Climatic Controls

Even at the same latitude altitude and maritime effect can change temperature. In exams check other controls in same-latitude questions.

Latitude is linked with angle of Sun rays and altitude with air temperature. In exams identify both separately as temperature controls.

High altitude can lower temperature even in warm latitudes. In exams treat altitude as a factor that modifies latitude effect.

The sea moderates temperature so inland areas may have greater extremes. In exams link continentality with higher temperature range.

The sea heats and cools slowly so temperature remains moderate. In exams connect coastal places with equable climate.

Mumbai is coastal and Delhi is inland. In exams keep the difference between coastal and inland places clear.

Relief affects winds and rainfall along with temperature. In exams write multiple effects of relief.

Rising moist air cools and can cause rainfall. In exams connect windward slope with orographic rainfall.

In a rain shadow the air has already lost much moisture. In exams remember the difference between windward and leeward slopes.

Rajasthan's climate becomes dry due to combined effect of many controls. In exams give multiple causes in regional examples.

Because of Aravalli's direction its blocking effect on rainfall is limited. In exams include mountain orientation in relief effect.

In Kerala sea moisture and mountain effect both increase rainfall. In exams write coast monsoon and relief together.

In Ladakh altitude and rain-shadow type effects work together. In exams write causes of coldness and dryness separately.

Warm and cold ocean currents affect coastal climate. In exams treat currents as coastal controls.

Cold currents can reduce coastal temperature and increase dryness in some areas. In exams remember the effect of cold currents.

Nearness to sea alone is not enough because relief and wind path also matter. In exams observe opposing controls together.

Altitude affects temperature so it is a control and temperature is a measured element. In exams separate cause and outcome.

Pressure differences drive winds and winds carry moisture and heat. In exams write pressure wind moisture relation.

Change in monsoon direction creates the seasonal rainfall pattern in India. In exams treat seasonal reversal as a monsoon feature.

The Himalaya affects both temperature and rainfall. In exams write it as India's climatic barrier.