate applies to all 96 units. Wage = 96 × ₹15 = ₹1,440.

Mental revolution means a fundamental change in the attitudes of both workers and management. It encourages cooperation and a fairer sharing of the gains from greater efficiency, addressing the distrust described.

Several specialists may give instructions in their respective areas. If those instructions are not coordinated, the worker may receive conflicting directions and become confused.

The instruction card clerk prepares the written instructions for carrying out the work. Since the error is in the sequence written on the card, this role should be checked first.

The route clerk plans the route of the work, which the question says is correct. The gang boss helps prepare the work by ensuring that the necessary tools and materials are ready, so that role should be checked.

Simplification aims to improve efficiency by reducing unnecessary product varieties, sizes, or designs. It does not support removing varieties that meet essential customer demand, so option D is correct. Option A is incorrect because eliminating every variety may also remove useful choices. Exam tip: simplification reduces “unnecessary variety” while retaining essential demand and utility.

The worker produces less than the 110-unit standard, so the low rate applies. Wage = 109 × ₹8 = ₹872.

Method study examines and improves the overall way a job is done, including the sequence of operations and movement of materials. Removing unnecessary hand movements is more specifically the focus of motion study.

Time study should be based on a representative worker performing the job at a normal, sustainable pace. An unusually fast worker may produce an unrealistic standard that ordinary workers cannot meet.

Subtract the 60 minutes of rest from the 600-minute period: 600 − 60 = 540 working minutes. At 12 minutes per unit, standard output = 540 ÷ 12 = 45 units.

A fair comparison requires reasonably consistent tools and working conditions. If tool quality changes, output may reflect the tools as well as workers’ effort, making wage decisions less fair.

In Taylor’s functional foremanship, the repair boss is responsible for keeping machines and equipment in working order and arranging repairs. The inspector checks the quality of the work but does not have the primary repair role.

The route clerk and time-and-cost clerk belong to the planning department. The gang boss and inspector belong to the production department, so option A gives the correct grouping.

Taylor’s approach calls for a mental revolution and prosperity for both employers and workers. Increasing output alone is not enough if the gains do not contribute to both sides’ prosperity.

Motion study identifies and removes unnecessary movements. Without it, workers may spend extra time and energy even if they are urged to work faster, so those potential savings remain unrealized.

Reducing the number of models is simplification; setting a uniform quality standard is standardisation. The example includes both techniques.

Differential piece-rate wages can reward higher output, while fatigue study examines how work and rest can be arranged to reduce excessive fatigue. Together, they address both issues in the question.

Scientific selection should be followed by suitable training and instruction in the prescribed method. Checking whether the worker received these helps identify a relevant cause of weak performance.

The worker meets the standard, so the high rate applies. Wage = 88 units × ₹9 per unit = ₹792.

The absence of open conflict may suggest outward harmony, but cooperation involves workers and management actively working together. Not sharing improvement suggestions indicates that such cooperation is weak.

The correct answer is B, fatigue study. It examines how working conditions and the demands of a task cause fatigue and how they can be improved. Since the seating height is causing shoulder fatigue, this study is the most relevant.

The correct answer is C. A time standard should reflect the work method being used. Since the changed method reduces the time per unit from 18 to 12 minutes, the old standard should be reviewed and revised as appropriate.

The correct answer is D. Taylor’s scientific management replaces rule-of-thumb decisions with systematic study and measurement; it does not leave every decision to guesswork.