Revolutions of the World

Khomeini's messages continued to spread in the opposition movement. For exams remember the role of communication and leadership.

Distrust of James II made Parliament and elites active. For exams observe the relation between religion and power.

Parliamentary consent strengthened constitutional government. For exams connect it with the Bill of Rights.

The middle class strengthened liberal political demands. For exams remember the relation between class and ideology.

Workers' demands were linked with jobs wages and living conditions. For exams observe class differences within revolutions.

The constitution was restored but ethnic and political challenges of the empire remained. For exams also write limits of reform.

Language and education reforms strengthened modern Turkish identity. For exams connect cultural reforms with nation-building.

Soviet military intervention stopped Hungary's reform effort. For exams remember power balance in the Cold War.

Warsaw Pact forces stopped the reformist movement. For exams understand the political role of military alliances.

Students and intellectuals became important carriers of peaceful protest. For exams remember the role of social groups.

Romania's change in 1989 was more violent. For exams remember differences among East European events.

In Poland support from Church and workers strengthened the movement. For exams write social alliances.

Portugal's political revolution affected colonial wars and independence processes. For exams connect domestic change with empire.

Civil society broadened the anti-Marcos movement. For exams remember nonviolent public pressure.

Change in Tunisia moved in a different direction compared with many other countries. For exams remember diversity of Arab Spring outcomes.

Nonviolent protest made electoral and civic demands more acceptable. For exams pay attention to methods of protest.

Improved seeds needed better water and nutrients. For exams remember the package approach of the Green Revolution.

The digital divide shows that benefits of technology do not reach all equally. For exams write both benefits and inequality.

The impact of a revolution changes and spreads over time. For exams write short-term and long-term results separately.

The social base helps understand direction and demands of a revolution. For exams observe the roles of workers peasants middle class and elites.