How is a major policy decision taken?

Direct answer: C, consultation. Consultation means seeking and considering views, information or suggestions from people, experts, departments or affected groups before making an important decision. It can reveal practical difficulties, identify different interests and help decision-makers compare possible solutions. Consultation does not mean that every suggestion must be accepted; the final authority still evaluates the evidence and takes the decision. A is wrong because judicial review is a court’s examination of whether government action is constitutional or lawful. B, censorship, means restricting or controlling the circulation of information or expression. D, protest, is an act of opposition or public disagreement, not the general process of collecting views before a decision. Memory cue: consult first, decide after considering the views.

Direct answer: B, public interest. A public policy is a plan or decision made by the government to deal with a common issue. In a democracy, government authority is meant to serve citizens, so policy should be based on the needs, rights and welfare of the people. Decision-makers should study evidence, listen to affected groups and consider how the decision will benefit society fairly. A is wrong because one person’s wish cannot represent the needs of all citizens. C is wrong because a rumour is unverified information and is not a reliable basis for government action. D is wrong because fear may force people to obey, but it does not produce democratic or fair policymaking. B is correct because public interest means the welfare and legitimate needs of the people. Memory cue: democratic policy means people’s welfare, not a ruler’s personal preference.

Direct answer: A, policy becomes more relevant. Public opinion gives decision-makers information about people’s needs, experiences, concerns and priorities. When these views are considered along with evidence and constitutional values, a policy is more likely to address a real problem and be understood or accepted by those it affects. Public opinion alone is not the only test of a policy; rights, law, facts and the interests of vulnerable groups must also be considered. B is wrong because listening to people does not end laws. C is wrong because public opinion does not stop elections; elections are a democratic process for choosing representatives. D is wrong because public opinion does not change the judiciary as an automatic consequence. A is correct because knowing people’s views helps make policy more connected to actual social needs. Memory cue: public opinion makes policy responsive, but it must work within law and rights.

Correct answer: A. A commission can be appointed when the government needs a systematic examination of a complicated social, economic or administrative issue. It may collect information, hear relevant views, study existing conditions and prepare recommendations. The report gives decision-makers evidence and possible courses of action, although the government must still consider the recommendations and take the final decision through the proper process. Option A is correct because investigation and recommendations are the normal purpose described here. Option B is wrong because a commission is not created to close Parliament permanently. Option C is wrong because studying a policy issue does not mean removing the judiciary. Option D is wrong because a policy commission is not appointed simply to replace the Election Commission. A commission’s report is advice or a basis for decision, not automatically the final policy. Memory cue: commission means careful study before responsible decision-making.

Correct answer: A. Checking that information and claims are reliable helps decision-makers understand the problem and consider a policy’s likely effects. This makes a decision better grounded than one based on guesswork. Fact-checking does not guarantee that everyone will agree with the policy, but it improves the evidence behind it.

Correct answer: A. A review compares a policy’s actual results with its intended objectives. It can show what worked, reveal unexpected problems and help decision-makers improve the policy or how it is delivered. A review does not automatically mean that ministers must be removed or that the policy has failed.

Correct answer: A. Accountability means that people and institutions exercising public power must explain what they did, why they did it, and respond to questions or criticism. In policy decisions, accountability may operate through Parliament, public information, reports, debate, elections, and other lawful forms of scrutiny. It helps citizens judge whether a decision was reasonable, lawful, and in the public interest. B is wrong because secrecy without explanation weakens accountability. C is wrong because accountability requires respect for law, not its rejection. D is wrong because closing Parliament removes an important forum for questioning government. Memory cue: accountability means answerability, not merely authority.

Correct answer: A. Transparency means that government decisions, reasons, procedures, and relevant information are open enough for citizens and oversight institutions to understand them. If a policy is implemented secretly, people may not know how it affects them, how to claim a benefit, or how to challenge unfair action. Secrecy can therefore reduce public participation and make accountability more difficult. Option B means rule based on family succession; it is not the democratic value tested here. Option C is an economic activity, not a value governing openness in public administration. Option D describes a territorial idea, not a principle of responsible government. Memory cue: when citizens can see and question public action, transparency is present.

Correct answer: A. A commission is generally created to investigate an issue, collect information, consult people or experts and submit findings or recommendations. Its report can be valuable because it provides evidence and considered advice, but a recommendation by itself is not automatically a law or an enforceable government order. The elected government must examine it, consider practical and political circumstances, and then decide whether to accept it fully, accept it with changes or reject it. If necessary, further legal or administrative steps may be required for implementation. B is wrong because a recommendation does not automatically become law. C is wrong because a commission does not stand above the constitutional government. D is obviously wrong because the government can study and respond to a commission’s report. Memory cue: “Commission suggests; government decides; law or order implements.”

Correct answer: A. Giving reasons makes the basis of a decision visible, strengthening transparency. It also helps people question decision-makers about the decision and its results, supporting accountability.

The correct answer is A. A clear goal states what a policy is expected to achieve and, where possible, gives a basis for judging progress. During implementation, officials can compare actual results with the stated goal, identify gaps and correct problems. Afterward, institutions and citizens can review whether the policy worked, for whom it worked and what should change. Clear goals therefore improve planning, evaluation and accountability. Option A is correct because measurement and review require a definite standard. B is wrong because clear goals usually make responsibility easier to examine, not easier to escape. C is wrong because goals reduce uncertainty about the intended result. D is wrong because setting goals does not prevent parliamentary discussion. Memory cue: goals give policy a target; evaluation checks whether the target was reached.

Correct answer: A. Democracy does not require citizens to agree with every government decision. People can express their views and criticise policies peacefully; this can draw attention to problems and help hold elected leaders accountable. Public opposition, by itself, is therefore not anti-democratic.

Correct answer: A. A clear goal tells officials what result to work towards and helps them plan tasks and assess progress. It also helps citizens understand what the policy is meant to do. If the goal is vague, people may interpret it differently, making implementation and evaluation more difficult.

A, transparency, is correct. Transparency means that citizens can obtain clear information about important public decisions and the reasons for them. Access to information helps citizens and oversight bodies ask questions and assess how decisions are made, supporting accountability. This does not mean that every confidential detail must be made public; important decisions should not be hidden without a valid reason. A secret ballot, by contrast, protects voters’ private choices during elections.