Level 45 • 47/50 questions • 60 seconds per question.
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Which enzymes are mainly used for cutting DNA?
A. प्रतिबंध एंजाइमRestriction enzymes
प्रतिबंध एंजाइम डीएनए को खास स्थानों पर काटते हैं। परीक्षा में इन्हें molecular scissors याद रखें। / Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites. In exams remember them as molecular scissors.
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What is an enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific site called?
B. प्रतिबंध एंडोन्यूक्लिएजRestriction endonuclease
Restriction endonuclease डीएनए के अंदर specific sequence पर cut लगाता है। यह recombinant DNA technology में जरूरी है। / A restriction endonuclease cuts inside DNA at a specific sequence. It is essential in recombinant DNA technology.
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Which bond is cut by restriction enzymes in DNA?
C. फॉस्फोडाइएस्टर bondPhosphodiester bond
Restriction enzymes DNA backbone के phosphodiester bonds को काटते हैं। इससे DNA fragments बनते हैं। / Restriction enzymes cut phosphodiester bonds in the DNA backbone. This forms DNA fragments.
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What does recognition site mean for a restriction enzyme?
D. डीएनए की वह sequence जिसे enzyme पहचानता हैDNA sequence recognized by the enzyme
Recognition site वह specific DNA sequence है जहाँ enzyme bind और cut करता है। हर enzyme का site अलग हो सकता है। / A recognition site is the specific DNA sequence where an enzyme binds and cuts. Each enzyme may have a different site.
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What is the correct meaning of a palindromic sequence?
A. दोनों strands पर opposite दिशा में समान पढ़ी जाने वाली sequenceA sequence read the same on both strands in opposite directions
कई restriction enzymes palindromic sequences पहचानते हैं। इसे दोनों strands की symmetry से याद रखें। / Many restriction enzymes recognize palindromic sequences. Remember it by symmetry of both strands.
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What type of ends are generally produced by EcoRI cutting?
C. चिपचिपे सिरेSticky ends
EcoRI एक restriction endonuclease है जो DNA की दोनों strands को एक ही स्थान पर सीधे नहीं, बल्कि staggered ढंग से काटता है। इससे छोटे single-stranded overhangs बनते हैं, जिन्हें चिपचिपे सिरे (sticky ends) कहते हैं। ये पूरक bases के साथ जुड़ सकते हैं और DNA ligase द्वारा ligation को आसान बनाते हैं। ब्लंट सिरों में ऐसा overhang नहीं होता। परीक्षा टिप: staggered cut को sticky ends और straight cut को blunt ends से जोड़कर याद रखें। / EcoRI is a restriction endonuclease that cuts the two DNA strands in a staggered manner rather than directly opposite each other. This produces short single-stranded overhangs called sticky ends. These overhangs can pair with complementary bases and make ligation by DNA ligase easier. Blunt ends do not have such overhangs. Exam tip: remember that staggered cuts produce sticky ends, whereas straight cuts produce blunt ends.
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D. बिना overhang वाला सीधा DNA endStraight DNA end without overhang
Blunt ends में कोई single-stranded overhang नहीं होता। ये भी ligate हो सकते हैं पर sticky ends की तुलना में कठिन हो सकते हैं। / Blunt ends have no single-stranded overhang. They can ligate but may be harder than sticky ends.
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What is the main advantage of a sticky end?
A. complementary ends के साथ pairing आसान होती हैPairing with complementary ends becomes easier
Sticky ends complementary bases से pair कर सकते हैं। इसलिए recombinant DNA बनाने में ये उपयोगी हैं। / Sticky ends can pair by complementary bases. Therefore they are useful in making recombinant DNA.
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What is formed by a staggered cut?
B. sticky ends with overhangs
Staggered cut DNA strands को अलग positions पर काटता है। इससे overhang वाले sticky ends बनते हैं। / A staggered cut cuts DNA strands at different positions. This forms sticky ends with overhangs.
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What type of DNA ends are produced by a straight cut?
C. कुंद सिरेBlunt ends
Straight cut में DNA की दोनों पूरक strands एक ही स्थान पर कटती हैं, इसलिए कोई एकल-श्रृंखलित overhang नहीं बनता। ऐसे सिरों को कुंद सिरे (blunt ends) कहते हैं। Sticky या cohesive ends में कट असमान स्थानों पर होता है और overhang बनता है। परीक्षा टिप: समान स्थान पर कट = blunt ends; असमान कट = sticky ends. / In a straight cut, both complementary DNA strands are cut at the same position, so no single-stranded overhang is formed. Such ends are called blunt ends. Sticky or cohesive ends result from staggered cuts that leave an overhang. Exam tip: same-position cut = blunt ends; staggered cut = sticky ends.
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Why is specificity of a restriction enzyme important?
D. क्योंकि यह DNA के विशिष्ट पहचान-अनुक्रम पर काटकर अपेक्षित खंड बनाता हैBecause it cuts at a specific recognition sequence in DNA to produce the required fragments
Restriction enzyme एक निश्चित DNA पहचान-अनुक्रम को पहचानकर उसी स्थान पर कट लगाता है। इसलिए DNA के पूर्वानुमेय खंड बनते हैं, जिन्हें cloning में इच्छित gene को अलग करने और vector में जोड़ने के लिए उपयोग किया जाता है। विकल्प C DNA ligase का कार्य है, restriction enzyme का नहीं। परीक्षा टिप: restriction enzyme DNA को काटता है, जबकि ligase DNA खंडों को जोड़ता है। / A restriction enzyme recognizes a particular DNA recognition sequence and cuts at or near that site. This produces predictable DNA fragments, which are needed to isolate a desired gene and insert it into a vector during cloning. Option C describes the action of DNA ligase, not a restriction enzyme. Exam tip: restriction enzymes cut DNA, whereas ligases join DNA fragments.
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What are the pieces formed after DNA cutting called?
A. डीएनए fragmentsDNA fragments
Restriction digestion के बाद DNA fragments बनते हैं। इन्हें gel electrophoresis से देखा जा सकता है। / After restriction digestion DNA fragments are formed. They can be seen by gel electrophoresis.
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Which technique is useful to separate fragments after cutting DNA?
B. एगारोज जेल इलेक्ट्रोफोरेसिसAgarose gel electrophoresis
एगारोज जेल इलेक्ट्रोफोरेसिस DNA के कटे हुए खंडों को उनके आकार के आधार पर अलग करती है। छोटे DNA खंड जेल में बड़े खंडों की तुलना में अधिक दूर तक जाते हैं, इसलिए अलग-अलग बैंड दिखाई देते हैं। अपकेंद्रीकरण मुख्यतः कणों को घनत्व या आकार के आधार पर अलग करने के लिए होता है, DNA खंडों का बैंड-पृथक्करण करने के लिए नहीं। परीक्षा टिप: DNA fragments का size-based separation पूछे जाने पर agarose gel electrophoresis याद रखें। / Agarose gel electrophoresis separates cut DNA fragments according to their size. Smaller DNA fragments move farther through the gel than larger fragments, producing distinct bands. Centrifugation is mainly used to separate particles based on density or size, not to resolve DNA fragments as bands. Exam tip: For size-based separation of DNA fragments, remember agarose gel electrophoresis.
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Why is buffer necessary in a restriction digestion mixture?
C. enzyme के लिए सही pH और salt condition देने के लिएTo provide proper pH and salt condition for enzyme
Restriction enzyme सही buffer में बेहतर काम करता है। गलत buffer digestion को कमजोर कर सकता है। / A restriction enzyme works better in the correct buffer. Wrong buffer can weaken digestion.
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Why is temperature controlled in a restriction enzyme reaction?
D. enzyme activity को सही रखने के लिएTo maintain proper enzyme activity
Restriction enzyme एक विशिष्ट तापमान पर सबसे प्रभावी ढंग से कार्य करता है, इसलिए reaction का तापमान नियंत्रित रखा जाता है। गलत तापमान पर enzyme की गतिविधि कम हो सकती है या वह denature हो सकता है, जिससे DNA की कटिंग अधूरी या कम दक्ष हो जाती है। Gel को पिघलाना restriction digestion का उद्देश्य नहीं है। परीक्षा टिप: अधिकांश restriction enzymes के लिए optimum temperature 37°C होता है, लेकिन enzyme-specific निर्देश अवश्य देखें। / A restriction enzyme works most efficiently at its optimum temperature, so the reaction temperature is controlled. At an incorrect temperature, enzyme activity may decrease or the enzyme may denature, leading to incomplete or inefficient DNA cutting. Melting gel is not the purpose of restriction digestion. Exam tip: Many restriction enzymes have an optimum temperature of 37°C, but always check the enzyme-specific conditions.
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What is the common incubation temperature for many common restriction enzymes?
A. लगभग 37 डिग्री सेल्सियसAbout 37 degrees Celsius
कई common restriction enzymes लगभग 37 डिग्री सेल्सियस पर काम करते हैं। हमेशा specific enzyme की condition देखें। / Many common restriction enzymes work around 37 degrees Celsius. Always check the specific enzyme condition.
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Where does a restriction enzyme cut DNA?
B. specific recognition site परAt a specific recognition site
Restriction enzyme DNA की specific recognition sequence पहचानता है। फिर उसी site के पास cut लगाता है। / A restriction enzyme recognizes a specific DNA sequence. It then cuts at or near that site.
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What is the benefit of cutting vector and insert with the same restriction enzyme?
D. compatible ends बन सकते हैंCompatible ends can form
Same enzyme compatible ends बना सकता है। इससे insert को vector में ligate करना आसान होता है। / The same enzyme can produce compatible ends. This makes ligating insert into vector easier.
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What does compatible ends mean?
A. ऐसे DNA ends जो आपस में जुड़ सकते हैंDNA ends that can join with each other
Compatible ends complementary overhangs या suitable blunt ends हो सकते हैं। ये ligation में मदद करते हैं। / Compatible ends may be complementary overhangs or suitable blunt ends. They help ligation.
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What is the effect of incompatible ends in cloning?
B. joining कठिन या असंभव हो सकती हैJoining can be difficult or impossible
Incompatible ends आपस में properly pair नहीं कर पाते। इसलिए cloning strategy में enzyme choice जरूरी है। / Incompatible ends cannot pair properly. Therefore enzyme choice is important in cloning strategy.
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What happens if a DNA molecule lacks the recognition site of a restriction enzyme?
A. DNA उसी enzyme से specific तरीके से नहीं कटेगाDNA will not be specifically cut by that enzyme
Restriction enzyme अपने recognition site के बिना cut नहीं कर सकता। इसलिए sequence information important है। / A restriction enzyme cannot cut without its recognition site. Therefore sequence information is important.
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If an enzyme site occurs twice in a DNA molecule what can happen after digestion?
C. तीन fragments बन सकते हैं if linear DNAThree fragments can form if DNA is linear
Linear DNA में दो cut sites होने पर तीन fragments बन सकते हैं। Fragment number site position पर निर्भर करता है। / In linear DNA two cut sites can produce three fragments. Fragment number depends on site positions.
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If a circular plasmid has one restriction site what is formed after digestion?
D. linear plasmid
Circular plasmid एक site पर कटकर linear molecule बन सकता है। Gel पर supercoiled और linear forms अलग दिख सकते हैं। / A circular plasmid cut at one site can become a linear molecule. Supercoiled and linear forms can appear differently on gel.
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What can form if a circular plasmid has two different cut sites?
A. दो DNA fragmentsTwo DNA fragments
Circular DNA पर दो cuts generally दो fragments देते हैं। यह insert release या diagnostic digestion में उपयोगी है। / Two cuts on circular DNA generally give two fragments. This is useful for insert release or diagnostic digestion.
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Why is a DNA ladder loaded to view restriction digestion results?
B. DNA खंडों के आकार का अनुमान लगाने के लिएTo estimate the sizes of DNA fragments
DNA ladder में ज्ञात base-pair लंबाई के DNA खंड होते हैं। जेल इलेक्ट्रोफोरेसिस में नमूने के bands की स्थिति को ladder के bands से मिलाकर restriction digestion से बने DNA खंडों के आकार का अनुमान लगाया जाता है। Restriction enzyme DNA को काटता है; ladder enzyme को सक्रिय नहीं करती। परीक्षा टिप: छोटे DNA खंड सामान्यतः agarose gel में अधिक दूर तक जाते हैं। / A DNA ladder contains DNA fragments of known base-pair lengths. During gel electrophoresis, the positions of sample bands are compared with ladder bands to estimate the sizes of DNA fragments produced by restriction digestion. The restriction enzyme cuts DNA; the ladder does not activate it. Exam tip: smaller DNA fragments generally migrate farther through an agarose gel.
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Why do bands appear on a gel after restriction digestion?
A. DNA fragments size के अनुसार अलग होते हैंDNA fragments separate according to size
Gel electrophoresis DNA fragments को size के अनुसार अलग करता है। Bands digestion pattern दिखाते हैं। / Gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments by size. Bands show the digestion pattern.
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How do small DNA fragments generally move in a gel?
B. बड़े fragments से अधिक दूरीMore distance than large fragments
छोटे fragments agarose gel में faster और farther move करते हैं। यह size separation का आधार है। / Small fragments move faster and farther in agarose gel. This is the basis of size separation.
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Why is DNA purity important before DNA cutting?
A. impurities enzyme को inhibit कर सकती हैंImpurities can inhibit the enzyme
Phenol salt या ethanol जैसे contaminants enzyme activity घटा सकते हैं। Clean DNA digestion के लिए बेहतर है। / Contaminants such as phenol salt or ethanol can reduce enzyme activity. Clean DNA is better for digestion.
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What effect can DNA methylation have in restriction digestion?
A. enzyme recognition या cutting को प्रभावित कर सकती हैIt can affect enzyme recognition or cutting
कुछ restriction enzymes methylated sites नहीं काटते। इसलिए methylation status digestion result बदल सकता है। / Some restriction enzymes do not cut methylated sites. Therefore methylation status can change digestion results.
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How can bacteria protect their own DNA from restriction enzymes?
B. methylation द्वाराBy methylation
Bacteria अपने recognition sites को methylate कर सकते हैं। इससे own DNA restriction enzyme से सुरक्षित रहता है। / Bacteria can methylate their recognition sites. This protects their own DNA from restriction enzymes.
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What is the role of restriction in a restriction-modification system?
A. विदेशी डीएनए को काटनाCutting foreign DNA
Restriction-modification system में restriction एंजाइम विदेशी, सामान्यतः बिना मिथाइलेशन वाले डीएनए के विशिष्ट पहचान-अनुक्रमों को काटता है। इससे बैक्टीरिया फेज जैसे बाहरी डीएनए से सुरक्षा पाता है। अपने डीएनए की प्रतिकृति बनाना restriction का कार्य नहीं है; modification एंजाइम अपने डीएनए को मिथाइलेट करके उसे कटने से बचाता है। परीक्षा टिप: restriction = काटना, modification = अपने डीएनए की सुरक्षा। / In a restriction-modification system, a restriction enzyme cuts specific recognition sequences in foreign, usually unmethylated DNA. This protects bacteria from invading DNA such as bacteriophage DNA. Replication of host DNA is not the role of restriction; the modification enzyme methylates host DNA and helps protect it from cleavage. Exam tip: restriction means cutting, whereas modification protects the host DNA.
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What does modification mean in a restriction-modification system?
C. host DNA को methylate करनाMethylating host DNA
Modification usually host DNA methylation से जुड़ी है। इससे host DNA cutting से बच सकता है। / Modification is usually linked with methylation of host DNA. This can protect host DNA from cutting.
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Which enzyme can produce blunt ends?
A. SmaI जैसे enzymeEnzyme like SmaI
SmaI blunt end बनाने वाले enzyme का common example है। Enzyme type ends को determine करता है। / SmaI is a common example of a blunt-end producing enzyme. The enzyme type determines the ends.
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B. प्रतिबंध एंजाइम द्वारा DNA का कटनाRestriction digestion of DNA
HindIII एक प्रतिबंध एंडोन्यूक्लिएज़ (restriction endonuclease) है, जो DNA के एक विशिष्ट पहचान अनुक्रम को पहचानकर उसे काटता है। इसलिए यह DNA के restriction digestion से जुड़ा है। प्रोटीन translation RNA पर राइबोसोम द्वारा होती है, HindIII द्वारा नहीं। परीक्षा टिप: जिन एंजाइमों के नाम HindIII, EcoRI आदि हों, वे सामान्यतः DNA काटने वाले restriction enzymes होते हैं। / HindIII is a restriction endonuclease that recognizes a specific DNA recognition sequence and cuts the DNA at or near that site. Hence, it is associated with restriction digestion of DNA. Protein translation occurs on ribosomes using RNA, not through HindIII. Exam tip: Enzymes named HindIII and EcoRI are commonly restriction enzymes used to cut DNA.
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A. DNA restriction cutting
BamHI restriction enzyme है और DNA को specific site पर काटता है। यह cloning में उपयोगी हो सकता है। / BamHI is a restriction enzyme and cuts DNA at a specific site. It can be useful in cloning.
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What can happen if enzyme quantity is too low in restriction digestion?
A. complete digestion नहीं हो सकतीComplete digestion may not occur
कम enzyme incomplete digestion दे सकता है। Reaction setup में enzyme amount important है। / Too little enzyme can give incomplete digestion. Enzyme amount is important in reaction setup.
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What can happen if incubation time is too short in restriction digestion?
B. incomplete digestion हो सकता हैIncomplete digestion can occur
कम समय में enzyme सभी sites नहीं काट पाएगा। उचित incubation digestion पूरा करने में मदद करती है। / With too little time the enzyme may not cut all sites. Proper incubation helps complete digestion.
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What can be the purpose of heat inactivation in restriction digestion?
C. enzyme activity रोकनाStopping enzyme activity
कुछ enzymes heat treatment से inactive किए जा सकते हैं। इससे next step में unwanted cutting रुकती है। / Some enzymes can be inactivated by heat treatment. This stops unwanted cutting in the next step.
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Why are restriction enzymes stored in a freezer?
C. enzyme को stable रखने के लिएTo keep enzyme stable
Restriction enzymes temperature-sensitive proteins हैं। Cold storage enzyme activity बचाने में मदद करता है। / Restriction enzymes are temperature-sensitive proteins. Cold storage helps preserve enzyme activity.
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What problem can occur if a restriction enzyme tube is kept at room temperature for long?
A. enzyme activity घट सकती हैEnzyme activity can decrease
High temperature exposure enzyme को inactive कर सकता है। Enzyme को cold conditions में रखें। / High temperature exposure can inactivate the enzyme. Keep the enzyme in cold conditions.
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Why is a restriction digestion control used?
A. result interpretation सही करने के लिएTo interpret results correctly
Control से पता चलता है कि DNA और enzyme reaction सही चल रही है या नहीं। यह troubleshooting में मदद करता है। / A control shows whether DNA and enzyme reaction are working properly. It helps troubleshooting.
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Why is an uncut DNA control useful?
A. cut pattern को original DNA form से compare करने के लिएTo compare cut pattern with original DNA form
Uncut control दिखाता है कि DNA digestion से पहले कैसा दिखता था। इससे digestion success समझ आती है। / An uncut control shows how DNA looked before digestion. This helps understand digestion success.
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What does a no-enzyme control show in restriction digestion?
A. enzyme के बिना DNA का patternDNA pattern without enzyme
No-enzyme control uncut DNA pattern देता है। इससे enzyme cutting effect compare होता है। / A no-enzyme control gives the uncut DNA pattern. It helps compare the cutting effect of enzyme.
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Why can a desired fragment be extracted from a gel after DNA cutting?
A. cloning में use करने के लिएTo use it in cloning
Gel extraction desired DNA fragment को बाकी fragments से अलग करता है। यह insert preparation में उपयोगी है। / Gel extraction separates the desired DNA fragment from other fragments. It is useful in insert preparation.
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What is the main role of cutting DNA in recombinant DNA technology?
A. DNA fragments और vector ends तैयार करनाPreparing DNA fragments and vector ends
DNA cutting से insert और vector compatible रूप में तैयार किए जाते हैं। इसके बाद ligation step आता है। / DNA cutting prepares insert and vector in compatible form. Ligation comes after this step.
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What is the best revision point of Level 45 Cutting of DNA?
A. restriction enzyme recognition site sticky end और gel check याद रखेंRemember restriction enzyme recognition site sticky end and gel check
Cutting of DNA में specific enzyme DNA को predictable fragments में काटता है। Fragments को gel से check किया जाता है। / In Cutting of DNA a specific enzyme cuts DNA into predictable fragments. Fragments are checked by gel.
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What is the exam-safe summary of DNA cutting?
A. restriction enzymes DNA को specific sites पर काटकर fragments बनाते हैंRestriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites to make fragments
Restriction enzymes molecular scissors की तरह काम करते हैं। Sticky या blunt ends recombinant DNA formation में उपयोगी होते हैं। / Restriction enzymes work like molecular scissors. Sticky or blunt ends are useful in recombinant DNA formation.
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