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\(NDP_{FC}\) is already net and at factor cost. Only (NFIA) is added to make it national.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. केवल (NFIA) जोड़ना / Add only (NFIA). \(NDP_{FC}\) is already net and at factor cost. Only (NFIA) is added to make it national.
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(NDP_{FC}\) पहले से net और factor cost पर है। National बनाने के लिए केवल (NFIA) जोड़ना होता है।
\(GDP_{FC}\) is domestic and gross. For \(NNP_{FC}\), add (NFIA) and deduct depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. \(NNP_{FC}=GDP_{FC}+NFIA-Depreciation\). \(GDP_{FC}\) is domestic and gross. For \(NNP_{FC}\), add (NFIA) and deduct depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(GDP_{FC}\) domestic और gross है। \(NNP_{FC}\) के लिए (NFIA) जोड़ें और depreciation घटाएं।
A. Depreciation जोड़ें, (NFIA) घटाएं और (NIT) जोड़ें/Add depreciation, deduct (NFIA) and add (NIT)
Step 1
Concept
From \(NNP_{FC}\), add depreciation to make it gross. Deduct (NFIA) for domestic and add (NIT) for MP.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Depreciation जोड़ें, (NFIA) घटाएं और (NIT) जोड़ें / Add depreciation, deduct (NFIA) and add (NIT). From \(NNP_{FC}\), add depreciation to make it gross. Deduct (NFIA) for domestic and add (NIT) for MP.
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(NNP_{FC}\) से gross बनाने के लिए depreciation जोड़ते हैं। Domestic बनाने को (NFIA) घटाते और MP बनाने को (NIT) जोड़ते हैं।
\(GDP_{MP}=7200+800-300+450=8150\) crore. In reverse conversion, (NFIA) is deducted for national to domestic.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. 8150 करोड़ / 8150 crore. \(GDP_{MP}=7200+800-300+450=8150\) crore. In reverse conversion, (NFIA) is deducted for national to domestic.
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(GDP_{MP}=7200+800-300+450=8150\) करोड़ होगा। Reverse conversion में national से domestic के लिए (NFIA) घटता है।
From \(GNP_{MP}\) to \(NNP_{FC}\), depreciation is deducted for net and (NIT) for FC. (GNP) is already national.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Depreciation और (NIT) / Depreciation and (NIT). From \(GNP_{MP}\) to \(NNP_{FC}\), depreciation is deducted for net and (NIT) for FC. (GNP) is already national.
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(GNP_{MP}\) से \(NNP_{FC}\) तक net बनाने के लिए depreciation और FC बनाने के लिए (NIT) घटता है। (GNP) पहले से national होता है।
First \(NNP_{MP}=7900+350=8250\), then depreciation (=8800-8250=550) crore. In reverse, correct the valuation basis first.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. 550 करोड़ / 550 crore. First \(NNP_{MP}=7900+350=8250\), then depreciation (=8800-8250=550) crore. In reverse, correct the valuation basis first.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पहले \(NNP_{MP}=7900+350=8250\), फिर depreciation (=8800-8250=550) करोड़। Reverse में पहले valuation basis ठीक करें।
A. Depreciation जोड़ें और (NIT) घटाएं/Add depreciation and deduct (NIT)
Step 1
Concept
From \(NNP_{MP}\), add depreciation to make it gross and deduct (NIT) for FC. The national basis is already same.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Depreciation जोड़ें और (NIT) घटाएं / Add depreciation and deduct (NIT). From \(NNP_{MP}\), add depreciation to make it gross and deduct (NIT) for FC. The national basis is already same.
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(NNP_{MP}\) से gross बनाने के लिए depreciation जोड़ें और FC के लिए (NIT) घटाएं। National basis पहले से समान है।
\(GNP_{FC}=6400+780-430=6750\) crore. (NIT) is deducted for MP to FC and depreciation is added for net to gross.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. 6750 करोड़ / 6750 crore. \(GNP_{FC}=6400+780-430=6750\) crore. (NIT) is deducted for MP to FC and depreciation is added for net to gross.
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(GNP_{FC}=6400+780-430=6750\) करोड़ होगा। MP से FC में (NIT) घटता है और net से gross में depreciation जुड़ता है।
A. जब (NFIA) कम और (NIT) धनात्मक हो/When (NFIA) is low and (NIT) is positive
Step 1
Concept
\(NNP_{FC}=NDP_{MP}+NFIA-NIT\). Positive (NIT) and low (NFIA) can make FC value lower than domestic MP.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. जब (NFIA) कम और (NIT) धनात्मक हो / When (NFIA) is low and (NIT) is positive. \(NNP_{FC}=NDP_{MP}+NFIA-NIT\). Positive (NIT) and low (NFIA) can make FC value lower than domestic MP.
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(NNP_{FC}=NDP_{MP}+NFIA-NIT\) होता है। Positive (NIT) और low (NFIA) FC value को domestic MP से कम कर सकते हैं।
\(NNP_{FC}=5900-180-420=5300\) crore. The net basis is already present, so depreciation is not deducted.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. 5300 करोड़ / 5300 crore. \(NNP_{FC}=5900-180-420=5300\) crore. The net basis is already present, so depreciation is not deducted.
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(NNP_{FC}=5900-180-420=5300\) करोड़ होगा। Net basis पहले से है इसलिए depreciation नहीं घटाया जाएगा।
Deducting depreciation shows income left after maintaining capital stock. Thus NNP is useful in sustainable income analysis.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Sustainable net income. Deducting depreciation shows income left after maintaining capital stock. Thus NNP is useful in sustainable income analysis.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Depreciation घटाने से capital stock बनाए रखने के बाद बची income दिखती है। इसलिए NNP sustainable income analysis में उपयोगी है।
Net saving (=Gross\ saving-Depreciation=500) crore. Deducting depreciation is the key rule in net concepts.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. 500 करोड़ / 500 crore. Net saving (=Gross\ saving-Depreciation=500) crore. Deducting depreciation is the key rule in net concepts.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Net saving (=Gross\ saving-Depreciation=500) करोड़ होगा। Net concepts में depreciation घटाना मुख्य नियम है।
A. Net saving negative हो सकती है/Net saving can be negative
Step 1
Concept
If depreciation exceeds gross saving, net saving can go below zero. This shows capital maintenance pressure.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Net saving negative हो सकती है / Net saving can be negative. If depreciation exceeds gross saving, net saving can go below zero. This shows capital maintenance pressure.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Depreciation gross saving से अधिक हो तो net saving शून्य से नीचे जा सकती है। यह capital maintenance pressure दिखाता है।
A. Obsolescence पूंजी के आर्थिक मूल्य घटने का कारण हो सकता है/Obsolescence can cause a fall in economic value of capital
Step 1
Concept
New technology can reduce the economic value of old machines. Study it with the idea of capital consumption.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Obsolescence पूंजी के आर्थिक मूल्य घटने का कारण हो सकता है / Obsolescence can cause a fall in economic value of capital. New technology can reduce the economic value of old machines. Study it with the idea of capital consumption.
Step 3
Exam Tip
नई तकनीक से पुरानी मशीन का आर्थिक मूल्य घट सकता है। इसे capital consumption की समझ से जोड़कर पढ़ें।
A. क्योंकि normal depreciation नियमित उपयोग से होता है जबकि unexpected loss असामान्य घटना से हो सकता है/Because normal depreciation arises from regular use while unexpected loss may arise from an abnormal event
Step 1
Concept
Depreciation represents regular capital consumption. Separating abnormal loss improves measurement clarity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि normal depreciation नियमित उपयोग से होता है जबकि unexpected loss असामान्य घटना से हो सकता है / Because normal depreciation arises from regular use while unexpected loss may arise from an abnormal event. Depreciation represents regular capital consumption. Separating abnormal loss improves measurement clarity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Depreciation नियमित capital consumption को दर्शाता है। असामान्य loss को अलग पहचानना measurement में स्पष्टता देता है।
A. वास्तविक उत्पादन या वास्तविक आय में वृद्धि हुई है/Real output or real income has increased
Step 1
Concept
Real NNP removes the price effect. Therefore, a rise in real NNP indicates real growth.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. वास्तविक उत्पादन या वास्तविक आय में वृद्धि हुई है / Real output or real income has increased. Real NNP removes the price effect. Therefore, a rise in real NNP indicates real growth.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Real NNP में price effect हटाया जाता है। इसलिए real NNP बढ़ना वास्तविक वृद्धि का संकेत देता है।
A. कीमतों की वृद्धि ने वास्तविक गिरावट को छिपा दिया है/Price rise has hidden a real decline
Step 1
Concept
Nominal value can rise due to price rise. If real NNP falls, real output or income is decreasing.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कीमतों की वृद्धि ने वास्तविक गिरावट को छिपा दिया है / Price rise has hidden a real decline. Nominal value can rise due to price rise. If real NNP falls, real output or income is decreasing.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Nominal value price rise से बढ़ सकती है। Real NNP घटे तो वास्तविक उत्पादन या आय कम हो रही है।
A. कल्याण और वास्तविक सेवा योगदान कम आंका जा सकता है/Welfare and real service contribution may be underestimated
Step 1
Concept
Unpaid care work lacks market valuation but contributes to welfare. Thus NNP may show welfare incompletely.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कल्याण और वास्तविक सेवा योगदान कम आंका जा सकता है / Welfare and real service contribution may be underestimated. Unpaid care work lacks market valuation but contributes to welfare. Thus NNP may show welfare incompletely.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Unpaid care work का market valuation नहीं होता लेकिन welfare में योगदान होता है। इसलिए NNP welfare को अधूरा दिखा सकता है।
A. सामान्यतः शामिल नहीं होगी/Generally not included
Step 1
Concept
A household unpaid service has no market transaction. Therefore, it is generally not included in NNP.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सामान्यतः शामिल नहीं होगी / Generally not included. A household unpaid service has no market transaction. Therefore, it is generally not included in NNP.
Step 3
Exam Tip
घरेलू unpaid service का market transaction नहीं होता। इसलिए इसे सामान्यतः NNP में शामिल नहीं किया जाता।
A. Farm produce marketable output हो सकता है, household cooking unpaid service है/Farm produce can be marketable output, household cooking is an unpaid service
Step 1
Concept
Estimated market value of self-consumed farm output can be counted. Unpaid household services are generally excluded.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Farm produce marketable output हो सकता है, household cooking unpaid service है / Farm produce can be marketable output, household cooking is an unpaid service. Estimated market value of self-consumed farm output can be counted. Unpaid household services are generally excluded.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Self-consumed farm output का अनुमानित बाजार मूल्य लिया जा सकता है। Unpaid household services सामान्यतः बाहर रहती हैं।
A. इसे current output के रूप में शामिल किया जा सकता है/It can be included as current output
Step 1
Concept
Self-consumed agricultural output is current production. If its market value is estimated, it can be included.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. इसे current output के रूप में शामिल किया जा सकता है / It can be included as current output. Self-consumed agricultural output is current production. If its market value is estimated, it can be included.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Self-consumed agricultural output current production है। उसका market value अनुमानित हो तो उसे शामिल किया जा सकता है।
A. Resale price current output नहीं है, commission current service है/Resale price is not current output, commission is a current service
Step 1
Concept
The value of a second-hand asset was already counted earlier. Broker commission is a current service and may be included.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Resale price current output नहीं है, commission current service है / Resale price is not current output, commission is a current service. The value of a second-hand asset was already counted earlier. Broker commission is a current service and may be included.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Second-hand asset का मूल्य पहले गिना जा चुका होता है। Broker commission वर्तमान सेवा है इसलिए शामिल हो सकती है।
A. केवल (25) हजार commission/Only (25) thousand commission
Step 1
Concept
Resale of old car is not current production. Dealer commission is current service output.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. केवल (25) हजार commission / Only (25) thousand commission. Resale of old car is not current production. Dealer commission is current service output.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Old car की resale current production नहीं है। Dealer commission current service output है।
A. क्योंकि वे उत्पादन सेवा के नियमित प्रतिफल नहीं हैं/Because they are not regular rewards for productive service
Step 1
Concept
Factor income is received against productive service. Windfall gains are not directly linked with current production contribution.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि वे उत्पादन सेवा के नियमित प्रतिफल नहीं हैं / Because they are not regular rewards for productive service. Factor income is received against productive service. Windfall gains are not directly linked with current production contribution.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Factor income productive service के बदले मिलती है। Windfall gains current production contribution से सीधे जुड़े नहीं होते।
A. क्योंकि \(NNP_{FC}\) factor cost पर है और taxes factor income नहीं हैं/Because \(NNP_{FC}\) is at factor cost and taxes are not factor income
Step 1
Concept
The income method adds factor incomes. Indirect taxes are relevant as (NIT) in market price conversion.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि \(NNP_{FC}\) factor cost पर है और taxes factor income नहीं हैं / Because \(NNP_{FC}\) is at factor cost and taxes are not factor income. The income method adds factor incomes. Indirect taxes are relevant as (NIT) in market price conversion.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Income method में factor incomes जोड़ी जाती हैं। Indirect taxes market price conversion में (NIT) के रूप में relevant होते हैं।
A. क्योंकि self-employed की labour और enterprise income अलग करना कठिन होता है/Because separating labour and enterprise income of self-employed is difficult
Step 1
Concept
Income of self-employed persons mixes wages and profit. Therefore, mixed income is taken separately.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि self-employed की labour और enterprise income अलग करना कठिन होता है / Because separating labour and enterprise income of self-employed is difficult. Income of self-employed persons mixes wages and profit. Therefore, mixed income is taken separately.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Self-employed persons की आय में मजदूरी और लाभ मिश्रित रहते हैं। इसलिए mixed income अलग से लिया जाता है।
यदि compensation of employees (3200) करोड़, operating surplus (2400) करोड़, mixed income (1300) करोड़ और (NFIA=100) करोड़ पहले ही included नहीं है, तो \(NNP_{FC}\) कितना होगा?
Domestic factor income (=3200+2400+1300=6900), then add (NFIA) to get \(NNP_{FC}=7000\) crore. Check whether (NFIA) is already included.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. 7000 करोड़ / 7000 crore. Domestic factor income (=3200+2400+1300=6900), then add (NFIA) to get \(NNP_{FC}=7000\) crore. Check whether (NFIA) is already included.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Domestic factor income (=3200+2400+1300=6900), फिर (NFIA) जोड़कर \(NNP_{FC}=7000\) करोड़। देखें कि (NFIA) पहले included है या नहीं।
A. (NFIA) दोबारा नहीं जोड़ना चाहिए/(NFIA) should not be added again
Step 1
Concept
On national basis, factor incomes already include the effect of (NFIA). Adding it again would cause double adjustment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (NFIA) दोबारा नहीं जोड़ना चाहिए / (NFIA) should not be added again. On national basis, factor incomes already include the effect of (NFIA). Adding it again would cause double adjustment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
National basis पर factor incomes में (NFIA) का प्रभाव पहले से शामिल होता है। दोबारा जोड़ने से double adjustment होगा।
A. Valuation basis और (NFIA)/Valuation basis and (NFIA)
Step 1
Concept
Net value added may be on domestic basis and at MP or FC. To reach \(NNP_{FC}\), check valuation and (NFIA).
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Valuation basis और (NFIA) / Valuation basis and (NFIA). Net value added may be on domestic basis and at MP or FC. To reach \(NNP_{FC}\), check valuation and (NFIA).
Step 3
Exam Tip
Net value added domestic basis पर हो सकता है और MP या FC पर हो सकता है। \(NNP_{FC}\) तक पहुंचने के लिए valuation और (NFIA) check करें।
\(NNP_{FC}=NVA_{MP}+NFIA-NIT=6000+250-400=5850\) crore. Since it is net value, depreciation need not be deducted.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. 5850 करोड़ / 5850 crore. \(NNP_{FC}=NVA_{MP}+NFIA-NIT=6000+250-400=5850\) crore. Since it is net value, depreciation need not be deducted.
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(NNP_{FC}=NVA_{MP}+NFIA-NIT=6000+250-400=5850\) करोड़। Net value होने से depreciation घटाने की जरूरत नहीं है।
\(NNP_{FC}=9000-1100-200-500=7200\) crore. Gross to net, domestic to national and MP to FC conversions are all applied.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. 7200 करोड़ / 7200 crore. \(NNP_{FC}=9000-1100-200-500=7200\) crore. Gross to net, domestic to national and MP to FC conversions are all applied.
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(NNP_{FC}=9000-1100-200-500=7200\) करोड़ होगा। Gross से net, domestic से national और MP से FC तीनों conversion लगते हैं।
A. Current production income overstate हो सकती है/Current production income may be overstated
Step 1
Concept
Capital gains may arise from asset price changes, not from current productive service. Adding them can wrongly increase national income.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Current production income overstate हो सकती है / Current production income may be overstated. Capital gains may arise from asset price changes, not from current productive service. Adding them can wrongly increase national income.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Capital gains asset price changes से हो सकते हैं, current production service से नहीं। इन्हें जोड़ने से national income गलत बढ़ सकती है।
A. क्योंकि यह current productive service का भुगतान नहीं है/Because it is not payment for current productive service
Step 1
Concept
Government pension can be a transfer payment. National income includes rewards for current factor services.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि यह current productive service का भुगतान नहीं है / Because it is not payment for current productive service. Government pension can be a transfer payment. National income includes rewards for current factor services.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सरकारी pension transfer payment हो सकती है। National income में current factor services का reward लिया जाता है।
Teaching salary is a reward for current productive service. Pension, being a transfer payment, is not included in national income.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. केवल teaching salary / Only teaching salary. Teaching salary is a reward for current productive service. Pension, being a transfer payment, is not included in national income.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Teaching salary current productive service का reward है। Pension transfer payment होने पर national income में शामिल नहीं की जाती।
\(NNP_{MP}=NNP_{FC}+NIT\). If \(NNP_{FC}\) remains same, higher (NIT) raises \(NNP_{MP}\).
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. \(NNP_{MP}\) बढ़ेगा / \(NNP_{MP}\) will rise. \(NNP_{MP}=NNP_{FC}+NIT\). If \(NNP_{FC}\) remains same, higher (NIT) raises \(NNP_{MP}\).
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(NNP_{MP}=NNP_{FC}+NIT\) है। \(NNP_{FC}\) समान रहे तो (NIT) बढ़ने पर \(NNP_{MP}\) बढ़ता है।
When (NIT) is negative, \(NNP_{FC}\) is higher than MP. When (NIT) becomes zero, \(NNP_{FC}=NNP_{MP}\), so it falls.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. \(NNP_{FC}\) घटेगा / \(NNP_{FC}\) will fall. When (NIT) is negative, \(NNP_{FC}\) is higher than MP. When (NIT) becomes zero, \(NNP_{FC}=NNP_{MP}\), so it falls.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Negative (NIT) होने पर \(NNP_{FC}\) MP से अधिक होता है। (NIT) zero होने पर \(NNP_{FC}=NNP_{MP}\) हो जाता है, इसलिए घटता है।
यदि residents की foreign factor income (1500) करोड़ और foreigners की domestic factor income (1900) करोड़ है, तो (NFIA) और national aggregate पर क्या प्रभाव होगा?
A. (NFIA=-400) करोड़ और national aggregate घटेगा/(NFIA=-400) crore and national aggregate will fall
Step 1
Concept
(NFIA=1500-1900=-400) crore. Negative (NFIA) makes national value lower than domestic value.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (NFIA=-400) करोड़ और national aggregate घटेगा / (NFIA=-400) crore and national aggregate will fall. (NFIA=1500-1900=-400) crore. Negative (NFIA) makes national value lower than domestic value.
Step 3
Exam Tip
(NFIA=1500-1900=-400) करोड़ होगा। Negative (NFIA) domestic value से national value को कम करता है।
Approximate per capita growth is total growth minus population growth. With population growth of (-2%), it is (5%-(-2%)=7%).
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. लगभग (7%) वृद्धि / About (7%) rise. Approximate per capita growth is total growth minus population growth. With population growth of (-2%), it is (5%-(-2%)=7%).
Step 3
Exam Tip
Approximate per capita growth total growth minus population growth होता है। Population growth (-2%) होने पर (5%-(-2%)=7%) होगा।
Per capita growth is approximately (6%-8%=-2%). Per capita can fall even when total NNP rises.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. लगभग (2%) घटेगा / It will fall by about (2%). Per capita growth is approximately (6%-8%=-2%). Per capita can fall even when total NNP rises.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Per capita growth approximately (6%-8%=-2%) होगा। कुल NNP बढ़ने पर भी per capita घट सकता है।
A. वास्तविक जीवन-गुणवत्ता का आकलन अधूरा हो सकता है/Assessment of real quality of life may be incomplete
Step 1
Concept
NNP shows monetary output but does not measure non-monetary quality like leisure. Treat it as a limitation in welfare analysis.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. वास्तविक जीवन-गुणवत्ता का आकलन अधूरा हो सकता है / Assessment of real quality of life may be incomplete. NNP shows monetary output but does not measure non-monetary quality like leisure. Treat it as a limitation in welfare analysis.
Step 3
Exam Tip
NNP monetary output बताता है लेकिन leisure जैसी non-monetary quality को नहीं मापता। Welfare analysis में इसे limitation मानें।
A. NNP बढ़ने से welfare जरूरी नहीं समान अनुपात में बढ़ा हो/Welfare may not have risen in the same proportion as NNP
Step 1
Concept
Higher output may come with loss of leisure. Therefore, do not treat NNP and welfare as identical.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. NNP बढ़ने से welfare जरूरी नहीं समान अनुपात में बढ़ा हो / Welfare may not have risen in the same proportion as NNP. Higher output may come with loss of leisure. Therefore, do not treat NNP and welfare as identical.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अधिक output के साथ leisure loss भी हो सकता है। इसलिए NNP और welfare को एक जैसा न मानें।
A. Measured NNP को actual activity से कम दिखा सकती है/It can make measured NNP lower than actual activity
Step 1
Concept
Hidden activity does not enter official records. This can make measured NNP lower than actual production or income.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Measured NNP को actual activity से कम दिखा सकती है / It can make measured NNP lower than actual activity. Hidden activity does not enter official records. This can make measured NNP lower than actual production or income.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Hidden activity official records में नहीं आती। इससे measured NNP actual production या income से कम दिख सकती है।
A. Official NNP economy का पूरा picture नहीं दे सकता/Official NNP may not give the complete picture of the economy
Step 1
Concept
If black income is missed, official NNP can be incomplete. Policy conclusions should acknowledge data limitations.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Official NNP economy का पूरा picture नहीं दे सकता / Official NNP may not give the complete picture of the economy. If black income is missed, official NNP can be incomplete. Policy conclusions should acknowledge data limitations.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Black income छूटने से official NNP incomplete हो सकता है। Policy conclusion में data limitation स्वीकार करनी चाहिए।
A. Target aggregate से base aggregate की दिशा उलटते समय adjustment signs बदलते हैं/Adjustment signs change when direction is reversed from target to base aggregate
Step 1
Concept
In forward and reverse conversion, the direction of the same relation changes. Decide the sign by checking aggregate identity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Target aggregate से base aggregate की दिशा उलटते समय adjustment signs बदलते हैं / Adjustment signs change when direction is reversed from target to base aggregate. In forward and reverse conversion, the direction of the same relation changes. Decide the sign by checking aggregate identity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Forward और reverse conversion में same relation का direction बदलता है। इसलिए sign को aggregate identity देखकर तय करें।
A. क्योंकि ये national, valuation और net conversion की अलग dimensions हैं/Because they represent separate dimensions of national, valuation and net conversion
Step 1
Concept
(NFIA) changes domestic-national, (NIT) changes MP-FC and depreciation changes gross-net. Mixing them increases sign mistakes.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि ये national, valuation और net conversion की अलग dimensions हैं / Because they represent separate dimensions of national, valuation and net conversion. (NFIA) changes domestic-national, (NIT) changes MP-FC and depreciation changes gross-net. Mixing them increases sign mistakes.
Step 3
Exam Tip
(NFIA) domestic-national, (NIT) MP-FC और depreciation gross-net को बदलता है। तीनों को मिलाने से sign mistakes बढ़ती हैं।
A. क्योंकि gross से net जाने पर depreciation घटता है/Because depreciation is deducted when moving from gross to net
Step 1
Concept
\(GDP_{MP}\) is a gross aggregate and \(NNP_{FC}\) is a net aggregate. Therefore, depreciation should be deducted, not added.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि gross से net जाने पर depreciation घटता है / Because depreciation is deducted when moving from gross to net. \(GDP_{MP}\) is a gross aggregate and \(NNP_{FC}\) is a net aggregate. Therefore, depreciation should be deducted, not added.
Step 3
Exam Tip
\(GDP_{MP}\) gross aggregate है और \(NNP_{FC}\) net aggregate है। इसलिए depreciation जोड़ना नहीं, घटाना चाहिए।
