Indian Freedom Movement

The 1916 Lucknow Pact strengthened political cooperation between the Congress and the Muslim League, an important achievement for the national movement. However, the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims, giving legitimacy to representation on communal lines and reinforcing a later political problem. Option B is incorrect because communal representation was accepted, not rejected, in the pact. Exam tip: remember both aspects of the Lucknow Pact—Congress-League cooperation and acceptance of separate electorates.

Home Rule popularised the demand for self-government among people. Exam tip: remember Tilak and Annie Besant.

In Champaran, Gandhi did not present civil disobedience as a personal challenge to law or authority. He first listened to the peasants, collected evidence about their grievances, and examined the unjust indigo arrangement. When the administration ordered him to leave, he accepted the legal consequences but refused to abandon the people without addressing their suffering. This connected resistance with truth and public welfare.

Option A is correct because investigation of peasant complaints and peaceful opposition to an unjust system gave the action moral legitimacy. Gandhi’s Satyagraha relied on facts, non-violence, courage, and public opinion rather than force. Calling the British army, forming the Simon Commission, or separating princely states had no role in this process. The supplied answer accurately captures the Champaran method.

In Kheda peasants demanded relief with non-violent discipline. Exam tip: separate tax resistance from violent rebellion.

Gandhi linked labour question with moral method of Satyagraha. Exam tip: remember differences among early Gandhian movements.

Rowlatt Satyagraha showed both mass power and challenge of control. Exam tip: understand 1919 as a turning point.

In 1919 reform and repression appeared together. Exam tip: connect Jallianwala Bagh with background of Non-Cooperation.

The spinning wheel symbolised both economic resistance and constructive programme. Exam tip: remember Khadi and spinning wheel together.

No-Changers prioritised constructive work instead of council entry. Exam tip: compare Swarajists and No-Changers.

Swarajists wanted to expose limits of colonial institutions by entering councils. Exam tip: study council-entry policy.

The British government appointed the Simon Commission in 1927 to review constitutional reforms in India, but it had no Indian member. Indian leaders therefore boycotted it. In response, Indian leaders prepared the Nehru Report in 1928 under Motilal Nehru's chairmanship, proposing a constitutional framework for India. Therefore, option A is correct. Option B is incorrect because the Nehru Report was drafted by Indian leaders, not by the Simon Commission. Exam tip: remember the sequence—boycott of the Simon Commission, followed by the Nehru Report of 1928.

The Fourteen Points show disagreement over constitutional representation. Exam tip: remember sequence of 1928 and 1929.

Poorna Swaraj gave the goal and Salt Satyagraha gave mass action. Exam tip: study sequence from 1929 to 1930.

The Dandi March itself became a tool of political education and mobilisation. Exam tip: see the march as a process, not only an event.

Women joined picketing, boycott and protest against Salt Law. Exam tip: remember new dimensions of mass participation.

Reports on Dharasana damaged the image of British rule. Exam tip: understand importance of public opinion and press.

Congress entered formal negotiation after the movement. Exam tip: study achievement and limitation of the pact together.

The conference could not agree on power and representation. Exam tip: identify interest groups separately.

The Communal Award increased the complexity of representation. Exam tip: remember its link with Poona Pact.

The Poona Pact was linked with moral pressure and debate on political representation. Exam tip: understand context.