Revolutions of the World

Toussaint gave organized leadership and direction to the revolt. For exams connect leadership with social demand.

Instability in Europe increased the possibility of independence in colonies. For exams connect European crisis with colonial politics.

Bolivar imagined wider Latin American unity along with independence. For exams understand the political aims of leaders.

Under Diaz political control and land inequality increased dissatisfaction. For exams see the link between long rule and revolt.

Both leaders gave direction to regional and popular struggles. For exams connect leaders with social bases.

Mountain geography helped small revolutionary groups hide and fight. For exams connect geography and strategy.

Che Guevara was linked with guerrilla struggle and revolutionary symbolism with Castro. For exams place him in Cuban revolutionary leadership.

Religious and social criticism of Shah's modernization policies increased. For exams include cultural dissatisfaction among causes.

Opposition by religious leaders students workers and middle classes strengthened the movement. For exams identify multi-class support.

The Bill of Rights restricted arbitrary royal power. For exams connect it with parliamentary supremacy.

This revolution strengthened limited monarchy and rule of law. For exams connect it with constitutional development.

In 1848 economic hardship and political demands grew together. For exams give a multi-causal answer.

The demand for nationalist unity was strong in Italy and Germany. For exams connect 1848 with nationalism.

Military and educated groups raised reform demands in the Young Turk movement. For exams understand the social base.

Ataturk reshaped the relation between state and religion in modern Turkey. For exams connect secularism with nation-state.

The Prague Spring sought reform and openness within the communist system. For exams connect it with reformist socialism.

Both events showed opposition to Soviet control in Eastern Europe. For exams remember the Cold War context.

The changes in Eastern Europe were not the same everywhere. For exams understand the different nature of 1989 events.

Solidarity connected workers' issues with democratic change. For exams remember the political role of trade unions.

Portugal's Carnation Revolution was linked with low violence and democratic change. For exams remember the name and nature.