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To get gross investment, add depreciation to net investment. In exams, add when moving from net to gross.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (Net\ investment + Depreciation). To get gross investment, add depreciation to net investment. In exams, add when moving from net to gross.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश पाने के लिए शुद्ध निवेश में मूल्यह्रास जोड़ते हैं। परीक्षा में net से gross जाते समय addition करें।
A. मूल्यह्रास घटाया नहीं गया है/Depreciation has not been deducted
Step 1
Concept
Gross means measurement before deducting depreciation. In exams, connect gross and net with depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास घटाया नहीं गया है / Depreciation has not been deducted. Gross means measurement before deducting depreciation. In exams, connect gross and net with depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Gross का अर्थ है depreciation घटाने से पहले का माप। परीक्षा में gross और net का अंतर depreciation से जोड़ें।
The difference between gross and net investment is depreciation, so the difference is (30). In exams, connect difference with depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (30). The difference between gross and net investment is depreciation, so the difference is (30). In exams, connect difference with depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल और शुद्ध निवेश के बीच अंतर मूल्यह्रास होता है इसलिए अंतर (30) है। परीक्षा में difference को depreciation से जोड़ें।
One fourth of one thousand two hundred is three hundred. Net investment is one thousand two hundred minus three hundred, which is nine hundred.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. नौ सौ / Nine hundred. One fourth of one thousand two hundred is three hundred. Net investment is one thousand two hundred minus three hundred, which is nine hundred.
Step 3
Exam Tip
एक हजार दो सौ का एक चौथाई तीन सौ है। शुद्ध निवेश एक हजार दो सौ में से तीन सौ घटाकर नौ सौ होगा।
Net investment is one hundred sixty minus fifty which is one hundred ten. This is the net part of gross investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. एक सौ दस / One hundred ten. Net investment is one hundred sixty minus fifty which is one hundred ten. This is the net part of gross investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश एक सौ साठ में से पचास घटाकर एक सौ दस है। यह सकल निवेश का शुद्ध भाग है।
Thirty percent of five hundred is one hundred fifty. Net investment is five hundred minus one hundred fifty which is three hundred fifty lakh.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. तीन सौ पचास लाख / Three hundred fifty lakh. Thirty percent of five hundred is one hundred fifty. Net investment is five hundred minus one hundred fifty which is three hundred fifty lakh.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पांच सौ का तीस प्रतिशत एक सौ पचास है। शुद्ध निवेश पांच सौ में से एक सौ पचास घटाकर तीन सौ पचास लाख होगा।
A. हर बार (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation) से cross-check करें/Always cross-check with (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation)
Step 1
Concept
(Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation) is the safest relation. It can check both sign and missing value.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. हर बार (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation) से cross-check करें / Always cross-check with (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation). (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation) is the safest relation. It can check both sign and missing value.
Step 3
Exam Tip
(Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation) सबसे सुरक्षित संबंध है। इसी से sign और missing value दोनों जाँचे जा सकते हैं।
B. सकल निवेश (400), मूल्यह्रास (400)/Gross investment (400), depreciation (400)
Step 1
Concept
In option B, gross investment (400) is positive and net investment is (400-400=0). In exams, positive gross and zero net can occur together.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. सकल निवेश (400), मूल्यह्रास (400) / Gross investment (400), depreciation (400). In option B, gross investment (400) is positive and net investment is (400-400=0). In exams, positive gross and zero net can occur together.
Step 3
Exam Tip
विकल्प B में gross investment (400) positive है और net investment (400-400=0) है। परीक्षा में positive gross और zero net साथ आ सकते हैं।
Net measure is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross measure, so (2400-360=2040). In exams, apply the same rule for any gross-to-net conversion.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. (2040). Net measure is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross measure, so (2400-360=2040). In exams, apply the same rule for any gross-to-net conversion.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Net measure gross measure से depreciation घटाकर मिलता है, इसलिए (2400-360=2040) है। परीक्षा में किसी भी gross से net में यही नियम लगाएँ।
Depreciation is (1000-600=400), which is (40%) of gross investment. In exams, first find difference and then percentage.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (40%). Depreciation is (1000-600=400), which is (40%) of gross investment. In exams, first find difference and then percentage.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास (1000-600=400) है, जो सकल निवेश का (40%) है। परीक्षा में पहले difference और फिर percentage निकालें।
B. जब replacement investment किया जा रहा हो/When replacement investment is being made
Step 1
Concept
Net investment can be zero when gross investment only replaces depreciation. Therefore, gross can remain positive when replacement investment exists.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. जब replacement investment किया जा रहा हो / When replacement investment is being made. Net investment can be zero when gross investment only replaces depreciation. Therefore, gross can remain positive when replacement investment exists.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Net investment शून्य हो सकता है जब gross investment केवल depreciation की भरपाई करे। इसलिए replacement investment होने पर gross positive रह सकता है।
C. जब gross investment depreciation से कम हो/When gross investment is less than depreciation
Step 1
Concept
Despite positive gross investment, if it is less than depreciation, net investment is negative. This may reduce productive capacity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. जब gross investment depreciation से कम हो / When gross investment is less than depreciation. Despite positive gross investment, if it is less than depreciation, net investment is negative. This may reduce productive capacity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Positive gross investment के बावजूद यदि वह depreciation से कम है तो शुद्ध निवेश ऋणात्मक होगा। इससे productive capacity घट सकती है।
D. यह हमेशा शुद्ध निवेश से कम होता है/It is always less than net investment
Step 1
Concept
Because gross investment includes depreciation, it is generally greater than or equal to net investment. Saying it is always less is wrong.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. यह हमेशा शुद्ध निवेश से कम होता है / It is always less than net investment. Because gross investment includes depreciation, it is generally greater than or equal to net investment. Saying it is always less is wrong.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश में मूल्यह्रास शामिल होने से यह सामान्यतः शुद्ध निवेश से अधिक या बराबर होता है। इसे हमेशा कम कहना गलत है।
D. (Net\ investment = Gross\ investment + Depreciation)
Step 1
Concept
Depreciation is not added to net investment; it is deducted from gross investment. In exams, remember deduction for gross to net.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. (Net\ investment = Gross\ investment + Depreciation). Depreciation is not added to net investment; it is deducted from gross investment. In exams, remember deduction for gross to net.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश में मूल्यह्रास जोड़ा नहीं जाता बल्कि सकल निवेश से घटाया जाता है। परीक्षा में gross to net के लिए deduction याद रखें।
A. मूल्यह्रास घटाया नहीं गया है/Depreciation has not been deducted
Step 1
Concept
Gross means capital consumption or depreciation has not been deducted. In exams, remember this difference between gross and net.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास घटाया नहीं गया है / Depreciation has not been deducted. Gross means capital consumption or depreciation has not been deducted. In exams, remember this difference between gross and net.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल का अर्थ है पूंजी उपभोग या मूल्यह्रास घटाया नहीं गया। परीक्षा में सकल और शुद्ध में यह अंतर याद रखें।
Depreciation is nine hundred minus six hundred thirty, which is two hundred seventy. Two hundred seventy is thirty percent of nine hundred.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. तीस प्रतिशत / Thirty percent. Depreciation is nine hundred minus six hundred thirty, which is two hundred seventy. Two hundred seventy is thirty percent of nine hundred.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास नौ सौ में से छह सौ तीस घटाकर दो सौ सत्तर है। दो सौ सत्तर नौ सौ का तीस प्रतिशत है।
A. मूल्यह्रास और शुद्ध निवेश का योग/Sum of depreciation and net investment
Step 1
Concept
Gross investment includes the replacement part and the net capital addition. Therefore it is the sum of depreciation and net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास और शुद्ध निवेश का योग / Sum of depreciation and net investment. Gross investment includes the replacement part and the net capital addition. Therefore it is the sum of depreciation and net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश में प्रतिस्थापन भाग और शुद्ध पूंजी जोड़ दोनों शामिल होते हैं। इसलिए यह मूल्यह्रास और शुद्ध निवेश का योग है।
If gross investment falls while depreciation is unchanged, the difference becomes smaller. So net investment will fall.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. शुद्ध निवेश घटेगा / Net investment will fall. If gross investment falls while depreciation is unchanged, the difference becomes smaller. So net investment will fall.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास समान रहते हुए सकल निवेश घटे तो अंतर कम होता है। इसलिए शुद्ध निवेश घटेगा।
A. क्योंकि सकल निवेश का कुछ भाग केवल घिसावट की भरपाई हो सकता है/Because part of gross investment may only replace wear and tear
Step 1
Concept
Gross investment is total investment and may include replacement. For capital growth, check net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि सकल निवेश का कुछ भाग केवल घिसावट की भरपाई हो सकता है / Because part of gross investment may only replace wear and tear. Gross investment is total investment and may include replacement. For capital growth, check net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश कुल निवेश है और उसमें प्रतिस्थापन भाग हो सकता है। पूंजी वृद्धि के लिए शुद्ध निवेश देखें।
A. पूंजी में वास्तविक शुद्ध जोड़/Real net addition to capital
Step 1
Concept
Looking at new machines is not enough. Depreciation must be deducted to know real net addition.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. पूंजी में वास्तविक शुद्ध जोड़ / Real net addition to capital. Looking at new machines is not enough. Depreciation must be deducted to know real net addition.
Step 3
Exam Tip
नई मशीनें देखना पर्याप्त नहीं है। वास्तविक शुद्ध जोड़ जानने के लिए मूल्यह्रास घटाना जरूरी है।
A. शुद्ध राष्ट्रीय उत्पाद में मूल्यह्रास जोड़कर/By adding depreciation to net national product
Step 1
Concept
Depreciation is added to net measure to get gross measure. This is the reverse method of gross-net conversion.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. शुद्ध राष्ट्रीय उत्पाद में मूल्यह्रास जोड़कर / By adding depreciation to net national product. Depreciation is added to net measure to get gross measure. This is the reverse method of gross-net conversion.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध से सकल माप पाने के लिए मूल्यह्रास जोड़ा जाता है। यह सकल और शुद्ध रूपांतरण का उल्टा तरीका है।
A. यह शुद्ध पूंजी जोड़ और घिसावट की भरपाई दोनों को जोड़कर देखता है/It combines net capital addition and replacement of wear and tear
Step 1
Concept
Gross investment is total investment. It may include both net investment and replacement investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यह शुद्ध पूंजी जोड़ और घिसावट की भरपाई दोनों को जोड़कर देखता है / It combines net capital addition and replacement of wear and tear. Gross investment is total investment. It may include both net investment and replacement investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश कुल निवेश है। इसमें शुद्ध निवेश और प्रतिस्थापन निवेश दोनों शामिल हो सकते हैं।
B. नहीं सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर हो सकता है/No gross investment may equal depreciation
Step 1
Concept
When net investment is zero, gross investment may replace depreciation. So gross investment need not be zero.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. नहीं सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर हो सकता है / No gross investment may equal depreciation. When net investment is zero, gross investment may replace depreciation. So gross investment need not be zero.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश शून्य होने पर सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई कर सकता है। इसलिए सकल निवेश शून्य होना जरूरी नहीं है।
A. सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर हो/Gross investment should equal depreciation
Step 1
Concept
To maintain capital, worn-out capital must be replaced. So gross investment should at least equal depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर हो / Gross investment should equal depreciation. To maintain capital, worn-out capital must be replaced. So gross investment should at least equal depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी बनाए रखने के लिए घिसी पूंजी की भरपाई जरूरी है। इसलिए सकल निवेश कम से कम मूल्यह्रास के बराबर चाहिए।
Net investment is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross investment. This is the main calculation rule of this topic.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास घटाना / Deduct depreciation. Net investment is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross investment. This is the main calculation rule of this topic.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश से मूल्यह्रास घटाने पर शुद्ध निवेश मिलता है। यह इस विषय का मुख्य गणना नियम है।
A. शुद्ध घरेलू उत्पाद में मूल्यह्रास जोड़कर/By adding depreciation to net domestic product
Step 1
Concept
To move back from net to gross measure, depreciation is added. This is the reverse rule of gross-net conversion.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. शुद्ध घरेलू उत्पाद में मूल्यह्रास जोड़कर / By adding depreciation to net domestic product. To move back from net to gross measure, depreciation is added. This is the reverse rule of gross-net conversion.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध से सकल माप पर लौटने के लिए मूल्यह्रास जोड़ा जाता है। यह सकल और शुद्ध रूपांतरण का उल्टा नियम है।
A. जब मूल्यह्रास शून्य हो/When depreciation is zero
Step 1
Concept
If depreciation is zero, nothing is deducted from gross investment. Therefore gross and net investment are equal.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. जब मूल्यह्रास शून्य हो / When depreciation is zero. If depreciation is zero, nothing is deducted from gross investment. Therefore gross and net investment are equal.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास शून्य हो तो सकल निवेश से कुछ घटाना नहीं पड़ता। इसलिए सकल और शुद्ध निवेश बराबर होते हैं।
Gross investment is the sum of net investment and depreciation. Adding 90 to negative 20 gives 70 crore.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सत्तर करोड़ / 70 crore. Gross investment is the sum of net investment and depreciation. Adding 90 to negative 20 gives 70 crore.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश शुद्ध निवेश और मूल्यह्रास का योग है। ऋणात्मक बीस में नब्बे जोड़ने पर सत्तर करोड़ मिलता है।
Net investment shows the real addition or fall in capital stock. So first subtract depreciation from gross investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. शुद्ध निवेश / Net investment. Net investment shows the real addition or fall in capital stock. So first subtract depreciation from gross investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश ही पूंजी भंडार में वास्तविक जोड़ या कमी बताता है। इसलिए पहले सकल निवेश में से मूल्यह्रास घटाएं।
A. सकल निवेश (1000), मूल्यह्रास (900)/Gross investment (1000), depreciation (900)
Step 1
Concept
In option A, net investment (100) is positive but a large part of gross is replacement or depreciation (900). In exams, separate growth and maintenance.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सकल निवेश (1000), मूल्यह्रास (900) / Gross investment (1000), depreciation (900). In option A, net investment (100) is positive but a large part of gross is replacement or depreciation (900). In exams, separate growth and maintenance.
Step 3
Exam Tip
विकल्प A में net investment (100) positive है लेकिन gross का बड़ा भाग replacement यानी depreciation (900) है। परीक्षा में growth और maintenance अलग करें।
B. शुद्ध निवेश (-150) है और पूंजी घट रही है/Net investment is (-150) and capital is falling
Step 1
Concept
Replacement investment is depreciation (600), so net investment is (450-600=-150). This indicates a fall in capital stock.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. शुद्ध निवेश (-150) है और पूंजी घट रही है / Net investment is (-150) and capital is falling. Replacement investment is depreciation (600), so net investment is (450-600=-150). This indicates a fall in capital stock.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Replacement investment depreciation (600) है, इसलिए net investment (450-600=-150) है। इससे पूंजी स्टॉक घटने का संकेत मिलता है।
C. पूंजी बढ़ेगी क्योंकि net investment (400) है/Capital will rise because net investment is (400)
Step 1
Concept
Replacement investment equals depreciation, so net investment is (900-500=400). Positive net investment shows capital growth.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. पूंजी बढ़ेगी क्योंकि net investment (400) है / Capital will rise because net investment is (400). Replacement investment equals depreciation, so net investment is (900-500=400). Positive net investment shows capital growth.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Replacement investment depreciation के बराबर है, इसलिए net investment (900-500=400) है। धनात्मक net investment capital growth दिखाता है।
B. शुद्ध निवेश कम हो सकता है/Net investment may be low
Step 1
Concept
If a large part of gross investment goes to depreciation replacement, net addition may remain low. In exams, do not infer growth only from gross investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. शुद्ध निवेश कम हो सकता है / Net investment may be low. If a large part of gross investment goes to depreciation replacement, net addition may remain low. In exams, do not infer growth only from gross investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
यदि gross का बड़ा भाग depreciation replacement में जाता है तो net addition कम रह सकता है। परीक्षा में gross investment देखकर ही growth न मानें।
Depreciation is (270) because (360) is (90) more than it, so gross investment is (360+270=630). In exams, convert language into equation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (630). Depreciation is (270) because (360) is (90) more than it, so gross investment is (360+270=630). In exams, convert language into equation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास (270) है क्योंकि (360) उससे (90) अधिक है, इसलिए सकल निवेश (360+270=630) है। परीक्षा में भाषा को equation में बदलें।
Net increase in capital stock is (300), so depreciation is (900-300=600). In exams, treat ending minus beginning as net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (600). Net increase in capital stock is (300), so depreciation is (900-300=600). In exams, treat ending minus beginning as net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध वृद्धि (300) है, इसलिए मूल्यह्रास (900-300=600) होगा। परीक्षा में ending minus beginning को net investment मानें।
Replacement investment equals depreciation, so gross investment is (-40+260=220). In exams, treat replacement as depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (220). Replacement investment equals depreciation, so gross investment is (-40+260=220). In exams, treat replacement as depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिस्थापन निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर है, इसलिए सकल निवेश (-40+260=220) होगा। परीक्षा में replacement को depreciation मानें।
Net increase in capital stock is net investment, so depreciation is (780-210=570). In exams, treat net addition as net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (570). Net increase in capital stock is net investment, so depreciation is (780-210=570). In exams, treat net addition as net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध वृद्धि शुद्ध निवेश है, इसलिए मूल्यह्रास (780-210=570) होगा। परीक्षा में net addition को net investment मानें।
Twenty five percent of four hundred is one hundred. So net investment is four hundred minus one hundred, which is three hundred crore.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. तीन सौ करोड़ / Three hundred crore. Twenty five percent of four hundred is one hundred. So net investment is four hundred minus one hundred, which is three hundred crore.
Step 3
Exam Tip
चार सौ का पच्चीस प्रतिशत एक सौ है। इसलिए शुद्ध निवेश चार सौ में से एक सौ घटाकर तीन सौ करोड़ होगा।
Net investment is one hundred forty minus forty which is one hundred. This is the net part of gross investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. एक सौ / One hundred. Net investment is one hundred forty minus forty which is one hundred. This is the net part of gross investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश एक सौ चालीस में से चालीस घटाकर एक सौ है। यही सकल निवेश का शुद्ध भाग है।
Depreciation is (1800 - 1600 = 200), and gross investment will be (450 + 200 = 650). In exams, first find depreciation and then gross investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. (650). Depreciation is (1800 - 1600 = 200), and gross investment will be (450 + 200 = 650). In exams, first find depreciation and then gross investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास (1800 - 1600 = 200) है और सकल निवेश (450 + 200 = 650) होगा। परीक्षा में पहले depreciation निकालकर फिर gross investment निकालें।
Net increase in capital stock equals net investment, so gross investment will be (125 + 75 = 200). In exams, treat net addition as net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. (200). Net increase in capital stock equals net investment, so gross investment will be (125 + 75 = 200). In exams, treat net addition as net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध वृद्धि शुद्ध निवेश के बराबर है, इसलिए सकल निवेश (125 + 75 = 200) होगा। परीक्षा में net addition को net investment मानें।
Using (Net\ investment = Gross\ investment - Depreciation), depreciation will be (390). In exams, negative net investment means depreciation is greater than gross investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (390). Using (Net\ investment = Gross\ investment - Depreciation), depreciation will be (390). In exams, negative net investment means depreciation is greater than gross investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सूत्र (Net\ investment = Gross\ investment - Depreciation) से मूल्यह्रास (390) होगा। परीक्षा में ऋणात्मक शुद्ध निवेश का अर्थ है कि मूल्यह्रास सकल निवेश से अधिक है।
A. शुद्ध निवेश में मूल्यह्रास जोड़कर सकल निवेश मिलता है/Adding depreciation to net investment gives gross investment
Step 1
Concept
The safe relation is (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation). Other forms can be derived from it.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. शुद्ध निवेश में मूल्यह्रास जोड़कर सकल निवेश मिलता है / Adding depreciation to net investment gives gross investment. The safe relation is (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation). Other forms can be derived from it.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सुरक्षित संबंध है (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation)। इसी से बाकी रूप भी निकाले जा सकते हैं।
Replacement investment equals depreciation (90), and gross investment is (210 + 90 = 300). In exams, read both order and terms carefully.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (300) और (90) / (300) and (90). Replacement investment equals depreciation (90), and gross investment is (210 + 90 = 300). In exams, read both order and terms carefully.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिस्थापन निवेश मूल्यह्रास (90) है और सकल निवेश (210 + 90 = 300) है। परीक्षा में क्रम और शब्द दोनों ध्यान से देखें।
C. सकल (120), मूल्यह्रास (180)/Gross (120), depreciation (180)
Step 1
Concept
In option C, gross investment is (120), but net investment is (120 - 180 = -60). Net can be negative despite positive gross investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. सकल (120), मूल्यह्रास (180) / Gross (120), depreciation (180). In option C, gross investment is (120), but net investment is (120 - 180 = -60). Net can be negative despite positive gross investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
विकल्प C में सकल निवेश (120) है पर शुद्ध निवेश (120 - 180 = -60) है। positive gross investment के बावजूद net negative हो सकता है।
Depreciation is (1000 - 300 = 700). In exams, a large gap between gross and net shows high depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास (700) है / Depreciation is (700). Depreciation is (1000 - 300 = 700). In exams, a large gap between gross and net shows high depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास (1000 - 300 = 700) है। परीक्षा में gross और net का बड़ा अंतर high depreciation दिखाता है।
A. मूल्यह्रास भी बहुत अधिक हो/Depreciation is also very high
Step 1
Concept
Net investment is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross investment. Therefore, high depreciation can make net investment low even with high gross investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास भी बहुत अधिक हो / Depreciation is also very high. Net investment is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross investment. Therefore, high depreciation can make net investment low even with high gross investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश सकल निवेश से मूल्यह्रास घटाकर मिलता है। इसलिए उच्च मूल्यह्रास high gross investment को भी कम net बना सकता है।
Depreciation is (2000 - 1850 = 150) and gross investment is (250 + 150 = 400). In exams, use product difference to find depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (400). Depreciation is (2000 - 1850 = 150) and gross investment is (250 + 150 = 400). In exams, use product difference to find depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास (2000 - 1850 = 150) है और सकल निवेश (250 + 150 = 400) है। परीक्षा में product difference से depreciation निकालें।
Gross and net investment are equal, so their difference, depreciation, is (0). In exams, equality may mean zero depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास (0) है / Depreciation is (0). Gross and net investment are equal, so their difference, depreciation, is (0). In exams, equality may mean zero depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल और शुद्ध निवेश बराबर हैं, इसलिए उनका अंतर यानी मूल्यह्रास (0) है। परीक्षा में equality का अर्थ zero depreciation हो सकता है।
A. मूल्यह्रास घटाया जाता है/Depreciation is deducted
Step 1
Concept
Gross measure includes depreciation and net measure removes it. Keep the gross-to-net rule clear in exams.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास घटाया जाता है / Depreciation is deducted. Gross measure includes depreciation and net measure removes it. Keep the gross-to-net rule clear in exams.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल माप में मूल्यह्रास शामिल होता है और शुद्ध माप में उसे हटा दिया जाता है। परीक्षा में gross to net का नियम स्पष्ट रखें।
Net investment is obtained after deducting depreciation from gross investment. If the deducted amount rises more, net investment may fall.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. शुद्ध निवेश घट सकता है / Net investment may fall. Net investment is obtained after deducting depreciation from gross investment. If the deducted amount rises more, net investment may fall.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश सकल निवेश में से मूल्यह्रास घटाने पर मिलता है। यदि घटाई जाने वाली राशि अधिक बढ़े तो शुद्ध निवेश घट सकता है।
Replacement investment equals depreciation (120), and gross investment is (60 + 120 = 180). In exams, read the order carefully.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (120) और (180) / (120) and (180). Replacement investment equals depreciation (120), and gross investment is (60 + 120 = 180). In exams, read the order carefully.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिस्थापन निवेश मूल्यह्रास (120) के बराबर है और सकल निवेश (60 + 120 = 180) है। परीक्षा में क्रम को ध्यान से पढ़ें।
B. सकल निवेश शुद्ध निवेश और मूल्यह्रास का योग है/Gross investment is the sum of net investment and depreciation
Step 1
Concept
Gross investment includes net addition to capital and replacement of worn-out capital. In exams, understand gross as total investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. सकल निवेश शुद्ध निवेश और मूल्यह्रास का योग है / Gross investment is the sum of net investment and depreciation. Gross investment includes net addition to capital and replacement of worn-out capital. In exams, understand gross as total investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश में पूंजी का शुद्ध जोड़ और घिसी पूंजी की भरपाई दोनों शामिल होते हैं। परीक्षा में gross को total investment समझें।
A fall of (20) in capital stock means net investment is (-20), so depreciation is (320). In exams, connect stock change with net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. (320). A fall of (20) in capital stock means net investment is (-20), so depreciation is (320). In exams, connect stock change with net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी स्टॉक में (20) की कमी का अर्थ शुद्ध निवेश (-20) है, इसलिए मूल्यह्रास (320) होगा। परीक्षा में stock change को net investment से जोड़ें।
Net addition to capital stock equals net investment and (500 - 180 = 320). In exams, deduct depreciation to find net addition.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (320). Net addition to capital stock equals net investment and (500 - 180 = 320). In exams, deduct depreciation to find net addition.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध जोड़ शुद्ध निवेश के बराबर होता है और (500 - 180 = 320) है। परीक्षा में शुद्ध जोड़ निकालने के लिए मूल्यह्रास घटाएँ।
A. पहले शुद्ध निवेश निकालें फिर पूंजी भंडार का प्रभाव देखें/First find net investment then see the effect on capital stock
Step 1
Concept
Net investment shows real addition or reduction in capital. Therefore first subtract depreciation from gross investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. पहले शुद्ध निवेश निकालें फिर पूंजी भंडार का प्रभाव देखें / First find net investment then see the effect on capital stock. Net investment shows real addition or reduction in capital. Therefore first subtract depreciation from gross investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश ही पूंजी में वास्तविक जोड़ या कमी दिखाता है। इसलिए पहले सकल निवेश से मूल्यह्रास घटाएं।
A. जब मूल्यह्रास धनात्मक हो/When depreciation is positive
Step 1
Concept
When positive depreciation is deducted, net investment will be less than gross investment. Hence it cannot be greater than gross investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. जब मूल्यह्रास धनात्मक हो / When depreciation is positive. When positive depreciation is deducted, net investment will be less than gross investment. Hence it cannot be greater than gross investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
धनात्मक मूल्यह्रास घटाने पर शुद्ध निवेश सकल निवेश से छोटा होगा। इसलिए शुद्ध निवेश सकल से बड़ा नहीं होगा।
A. पूंजी की घिसावट घटाएं/Deduct wear and tear of capital
Step 1
Concept
Wear and tear of capital is depreciation. Deducting it converts gross investment into net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. पूंजी की घिसावट घटाएं / Deduct wear and tear of capital. Wear and tear of capital is depreciation. Deducting it converts gross investment into net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी की घिसावट मूल्यह्रास है। इसे घटाने पर सकल निवेश से शुद्ध निवेश मिलता है।
When gross and net investment are equal, the difference is zero. Therefore depreciation is treated as zero.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. मूल्यह्रास 0 है / Depreciation is 0. When gross and net investment are equal, the difference is zero. Therefore depreciation is treated as zero.
Step 3
Exam Tip
जब सकल और शुद्ध निवेश बराबर हों तो बीच का अंतर शून्य होता है। इसलिए मूल्यह्रास शून्य माना जाएगा।
To maintain capital stock, worn-out capital must be replaced. So gross investment should be at least equal to depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास के बराबर / Equal to depreciation. To maintain capital stock, worn-out capital must be replaced. So gross investment should be at least equal to depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी भंडार बनाए रखने के लिए घिसी पूंजी की भरपाई करनी होगी। इसलिए सकल निवेश कम से कम मूल्यह्रास के बराबर होना चाहिए।
B. शुद्ध निवेश ऋणात्मक है/Net investment is negative
Step 1
Concept
When gross investment is lower, wear and tear is not fully replaced. Therefore net investment becomes negative.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. शुद्ध निवेश ऋणात्मक है / Net investment is negative. When gross investment is lower, wear and tear is not fully replaced. Therefore net investment becomes negative.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश कम होने पर घिसावट की पूरी भरपाई नहीं होती। इसलिए शुद्ध निवेश ऋणात्मक हो जाता है।
When depreciation is deducted or not included, the net measure of investment is obtained. It shows real addition to capital.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. शुद्ध निवेश / Net investment. When depreciation is deducted or not included, the net measure of investment is obtained. It shows real addition to capital.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास घटाने या शामिल न करने पर निवेश का शुद्ध माप मिलता है। यह पूंजी में वास्तविक जोड़ दिखाता है।
B. पूंजी में शुद्ध वृद्धि नहीं हुई क्योंकि पूरा निवेश प्रतिस्थापन था/There is no net rise because all investment was replacement
Step 1
Concept
When net investment is zero, gross investment only covers depreciation. Large gross investment still does not show net addition.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. पूंजी में शुद्ध वृद्धि नहीं हुई क्योंकि पूरा निवेश प्रतिस्थापन था / There is no net rise because all investment was replacement. When net investment is zero, gross investment only covers depreciation. Large gross investment still does not show net addition.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश शून्य होने पर सकल निवेश केवल मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई करता है। बड़ा सकल निवेश भी शुद्ध जोड़ नहीं दिखाता।
A. सकल में मूल्यह्रास शामिल है और शुद्ध में मूल्यह्रास घटा है/Gross includes depreciation and net is after deducting depreciation
Step 1
Concept
Depreciation is deducted to move from gross to net. Therefore gross measure is generally larger than net measure.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सकल में मूल्यह्रास शामिल है और शुद्ध में मूल्यह्रास घटा है / Gross includes depreciation and net is after deducting depreciation. Depreciation is deducted to move from gross to net. Therefore gross measure is generally larger than net measure.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल से शुद्ध पर जाने के लिए मूल्यह्रास घटाया जाता है। इसलिए सकल माप शुद्ध माप से सामान्यतः बड़ा होता है।
C. शुद्ध निवेश ऋणात्मक 30 और पूंजी घट सकती है/Net investment negative 30 and capital may fall
Step 1
Concept
There is no new investment but capital is wearing out. So net investment is negative 30 and capital may fall.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. शुद्ध निवेश ऋणात्मक 30 और पूंजी घट सकती है / Net investment negative 30 and capital may fall. There is no new investment but capital is wearing out. So net investment is negative 30 and capital may fall.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कोई नया निवेश नहीं है पर पूंजी घिस रही है। इसलिए शुद्ध निवेश ऋणात्मक 30 होगा और पूंजी घट सकती है।
A. शुद्ध निवेश और मूल्यह्रास/Net investment and depreciation
Step 1
Concept
Gross investment includes net addition to capital and replacement of worn-out capital. Therefore this structure is correct.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. शुद्ध निवेश और मूल्यह्रास / Net investment and depreciation. Gross investment includes net addition to capital and replacement of worn-out capital. Therefore this structure is correct.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश में पूंजी का शुद्ध जोड़ और घिसी पूंजी की भरपाई दोनों शामिल होते हैं। इसलिए यह संरचना सही है।
The rule for moving from gross to net measure is to deduct depreciation. So depreciation is deducted from gross national product.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास घटाना / Deduct depreciation. The rule for moving from gross to net measure is to deduct depreciation. So depreciation is deducted from gross national product.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल से शुद्ध माप पर जाने का नियम मूल्यह्रास घटाना है। इसलिए सकल राष्ट्रीय उत्पाद से मूल्यह्रास घटेगा।
A. यह तभी सही है जब सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास से अधिक हो/It is true only when gross investment exceeds depreciation
Step 1
Concept
Gross investment may only replace wear and tear. Net rise in capital occurs only when net investment is positive.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यह तभी सही है जब सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास से अधिक हो / It is true only when gross investment exceeds depreciation. Gross investment may only replace wear and tear. Net rise in capital occurs only when net investment is positive.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश केवल घिसावट की भरपाई भी कर सकता है। पूंजी में शुद्ध वृद्धि तभी है जब शुद्ध निवेश धनात्मक हो।
Gross investment includes replacement of depreciation. Depreciation is deducted to obtain net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास / Depreciation. Gross investment includes replacement of depreciation. Depreciation is deducted to obtain net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश में मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई शामिल होती है। शुद्ध निवेश पाने के लिए मूल्यह्रास घटाया जाता है।
Gross investment is greater than depreciation, so net investment will be positive but small because the difference is small. In exams, compare the two amounts.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. धनात्मक लेकिन कम / Positive but small. Gross investment is greater than depreciation, so net investment will be positive but small because the difference is small. In exams, compare the two amounts.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास से अधिक है इसलिए शुद्ध निवेश धनात्मक होगा लेकिन अंतर कम होने से कम होगा। परीक्षा में दोनों राशियों की तुलना करें।
A. जब मूल्यह्रास धनात्मक हो/When depreciation is positive
Step 1
Concept
When depreciation is positive, gross investment includes depreciation in addition to net investment. Therefore, gross is greater.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. जब मूल्यह्रास धनात्मक हो / When depreciation is positive. When depreciation is positive, gross investment includes depreciation in addition to net investment. Therefore, gross is greater.
Step 3
Exam Tip
धनात्मक मूल्यह्रास होने पर सकल निवेश में शुद्ध निवेश से अतिरिक्त depreciation शामिल होता है। इसलिए gross अधिक होता है।
A. जब मूल्यह्रास शून्य हो/When depreciation is zero
Step 1
Concept
When depreciation is zero, there is no difference between gross and net investment. In exams, depreciation is the cause of the difference.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. जब मूल्यह्रास शून्य हो / When depreciation is zero. When depreciation is zero, there is no difference between gross and net investment. In exams, depreciation is the cause of the difference.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास शून्य होने पर सकल और शुद्ध निवेश में कोई अंतर नहीं रहता। परीक्षा में difference का कारण depreciation है।
Replacement investment compensates depreciation. Deducting it from gross investment leaves net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. शुद्ध निवेश / Net investment. Replacement investment compensates depreciation. Deducting it from gross investment leaves net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिस्थापन निवेश मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई है। इसे सकल निवेश से घटाने पर शुद्ध निवेश बचता है।
The replacement part compensates worn-out capital and is considered equal to depreciation. In exams, remember replacement equals depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. मूल्यह्रास / Depreciation. The replacement part compensates worn-out capital and is considered equal to depreciation. In exams, remember replacement equals depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिस्थापन भाग घिसी हुई पूंजी की भरपाई करता है और यह मूल्यह्रास के बराबर माना जाता है। परीक्षा में replacement equals depreciation याद रखें।
B. कुल नई पूंजीगत वस्तुओं पर निवेश जिसमें replacement भी शामिल हो/Total investment in new capital goods including replacement
Step 1
Concept
Gross investment is total investment including net addition and replacement of worn-out capital. In exams, treat gross as total.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. कुल नई पूंजीगत वस्तुओं पर निवेश जिसमें replacement भी शामिल हो / Total investment in new capital goods including replacement. Gross investment is total investment including net addition and replacement of worn-out capital. In exams, treat gross as total.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश कुल निवेश है जिसमें शुद्ध जोड़ और घिसी पूंजी की भरपाई शामिल होती है। परीक्षा में gross को total मानें।
B. (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation)
Step 1
Concept
Gross investment includes both net investment and depreciation. Therefore, the formula adds both.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation). Gross investment includes both net investment and depreciation. Therefore, the formula adds both.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश में शुद्ध निवेश और मूल्यह्रास दोनों शामिल होते हैं। इसलिए सूत्र में दोनों को जोड़ा जाता है।
D. मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई वाला हिस्सा/Depreciation replacement part
Step 1
Concept
The investment that replaces depreciation covers the loss of old capital. It keeps capital stock as it was before.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई वाला हिस्सा / Depreciation replacement part. The investment that replaces depreciation covers the loss of old capital. It keeps capital stock as it was before.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई वाला निवेश पुरानी पूंजी की कमी को पूरा करता है। इससे पूंजी स्टॉक पहले जैसा बना रहता है।
A. क्योंकि इसमें शुद्ध निवेश और मूल्यह्रास दोनों शामिल होते हैं/Because it includes both net investment and depreciation
Step 1
Concept
Gross investment includes both net addition to capital stock and replacement of old capital. Hence it is total investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि इसमें शुद्ध निवेश और मूल्यह्रास दोनों शामिल होते हैं / Because it includes both net investment and depreciation. Gross investment includes both net addition to capital stock and replacement of old capital. Hence it is total investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश में पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध जोड़ और पुरानी पूंजी की भरपाई दोनों आती हैं। इसलिए यह कुल निवेश है।
