Features of planning

Planning is an ongoing process so it does not end once forever. In exams treat always ends as wrong.

Definite objectives are necessary along with future. In exams check both future and objectives in planning.

Planning is needed in every organisation and at every managerial level. In exams remember all organisations and levels.

Forecasting future sales shows future orientation. In exams connect sales forecast with future orientation.

Comparison helps choose a suitable course of action. In exams connect comparison with decision making.

Clear objectives give direction to efforts. In exams connect common direction with objective focus.

The direct answer is B: planning is pervasive. Pervasive means spread throughout the organisation. Planning is needed by top, middle and supervisory managers, although the scope and detail differ at each level. Top managers make broad strategic plans, middle managers prepare departmental plans, and lower-level managers plan day-to-day work. Option A is wrong because future orientation only says that planning considers coming actions. Option C is wrong because planning is not merely control; control checks performance against plans, while planning sets objectives and methods. Option D is wrong because a plan must have objectives; without a goal, there is no clear desired result. B is correct because it shows that planning is not restricted to top management. Memory cue: all levels plan, but each level plans for its own area and time period.

The nature of planning is linked with preparation for the future. In exams treat future preparation as the main clue.

Planning requires thinking and analysis. In exams understand thought based activity as intellectual feature.

Standards for controlling come from planning. In exams connect control standards with planning first.

Planning is also done at the middle level. In exams connect middle level planning with pervasiveness.

Planning takes decisions for future activities. In exams connect future decisions with future orientation.

The correct option is chosen through comparison and evaluation. In exams connect evaluation with decision making.

The purpose of planning is to achieve set objectives. In exams connect goal achievement with objective focus.

Planning is needed in every functional area. In exams connect functional areas with pervasiveness.

Improvement according to change shows the continuity of planning. In exams connect improvement with continuous feature.

Giving orders without thinking is against the intellectual nature of planning. In exams treat without thinking as a wrong clue.

Other managerial functions are based on the direction set in planning. In exams understand primary function as base function.

Planning exists everywhere but its scope changes. In exams understand same need different scope.

Deciding resources based on future demand shows future orientation. In exams connect future demand with planning.

An important part of planning is selection among alternatives. In exams treat no selection as weakness of decision feature.

An intellectual process needs analysis along with estimation. In exams treat missing analysis as a weakness.

The match between objective and course of action shows two features of planning. In exams read objective plus decision together.

Counting mistakes is more related to controlling not planning. In exams connect before work with primary planning.

Seeing upcoming change shows future orientation and updating the plan shows continuity. In exams identify dual features.