Modern Indian History

General Dyer ordered the firing at Jallianwala Bagh. Exam tip: remember the event and the responsible official.

The Rowlatt Act of 1919 gave the British government wide powers to arrest or detain suspects without trial. Gandhi launched a satyagraha against these repressive provisions. Exam tip: remember it as the ‘Black Act’, not a reform granting self-government.

Gandhi began the Dandi March from Sabarmati on 12 March 1930 and broke the salt law on 6 April. This launched the Civil Disobedience Movement. The Swadeshi Movement was linked to opposition to the 1905 Partition of Bengal. Exam tip: associate Dandi March with Salt Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience.

After the violence at Chauri Chaura Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement. Exam tip: remember movements with reasons for withdrawal.

The correct answer is B, 1922. On 5 February 1922, protesters associated with the Non-Cooperation Movement clashed with police at Chauri Chaura in the Gorakhpur district of the United Provinces. The police station was set on fire and policemen were killed. Mahatma Gandhi considered the violence contrary to the movement’s principle of non-violence and consequently withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement. The other dates refer to different milestones: 1919 to the Rowlatt Satyagraha and Jallianwala Bagh period, 1930 to the Civil Disobedience and Salt March phase, and 1942 to the Quit India Movement.

The Simon Commission came to India in 1928. Exam tip: connect it with protests because it had no Indian member.

The slogan Simon Go Back was raised against the Simon Commission. Exam tip: remember movements with slogans.

Lala Lajpat Rai was called ‘Punjab Kesari’ because of his courageous nationalist leadership and public awakening work in Punjab. ‘Lokmanya’ refers to Bal Gangadhar Tilak, ‘Deshbandhu’ to Chittaranjan Das, and ‘Gurudev’ to Rabindranath Tagore. Exam tip: learn major freedom leaders along with their popular titles.

The Poorna Swaraj resolution was passed at the Lahore session in 1929. Exam tip: connect it with 26 January 1930.

Dandi March was linked with the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Exam tip: connect the Salt Law with this movement.

Gandhi’s Dandi March of 1930 aimed to break the British Salt Law. Tax on salt affected ordinary people, making it a powerful symbol of protest. The Forest Law concerned forest use. Exam tip: link Dandi March with Civil Disobedience and salt tax.

Gandhi broke the salt law to oppose British taxation. Exam tip: understand the big political meaning of a simple symbol.

The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was concluded on 5 March 1931 between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin. Under it, the Congress agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference, and the Civil Disobedience Movement was temporarily suspended. The year 1935 is associated with the Government of India Act, not this pact. Exam tip: remember the pact along with the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Second Round Table Conference.

The Act of 1935 provided for provincial autonomy. Exam tip: remember main features of important Acts.

The Quit India Movement was launched under Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership in August 1942, with the famous call of “Do or Die.” The year 1930 is associated with the Civil Disobedience Movement, so it is a close but incorrect option. Exam tip: the Quit India Movement is also known as the August Movement.

Do or Die was the main slogan of the Quit India Movement. Exam tip: remember 1942 and this slogan together.

The Indian National Army is mainly associated with Subhas Chandra Bose. Exam tip: remember leaders with organisations.

Subhas Chandra Bose gave this slogan calling for sacrifice for freedom. Exam tip: remember slogans with leaders.

The Ghadar Party was linked with Indian revolutionaries abroad. Exam tip: remember the role of overseas Indians.

Bhagat Singh was a prominent revolutionary in India’s freedom struggle. He supported the idea of ending colonial rule through organised revolutionary action and worked with other young revolutionaries. The organisation most directly associated with him in standard Indian history is the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, commonly abbreviated as HSRA.

The Indian National Congress was a broad political organisation, while the Muslim League was formed to represent a different political platform. The Servants of India Society was a social and public-service organisation, not the revolutionary group linked with Bhagat Singh in this context. Therefore, option A, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, is the correct choice. Remembering the full name helps distinguish HSRA from other freedom-movement organisations.