D. स्वतंत्र प्रमाण का अभाव/Lack of independent evidence
Step 1
Concept
Popularity does not prove that an idea is correct. Facts and reasoning are needed to support a decision.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. स्वतंत्र प्रमाण का अभाव / Lack of independent evidence. Popularity does not prove that an idea is correct. Facts and reasoning are needed to support a decision.
Step 3
Exam Tip
लोकप्रियता किसी विचार की सत्यता का प्रमाण नहीं होती। निर्णय के समर्थन में तथ्य और तर्क आवश्यक हैं।
B. अपर्याप्त प्रमाण से निष्कर्ष/Conclusion from insufficient evidence
Step 1
Concept
One example does not always disprove a general rule. Sufficient evidence should be checked before drawing a conclusion.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. अपर्याप्त प्रमाण से निष्कर्ष / Conclusion from insufficient evidence. One example does not always disprove a general rule. Sufficient evidence should be checked before drawing a conclusion.
Step 3
Exam Tip
एक उदाहरण हमेशा सामान्य नियम को गलत सिद्ध नहीं करता। निष्कर्ष से पहले पर्याप्त प्रमाण जांचना चाहिए।
Presenting options by different standards creates a biased comparison. Explain benefits and limitations of both on the same basis.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. पक्षपाती तुलना / Biased comparison. Presenting options by different standards creates a biased comparison. Explain benefits and limitations of both on the same basis.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अलग मानकों पर विकल्पों को दिखाना पक्षपाती तुलना है। दोनों के लाभ और सीमाएं समान आधार पर बताएं।
Selecting only supporting evidence is confirmation bias. Fair communication should also acknowledge opposing evidence.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. पुष्टिकरण पक्षपात / Confirmation bias. Selecting only supporting evidence is confirmation bias. Fair communication should also acknowledge opposing evidence.
Step 3
Exam Tip
केवल समर्थनकारी प्रमाण चुनना पुष्टिकरण पक्षपात है। निष्पक्ष संचार में विपरीत प्रमाण भी स्वीकार करें।
A. एक परिणाम के कई संभावित कारण हो सकते हैं/One result may have several possible causes
Step 1
Concept
A poor result may have causes other than preparation. Consider alternative causes in causal claims in the exam.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. एक परिणाम के कई संभावित कारण हो सकते हैं / One result may have several possible causes. A poor result may have causes other than preparation. Consider alternative causes in causal claims in the exam.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कम परिणाम के पीछे तैयारी के अलावा अन्य कारण भी हो सकते हैं। परीक्षा में कारण संबंधी दावे में वैकल्पिक कारण देखें।
C. समर्थन को सत्य का प्रमाण मानना/Treating approval as proof of truth
Step 1
Concept
Agreement by people is not sufficient proof that a claim is true. Distinguish popularity from evidence in the exam.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. समर्थन को सत्य का प्रमाण मानना / Treating approval as proof of truth. Agreement by people is not sufficient proof that a claim is true. Distinguish popularity from evidence in the exam.
Step 3
Exam Tip
लोगों की सहमति किसी दावे की सत्यता का पर्याप्त प्रमाण नहीं होती। परीक्षा में लोकप्रियता और प्रमाण को अलग पहचानें।
A clear logical connection should exist between the example and conclusion. Check the link between reason and result while arguing.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. तार्किक संगति / Logical coherence. A clear logical connection should exist between the example and conclusion. Check the link between reason and result while arguing.
Step 3
Exam Tip
उदाहरण और निष्कर्ष के बीच स्पष्ट तार्किक संबंध होना चाहिए। तर्क देते समय कारण और परिणाम का मेल जांचें।
