C. क्योंकि उदारवादी कट्टरपंथी रूढ़िवादी और समाजवादी विचार उभरे/Because liberal radical conservative and socialist ideas emerged
Step 1
Concept
New ideas about society and politics spread in this period. In exams link it with new ideas and workers' movements.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. क्योंकि उदारवादी कट्टरपंथी रूढ़िवादी और समाजवादी विचार उभरे / Because liberal radical conservative and socialist ideas emerged. New ideas about society and politics spread in this period. In exams link it with new ideas and workers' movements.
Step 3
Exam Tip
इस समय समाज और राजनीति पर नए विचार फैले। परीक्षा में इसे नए विचारों और मजदूर आंदोलनों से जोड़ें।
B. समाज को कैसे बदलना चाहिए/How society should be changed
Step 1
Concept
The French Revolution showed that change was possible. So debate on new political ideas increased in Europe.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. समाज को कैसे बदलना चाहिए / How society should be changed. The French Revolution showed that change was possible. So debate on new political ideas increased in Europe.
Step 3
Exam Tip
फ्रांसीसी क्रांति ने परिवर्तन की संभावना दिखाई। इसलिए यूरोप में नए राजनीतिक विचारों पर बहस बढ़ी।
D. निर्वाचित संसद वाली सरकार/Government with an elected parliament
Step 1
Concept
Liberals wanted an elected parliament and rule based on law. Link it with constitutional government.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. निर्वाचित संसद वाली सरकार / Government with an elected parliament. Liberals wanted an elected parliament and rule based on law. Link it with constitutional government.
Step 3
Exam Tip
उदारवादी चुनी हुई संसद और कानून आधारित शासन चाहते थे। इसे संवैधानिक सरकार से जोड़ें।
C. अनियंत्रित वंशानुगत शासक/Uncontrolled hereditary rulers
Step 1
Concept
Liberals opposed arbitrary royal power. They wanted government limited by law.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. अनियंत्रित वंशानुगत शासक / Uncontrolled hereditary rulers. Liberals opposed arbitrary royal power. They wanted government limited by law.
Step 3
Exam Tip
उदारवादी राजा की मनमानी सत्ता के विरोधी थे। वे कानून से बंधी सरकार चाहते थे।
D. वे सभी वयस्कों को मताधिकार देने के पक्ष में नहीं थे/They did not support voting rights for all adults
Step 1
Concept
Liberals did not support universal adult franchise. This was a limitation of liberalism.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. वे सभी वयस्कों को मताधिकार देने के पक्ष में नहीं थे / They did not support voting rights for all adults. Liberals did not support universal adult franchise. This was a limitation of liberalism.
Step 3
Exam Tip
उदारवादी सार्वभौमिक वयस्क मताधिकार के पक्ष में नहीं थे। यह उदारवाद की एक सीमा थी।
C. देश की अधिकांश आबादी/Majority of the country's population
Step 1
Concept
Radicals wanted rule based on the majority. Link it with wider representation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. देश की अधिकांश आबादी / Majority of the country's population. Radicals wanted rule based on the majority. Link it with wider representation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कट्टरपंथी बहुमत आधारित शासन चाहते थे। इसे व्यापक प्रतिनिधित्व से जोड़ें।
D. बड़े जमींदारों और धनी कारखाना मालिकों के विशेषाधिकार/Privileges of big landowners and wealthy factory owners
Step 1
Concept
Radicals opposed privileges of wealth and power. Link it with the demand for equality.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. बड़े जमींदारों और धनी कारखाना मालिकों के विशेषाधिकार / Privileges of big landowners and wealthy factory owners. Radicals opposed privileges of wealth and power. Link it with the demand for equality.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कट्टरपंथी संपत्ति और शक्ति के विशेषाधिकारों के विरोधी थे। इसे समानता की मांग से जोड़ें।
A. संपत्ति कुछ हाथों में केंद्रित होना/Concentration of property in a few hands
Step 1
Concept
Radicals opposed unequal concentration more than private property itself. Remember this difference.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. संपत्ति कुछ हाथों में केंद्रित होना / Concentration of property in a few hands. Radicals opposed unequal concentration more than private property itself. Remember this difference.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कट्टरपंथी निजी संपत्ति से अधिक उसके असमान केंद्रीकरण का विरोध करते थे। यह अंतर याद रखें।
D. अतीत और परंपरा का महत्व/Importance of the past and tradition
Step 1
Concept
Conservatives linked tradition with social stability. They wanted change to be slow.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. अतीत और परंपरा का महत्व / Importance of the past and tradition. Conservatives linked tradition with social stability. They wanted change to be slow.
Step 3
Exam Tip
रूढ़िवादी परंपरा को समाज की स्थिरता से जोड़ते थे। वे बदलाव को धीरे करना चाहते थे।
With the growth of factories the number and role of workers increased. Link it with industrial society.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मजदूर वर्ग / Working class. With the growth of factories the number and role of workers increased. Link it with industrial society.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कारखानों के विकास से मजदूर वर्ग की संख्या और भूमिका बढ़ी। इसे औद्योगिक समाज से जोड़ें।
C. कारखाना मालिकों और उद्योगपतियों की/Factory owners and industrialists
Step 1
Concept
Industrialization made factory owners powerful. Link it with capital and industry.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. कारखाना मालिकों और उद्योगपतियों की / Factory owners and industrialists. Industrialization made factory owners powerful. Link it with capital and industry.
Step 3
Exam Tip
औद्योगीकरण से कारखाना मालिक शक्तिशाली बने। इसे पूंजी और उद्योग से जोड़ें।
D. समानता और सामूहिक हित वाला समाज/Society based on equality and collective interest
Step 1
Concept
Socialists wanted to make society more equal and just. Link it with social justice.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. समानता और सामूहिक हित वाला समाज / Society based on equality and collective interest. Socialists wanted to make society more equal and just. Link it with social justice.
Step 3
Exam Tip
समाजवादी समाज को अधिक समान और न्यायपूर्ण बनाना चाहते थे। इसे सामाजिक न्याय से जोड़ें।
Robert Owen supported cooperative communities. Link him with early socialist experiments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सहकारी समुदाय / Cooperative communities. Robert Owen supported cooperative communities. Link him with early socialist experiments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
रॉबर्ट ओवेन सहकारी समुदायों के समर्थक थे। उन्हें आरंभिक समाजवादी प्रयोग से जोड़ें।
Owen experimented with a cooperative community. Remember it as a socialist alternative.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. सहकारी बस्ती / Cooperative settlement. Owen experimented with a cooperative community. Remember it as a socialist alternative.
Step 3
Exam Tip
ओवेन ने सहकारी समुदाय का प्रयोग किया। इसे समाजवादी विकल्प के रूप में याद रखें।
C. सरकार द्वारा प्रोत्साहित सहकारी संस्थाएं/Cooperatives encouraged by the government
Step 1
Concept
Louis Blanc wanted the government to encourage cooperatives. Link it with workers' interests.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. सरकार द्वारा प्रोत्साहित सहकारी संस्थाएं / Cooperatives encouraged by the government. Louis Blanc wanted the government to encourage cooperatives. Link it with workers' interests.
Step 3
Exam Tip
लुई ब्लां चाहते थे कि सरकार सहकारी संस्थाओं को बढ़ावा दे। इसे मजदूर हित से जोड़ें।
D. मिलकर काम करना और लाभ साझा करना/Working together and sharing gains
Step 1
Concept
Cooperatives were based on shared work and shared gains. Treat them as a socialist alternative.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. मिलकर काम करना और लाभ साझा करना / Working together and sharing gains. Cooperatives were based on shared work and shared gains. Treat them as a socialist alternative.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सहकारी संस्थाएं साझे काम और साझा लाभ पर आधारित थीं। इन्हें समाजवादी विकल्प मानें।
Marx emphasized conflict between capitalists and workers. Link it with class struggle.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. पूंजीपति और मजदूर / Capitalists and workers. Marx emphasized conflict between capitalists and workers. Link it with class struggle.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मार्क्स ने पूंजीपति और मजदूर के संघर्ष पर जोर दिया। इसे वर्ग संघर्ष से जोड़ें।
According to Marx workers produce and capitalists take profit. Link it with exploitation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. मजदूरों के श्रम से / From workers' labour. According to Marx workers produce and capitalists take profit. Link it with exploitation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मार्क्स के अनुसार मजदूर उत्पादन करते हैं और पूंजीपति लाभ लेते हैं। इसे शोषण से जोड़ें।
Workers formed unions for better conditions and rights. Link it with labour movement.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यूनियन और संघ / Unions and associations. Workers formed unions for better conditions and rights. Link it with labour movement.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मजदूरों ने बेहतर शर्तों और अधिकारों के लिए यूनियन बनाईं। इसे श्रमिक आंदोलन से जोड़ें।
B. कम काम के घंटे और बेहतर मजदूरी/Shorter working hours and better wages
Step 1
Concept
Workers wanted better working life. In exams remember hours and wages together.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. कम काम के घंटे और बेहतर मजदूरी / Shorter working hours and better wages. Workers wanted better working life. In exams remember hours and wages together.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मजदूर बेहतर कामकाजी जीवन चाहते थे। परीक्षा में घंटे और मजदूरी को साथ याद रखें।
D. असमानता और शोषण कम करना/Reducing inequality and exploitation
Step 1
Concept
Socialism emphasized equality and workers' interests. Link it with social justice.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. असमानता और शोषण कम करना / Reducing inequality and exploitation. Socialism emphasized equality and workers' interests. Link it with social justice.
Step 3
Exam Tip
समाजवाद समानता और मजदूर हितों पर जोर देता था। इसे सामाजिक न्याय से जोड़ें।
A. वंशानुगत विशेषाधिकार और निरंकुश शासन/Hereditary privilege and absolute rule
Step 1
Concept
Both disagreed with old privileges. Their views on democracy and property were different.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. वंशानुगत विशेषाधिकार और निरंकुश शासन / Hereditary privilege and absolute rule. Both disagreed with old privileges. Their views on democracy and property were different.
Step 3
Exam Tip
दोनों पुराने विशेषाधिकारों से असहमत थे। उनके लोकतंत्र और संपत्ति पर विचार अलग थे।
B. मजदूरों की कठिन कामकाजी दशा/Difficult working conditions of workers
Step 1
Concept
Industrialization brought workers' problems to attention. Link it with the rise of socialist ideas.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. मजदूरों की कठिन कामकाजी दशा / Difficult working conditions of workers. Industrialization brought workers' problems to attention. Link it with the rise of socialist ideas.
Step 3
Exam Tip
औद्योगीकरण से मजदूरों की समस्याएं सामने आईं। इसे समाजवादी विचारों के उदय से जोड़ें।
Socialists valued collective interest and equality more than private profit. Link it with social justice.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. सामूहिक हित / Collective interest. Socialists valued collective interest and equality more than private profit. Link it with social justice.
Step 3
Exam Tip
समाजवादी सामूहिक हित और समानता को निजी लाभ से अधिक महत्व देते थे। इसे सामाजिक न्याय से जोड़ें।
A. क्योंकि इससे शासक की मनमानी सीमित होती थी/Because it limited the ruler's arbitrariness
Step 1
Concept
Rule of law limits arbitrary power. This was a main basis of liberal politics.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि इससे शासक की मनमानी सीमित होती थी / Because it limited the ruler's arbitrariness. Rule of law limits arbitrary power. This was a main basis of liberal politics.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कानून का शासन मनमानी सत्ता को रोकता है। यह उदारवादी राजनीति का मुख्य आधार था।
B. क्योंकि संपत्ति कुछ लोगों तक सीमित हो जाती थी/Because property became limited to a few people
Step 1
Concept
Radicals opposed unequal distribution of property. Link it with social economic equality.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. क्योंकि संपत्ति कुछ लोगों तक सीमित हो जाती थी / Because property became limited to a few people. Radicals opposed unequal distribution of property. Link it with social economic equality.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कट्टरपंथी संपत्ति के असमान वितरण के विरोधी थे। इसे सामाजिक आर्थिक समानता से जोड़ें।
C. क्योंकि वे इसे सामाजिक स्थिरता से जोड़ते थे/Because they linked it with social stability
Step 1
Concept
Conservatives respected the past and tradition. They were cautious about rapid change.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. क्योंकि वे इसे सामाजिक स्थिरता से जोड़ते थे / Because they linked it with social stability. Conservatives respected the past and tradition. They were cautious about rapid change.
Step 3
Exam Tip
रूढ़िवादी अतीत और परंपरा का सम्मान करते थे। वे तेज बदलाव से सावधान रहते थे।
D. सामाजिक और आर्थिक शोषण के रूप में/As social and economic exploitation
Step 1
Concept
Socialism linked workers' problems with system and exploitation. Link it with class relations.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. सामाजिक और आर्थिक शोषण के रूप में / As social and economic exploitation. Socialism linked workers' problems with system and exploitation. Link it with class relations.
Step 3
Exam Tip
समाजवाद ने मजदूर समस्याओं को व्यवस्था और शोषण से जोड़ा। इसे वर्ग संबंध से जोड़ें।
Marx believed workers would replace capitalism. Link it with the idea of socialist society.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. समाजवादी समाज / Socialist society. Marx believed workers would replace capitalism. Link it with the idea of socialist society.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मार्क्स मानते थे कि मजदूर पूंजीवाद को बदलेंगे। इसे समाजवादी समाज की कल्पना से जोड़ें।
B. मजदूरों के हितों की रक्षा करना/To protect workers' interests
Step 1
Concept
Unions formed for better wages and working conditions. Link them with labour rights.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. मजदूरों के हितों की रक्षा करना / To protect workers' interests. Unions formed for better wages and working conditions. Link them with labour rights.
Step 3
Exam Tip
यूनियन बेहतर मजदूरी और काम की शर्तों के लिए बनीं। इन्हें श्रमिक अधिकारों से जोड़ें।
D. औद्योगिक समाज की असमानता और शोषण/Inequality and exploitation in industrial society
Step 1
Concept
Inequality and exploitation increased in industrial society. Socialism focused on these problems.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. औद्योगिक समाज की असमानता और शोषण / Inequality and exploitation in industrial society. Inequality and exploitation increased in industrial society. Socialism focused on these problems.
Step 3
Exam Tip
औद्योगिक समाज में असमानता और शोषण बढ़े। समाजवाद ने इन्हीं समस्याओं पर ध्यान दिया।
A. क्योंकि मजदूर उत्पादन करते थे और शोषण झेलते थे/Because workers produced and faced exploitation
Step 1
Concept
Socialists saw workers as a key class for social change. Link it with labour and exploitation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि मजदूर उत्पादन करते थे और शोषण झेलते थे / Because workers produced and faced exploitation. Socialists saw workers as a key class for social change. Link it with labour and exploitation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
समाजवादी मजदूरों को समाज परिवर्तन का प्रमुख वर्ग मानते थे। इसे श्रम और शोषण से जोड़ें।
B. स्वतंत्रता कानून और संसद आधारित सुधार/Reforms based on liberty law and parliament
Step 1
Concept
Liberalism was linked with law based government and freedom. Link it with parliamentary system.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. स्वतंत्रता कानून और संसद आधारित सुधार / Reforms based on liberty law and parliament. Liberalism was linked with law based government and freedom. Link it with parliamentary system.
Step 3
Exam Tip
उदारवाद कानून आधारित सरकार और स्वतंत्रता से जुड़ा था। इसे संसदीय व्यवस्था से जोड़ें।
C. गहरे और व्यापक बदलाव का समर्थन/Support for deep and broad change
Step 1
Concept
Radicals wanted broad change and more democracy. Link them with majority and equality.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. गहरे और व्यापक बदलाव का समर्थन / Support for deep and broad change. Radicals wanted broad change and more democracy. Link them with majority and equality.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कट्टरपंथी व्यापक बदलाव और अधिक लोकतंत्र चाहते थे। उन्हें बहुमत और समानता से जोड़ें।
D. परंपरा का सम्मान और धीरे बदलाव/Respect for tradition and slow change
Step 1
Concept
Conservatives respected the past and avoided rapid change. Call it cautious reform.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. परंपरा का सम्मान और धीरे बदलाव / Respect for tradition and slow change. Conservatives respected the past and avoided rapid change. Call it cautious reform.
Step 3
Exam Tip
रूढ़िवादी अतीत का सम्मान करते थे और तेज बदलाव से बचते थे। इसे सावधानीपूर्ण सुधार कहें।
A. समाज के भविष्य को लेकर अलग अलग दृष्टियां/Different visions about the future of society
Step 1
Concept
All three currents understood change differently. This was a key feature of the age of social change.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. समाज के भविष्य को लेकर अलग अलग दृष्टियां / Different visions about the future of society. All three currents understood change differently. This was a key feature of the age of social change.
Step 3
Exam Tip
तीनों धाराओं ने बदलाव को अलग तरह से समझा। यही सामाजिक परिवर्तन के युग की खास बात थी।
A. उन्नीसवीं सदी में यूरोप में नए सामाजिक राजनीतिक विचार और मजदूर आंदोलन उभरे/New social political ideas and workers' movements emerged in nineteenth century Europe
Step 1
Concept
This age was shaped by debates on liberalism radicalism conservatism and socialism. Remember it as the age of social change.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. उन्नीसवीं सदी में यूरोप में नए सामाजिक राजनीतिक विचार और मजदूर आंदोलन उभरे / New social political ideas and workers' movements emerged in nineteenth century Europe. This age was shaped by debates on liberalism radicalism conservatism and socialism. Remember it as the age of social change.
Step 3
Exam Tip
यह युग उदारवाद कट्टरपंथ रूढ़िवाद और समाजवाद की बहसों से बना। इसे सामाजिक परिवर्तन का युग याद रखें।
A. क्योंकि वह शासक की मनमानी पर रोक लगा सकती थी/Because it could check the ruler's arbitrariness
Step 1
Concept
An independent judiciary strengthens rule of law. Link it with liberal reform.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि वह शासक की मनमानी पर रोक लगा सकती थी / Because it could check the ruler's arbitrariness. An independent judiciary strengthens rule of law. Link it with liberal reform.
Step 3
Exam Tip
स्वतंत्र न्यायपालिका कानून के शासन को मजबूत करती है। इसे उदारवादी सुधार से जोड़ें।
B. अधिक लोगों की राजनीतिक भागीदारी/Political participation of more people
Step 1
Concept
Radicals wanted wider representation. Remember it with expansion of democracy.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. अधिक लोगों की राजनीतिक भागीदारी / Political participation of more people. Radicals wanted wider representation. Remember it with expansion of democracy.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कट्टरपंथी व्यापक प्रतिनिधित्व चाहते थे। इसे लोकतंत्र के विस्तार से याद रखें।
C. धीरे धीरे और परंपरा का सम्मान करते हुए/Gradually and with respect for tradition
Step 1
Concept
Conservatives wanted cautious change. Link them with tradition and slow reform.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. धीरे धीरे और परंपरा का सम्मान करते हुए / Gradually and with respect for tradition. Conservatives wanted cautious change. Link them with tradition and slow reform.
Step 3
Exam Tip
रूढ़िवादी सावधानीपूर्ण बदलाव चाहते थे। उन्हें परंपरा और धीमे सुधार से जोड़ें।
Socialists linked private property with exploitation. In exams remember owner worker relations.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. शोषण और असमानता / Exploitation and inequality. Socialists linked private property with exploitation. In exams remember owner worker relations.
Step 3
Exam Tip
समाजवादी निजी संपत्ति को शोषण से जोड़ते थे। परीक्षा में मालिक और मजदूर संबंध याद रखें।
B. अंतरराष्ट्रीय समाजवादी और मजदूर एकता/International socialist and workers' unity
Step 1
Concept
The Second International was a platform for socialist parties and workers' organizations. Link it with international labour unity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. अंतरराष्ट्रीय समाजवादी और मजदूर एकता / International socialist and workers' unity. The Second International was a platform for socialist parties and workers' organizations. Link it with international labour unity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सेकंड इंटरनेशनल समाजवादी दलों और मजदूर संगठनों का मंच था। इसे अंतरराष्ट्रीय श्रमिक एकता से जोड़ें।
