Balanced diet and Recommended Dietary Allowances

Correct answer: B. To choose light, low-odour meals in small portions

Repeated nausea can reduce appetite, food acceptance and total nutrient intake. A suitable plan may offer small, frequent portions with mild flavours, less odour and appropriate temperature, while avoiding foods or smells that trigger symptoms. The underlying cause still requires clinical assessment, and complete fasting is not automatically appropriate. Therefore, option B represents the significance of individualized diet therapy.

Correct answer: A. Checking quantity, quality, variety, hygiene and compliance

Evaluation of a balanced diet must be comprehensive. It should consider whether the quantity meets the person's needs, whether food quality and variety provide essential nutrients, whether preparation and storage are hygienic, and whether the person actually follows the plan. Colour, taste, or plate size alone cannot establish nutritional adequacy.

Correct answer: A. A weak patient recovering from illness

Option A is correct because recovery requires sufficient energy for immune function, tissue repair, movement, and rebuilding strength. A sudden severe restriction may worsen weakness, reduce protein use for repair, and delay recovery. Even when weight reduction is clinically needed, energy changes should be gradual, monitored, and planned according to disease, nutritional status, activity, and treatment goals.

Correct answer: A. Because it may affect iron absorption

Tea contains polyphenolic compounds that can bind or interfere with the absorption of non-haem iron, especially when consumed with an iron-rich meal. In an iron-deficient patient, counselling may therefore include separating tea from meals and emphasizing suitable iron sources and absorption enhancers such as vitamin C.

Correct answer: A. Safe flavour adjustment and small frequent meals

Taste changes during chemotherapy or radiotherapy can reduce appetite and food acceptance, but complete food restriction worsens weight and muscle loss. Small, frequent, nutrient-dense meals; safe temperature and texture changes; mild herbs, permitted flavourings, or plastic utensils may help. Avoid strong odours and individual triggers, while adapting choices to tolerance and treatment advice.

Correct answer: A. Consider both immediate risks and long-term goals

When several diseases coexist, one restriction may conflict with another nutritional need. The professional must first identify urgent risks, such as hypoglycaemia, aspiration, dehydration or electrolyte imbalance, and then integrate long-term goals such as glycaemic, renal, cardiovascular and nutritional control. Patient preferences, safety, monitoring and team advice are also essential.

Correct answer: A. Because some signs can have many causes

Signs such as pallor, fatigue, hair changes, or mouth lesions may result from several nutritional and non-nutritional conditions. Therefore, a single sign cannot establish a deficiency. Dietary history, anthropometry, medical examination, and appropriate biochemical tests should be considered before reaching a conclusion.

Correct answer: A. Recommended allowance is a guide for groups

A recommended dietary allowance is a reference value intended to meet the needs of nearly all healthy people in a defined age, sex or physiological group. An individual requirement can differ because of body size, activity, illness, absorption, pregnancy or other conditions. Thus, an allowance guides planning but does not replace individual assessment.

Correct answer: A. Because disease and metabolic state can change individual needs

Recommended dietary allowances are reference values designed mainly for generally healthy people in defined age, sex, and physiological groups. Illness, fever, infection, surgery, kidney or liver dysfunction, malabsorption, pregnancy, and altered metabolism can change energy and nutrient needs. A patient’s plan must therefore be individualised using clinical assessment and medical advice.

Correct answer: B. Requirement is biological need and recommendation is group-based guidance

A nutrient requirement is the amount an individual needs for physiological functions, health and normal activity; it varies with age, sex, body size, life stage, illness and other factors. A dietary recommendation, such as an RDA, is a population-based level designed to cover the needs of nearly all healthy people in a defined group. It guides planning but is not an exact personal prescription.

Correct answer: A. Nutrient adequacy

A full liquid diet can provide fluids and some energy, but its nutritional adequacy depends on the foods and supplements selected. If continued for a long period, the patient may receive insufficient protein, fibre, vitamins, minerals or total energy. Weight, hydration, intake, symptoms and relevant laboratory findings should be monitored, and the diet should be advanced when clinically suitable. Therefore, option A is correct.

Correct answer: A. Glucose absorbed from the dialysis fluid

Peritoneal dialysis solutions commonly contain glucose, and some of that glucose can be absorbed through the peritoneal membrane. This absorbed energy should be considered when estimating total energy intake, especially if weight or blood glucose is difficult to control. The final plan must also account for protein losses, fluid status, renal function, and the prescribed dialysis regimen.