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B. वे recognition site से दूर और कम predictable जगह काट सकते हैं/They may cut far from recognition site and less predictably
Step 1
Concept
A predictable cut is needed in cloning. Therefore Type II enzymes are considered more useful.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. वे recognition site से दूर और कम predictable जगह काट सकते हैं / They may cut far from recognition site and less predictably. A predictable cut is needed in cloning. Therefore Type II enzymes are considered more useful.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cloning में predictable cut जरूरी होता है। इसलिए Type II enzymes अधिक उपयोगी माने जाते हैं।
C. क्योंकि वे specific और predictable cuts देते हैं/Because they give specific and predictable cuts
Step 1
Concept
Type II enzymes cut at defined recognition sites. This helps in vector and insert preparation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. क्योंकि वे specific और predictable cuts देते हैं / Because they give specific and predictable cuts. Type II enzymes cut at defined recognition sites. This helps in vector and insert preparation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Type II enzymes defined recognition sites पर cut करते हैं। यह vector और insert preparation में मदद करता है।
D. desired DNA ends और fragments पाने के लिए/To obtain desired DNA ends and fragments
Step 1
Concept
A predictable cut gives the planned fragment. In exams understand it as a base condition for successful cloning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. desired DNA ends और fragments पाने के लिए / To obtain desired DNA ends and fragments. A predictable cut gives the planned fragment. In exams understand it as a base condition for successful cloning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Predictable cut से planned fragment मिलता है। परीक्षा में इसे successful cloning की base condition समझें।
A. recognition sequence पर/On recognition sequence
Step 1
Concept
The enzyme recognizes the DNA sequence for which it is specific. Therefore sequence information is necessary.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. recognition sequence पर / On recognition sequence. The enzyme recognizes the DNA sequence for which it is specific. Therefore sequence information is necessary.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Enzyme वही DNA sequence पहचानता है जिसके लिए वह specific है। इसलिए sequence information जरूरी है।
B. recognition sequence की length और DNA sequence composition से/By recognition sequence length and DNA sequence composition
Step 1
Concept
Shorter sites may occur more often. DNA composition also affects site frequency.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. recognition sequence की length और DNA sequence composition से / By recognition sequence length and DNA sequence composition. Shorter sites may occur more often. DNA composition also affects site frequency.
Step 3
Exam Tip
छोटी sites सामान्यतः अधिक बार मिल सकती हैं। DNA composition भी site frequency को प्रभावित करता है।
C. वह कम बार मिलने की संभावना रखती है/It is likely to occur less often
Step 1
Concept
A longer site occurs less often in random DNA. Therefore fewer fragments may be obtained.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. वह कम बार मिलने की संभावना रखती है / It is likely to occur less often. A longer site occurs less often in random DNA. Therefore fewer fragments may be obtained.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Longer site random DNA में कम बार मिलती है। इसलिए fewer fragments मिल सकते हैं।
D. कम cut sites और बड़े fragments/Fewer cut sites and larger fragments
Step 1
Concept
Rare cutters can recognize longer sequences. Thus DNA is cut at fewer places.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. कम cut sites और बड़े fragments / Fewer cut sites and larger fragments. Rare cutters can recognize longer sequences. Thus DNA is cut at fewer places.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Rare cutters लंबी recognition sequence पहचान सकते हैं। इससे DNA कम जगह कटता है।
A. restriction pattern analysis में छोटे fragments पाने के लिए/To obtain small fragments for restriction pattern analysis
Step 1
Concept
A frequent cutter can give many small fragments. It is used carefully in mapping or analysis.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. restriction pattern analysis में छोटे fragments पाने के लिए / To obtain small fragments for restriction pattern analysis. A frequent cutter can give many small fragments. It is used carefully in mapping or analysis.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Frequent cutter कई छोटे fragments दे सकता है। इसे mapping या analysis में सावधानी से use किया जाता है।
B. cut sites की positions पर/On positions of cut sites
Step 1
Concept
Fragment length is determined by the positions of cut sites. A restriction map shows this.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. cut sites की positions पर / On positions of cut sites. Fragment length is determined by the positions of cut sites. A restriction map shows this.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cut sites जहाँ होंगे fragments की length वही तय करेगी। Restriction map इसी बात को दिखाता है।
C. cut site positions का अनुमान लगाने के लिए/To estimate cut site positions
Step 1
Concept
Cut site positions are estimated by comparing fragment sizes from different digests. This is the basic idea of mapping.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. cut site positions का अनुमान लगाने के लिए / To estimate cut site positions. Cut site positions are estimated by comparing fragment sizes from different digests. This is the basic idea of mapping.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Different digests के fragment sizes compare करके cut sites का अनुमान लगाया जाता है। यह mapping का basic idea है।
D. एक enzyme के cut sites से बने fragment sizes/Fragment sizes made by one enzyme cut sites
Step 1
Concept
A single digest gives the pattern for one enzyme. Double digests are also useful for a complete map.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. एक enzyme के cut sites से बने fragment sizes / Fragment sizes made by one enzyme cut sites. A single digest gives the pattern for one enzyme. Double digests are also useful for a complete map.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Single digest एक enzyme का pattern देता है। Complete map के लिए double digests भी useful होते हैं।
A. दो enzymes के sites की relative positions बताकर/By indicating relative positions of two enzyme sites
Step 1
Concept
Double digest fragments help understand distances between sites. This makes the map clearer.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. दो enzymes के sites की relative positions बताकर / By indicating relative positions of two enzyme sites. Double digest fragments help understand distances between sites. This makes the map clearer.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Double digest fragments sites के बीच की distances समझने में मदद करते हैं। इससे map अधिक clear होता है।
A. क्योंकि partial digestion false fragment pattern दे सकती है/Because partial digestion can give a false fragment pattern
Step 1
Concept
Incomplete cutting can give extra bands. Accurate band pattern is very important in mapping.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि partial digestion false fragment pattern दे सकती है / Because partial digestion can give a false fragment pattern. Incomplete cutting can give extra bands. Accurate band pattern is very important in mapping.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Incomplete cutting extra bands दे सकता है। Mapping में accurate band pattern बहुत जरूरी है।
B. uncut और intermediate fragments दिखाकर/By showing uncut and intermediate fragments
Step 1
Concept
In partial digest some molecules are not fully cut. This can show bands different from the actual map.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. uncut और intermediate fragments दिखाकर / By showing uncut and intermediate fragments. In partial digest some molecules are not fully cut. This can show bands different from the actual map.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Partial digest में कुछ molecules fully cut नहीं होते। इससे actual map से अलग bands दिख सकते हैं।
D. extra cut sites या star activity/Extra cut sites or star activity
Step 1
Concept
Extra small bands can show nonspecific cutting or additional sites. Confirm with controls.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. extra cut sites या star activity / Extra cut sites or star activity. Extra small bands can show nonspecific cutting or additional sites. Confirm with controls.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Extra small bands nonspecific cutting या additional sites दिखा सकते हैं। Controls से confirm करें।
A. एक cut circular DNA को linear बना सकता है/One cut can make circular DNA linear
Step 1
Concept
Circular DNA cut at one site becomes a linear molecule. The same one cut in linear DNA can give two fragments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. एक cut circular DNA को linear बना सकता है / One cut can make circular DNA linear. Circular DNA cut at one site becomes a linear molecule. The same one cut in linear DNA can give two fragments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Circular DNA एक site पर कटकर linear molecule बनता है। Linear DNA में वही एक cut दो fragments दे सकता है।
B. fragments सामान्यतः cut sites plus one/Fragments generally equal cut sites plus one
Step 1
Concept
Each internal cut increases fragment count in linear DNA. Therefore one cut gives two fragments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. fragments सामान्यतः cut sites plus one / Fragments generally equal cut sites plus one. Each internal cut increases fragment count in linear DNA. Therefore one cut gives two fragments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Linear DNA में हर internal cut fragment count बढ़ाता है। इसलिए one cut से two fragments बनते हैं।
C. fragments सामान्यतः cut sites के बराबर/Fragments generally equal cut sites
Step 1
Concept
In circular DNA two cut sites can give two fragments. One cut only linearizes the molecule.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. fragments सामान्यतः cut sites के बराबर / Fragments generally equal cut sites. In circular DNA two cut sites can give two fragments. One cut only linearizes the molecule.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Circular DNA में two cut sites two fragments दे सकते हैं। One cut केवल molecule को linear बनाता है।
A. enzyme ने plasmid में one site पर cut किया/The enzyme cut at one site in plasmid
Step 1
Concept
A single cut makes a circular plasmid linear. The linear band can appear near expected size.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme ने plasmid में one site पर cut किया / The enzyme cut at one site in plasmid. A single cut makes a circular plasmid linear. The linear band can appear near expected size.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Single cut circular plasmid को linear बनाता है। Linear band expected size के आसपास दिख सकती है।
A. restriction digestion और uncut control comparison/Restriction digestion and uncut control comparison
Step 1
Concept
Uncut control shows plasmid conformations. Comparison with cut sample makes interpretation easier.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. restriction digestion और uncut control comparison / Restriction digestion and uncut control comparison. Uncut control shows plasmid conformations. Comparison with cut sample makes interpretation easier.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Uncut control plasmid conformations दिखाता है। Cut sample से तुलना interpretation आसान करती है।
A. agarose concentration से/By agarose concentration
Step 1
Concept
Changing agarose concentration changes gel pore size. This affects fragment resolution.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. agarose concentration से / By agarose concentration. Changing agarose concentration changes gel pore size. This affects fragment resolution.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Agarose concentration बदलने से gel pore size बदलती है। इससे fragment resolution प्रभावित होता है।
C. higher percentage agarose gel use करें/Use higher percentage agarose gel
Step 1
Concept
Higher agarose concentration can separate small fragments better. Gel percentage depends on expected size.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. higher percentage agarose gel use करें / Use higher percentage agarose gel. Higher agarose concentration can separate small fragments better. Gel percentage depends on expected size.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Higher agarose concentration छोटे fragments को बेहतर अलग कर सकती है। Gel percentage expected size पर depend करता है।
D. बहुत बड़े DNA fragments अलग करने के लिए/To separate very large DNA fragments
Step 1
Concept
PFGE is useful for separation of large DNA fragments. Treat it as a different application from normal agarose gel.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. बहुत बड़े DNA fragments अलग करने के लिए / To separate very large DNA fragments. PFGE is useful for separation of large DNA fragments. Treat it as a different application from normal agarose gel.
Step 3
Exam Tip
PFGE large DNA fragments की separation में उपयोगी होता है। इसे सामान्य agarose gel से अलग application मानें।
A. DNA bands को visible बनाने के लिए/To make DNA bands visible
Step 1
Concept
DNA is not clearly visible by eyes itself. Stain shows bands during imaging.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA bands को visible बनाने के लिए / To make DNA bands visible. DNA is not clearly visible by eyes itself. Stain shows bands during imaging.
Step 3
Exam Tip
DNA खुद आँखों से clear नहीं दिखता। Stain bands को imaging में दिखाता है।
A. कुछ stains hazardous हो सकते हैं/Some stains can be hazardous
Step 1
Concept
Some DNA stains are considered mutagenic or hazardous. PPE and proper disposal are necessary.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कुछ stains hazardous हो सकते हैं / Some stains can be hazardous. Some DNA stains are considered mutagenic or hazardous. PPE and proper disposal are necessary.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कुछ DNA stains mutagenic या hazardous माने जाते हैं। PPE और proper disposal जरूरी हैं।
A. bands की intensity comparison खराब हो सकती है/Band intensity comparison can become poor
Step 1
Concept
Overexposed bands look saturated. Keep proper exposure for accurate documentation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. bands की intensity comparison खराब हो सकती है / Band intensity comparison can become poor. Overexposed bands look saturated. Keep proper exposure for accurate documentation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Overexposed bands saturated दिखते हैं। Accurate documentation के लिए exposure सही रखें।
A. faint bands miss हो सकती हैं/Faint bands can be missed
Step 1
Concept
Underexposure can hide weak DNA bands. Proper imaging is necessary for result interpretation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. faint bands miss हो सकती हैं / Faint bands can be missed. Underexposure can hide weak DNA bands. Proper imaging is necessary for result interpretation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Underexposure weak DNA bands छिपा सकता है। Proper imaging result interpretation में जरूरी है।
A. bands diffuse या smear हो सकते हैं/Bands can become diffuse or smeared
Step 1
Concept
Too much DNA in a lane may not give clear bands. Keep proper loading amount.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. bands diffuse या smear हो सकते हैं / Bands can become diffuse or smeared. Too much DNA in a lane may not give clear bands. Keep proper loading amount.
Step 3
Exam Tip
बहुत ज्यादा DNA lane में साफ bands नहीं दे सकता। Proper loading amount रखें।
A. sample leak या poor loading हो सकती है/Sample leakage or poor loading can occur
Step 1
Concept
Damaged wells do not hold sample properly. Cast and load the gel carefully.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. sample leak या poor loading हो सकती है / Sample leakage or poor loading can occur. Damaged wells do not hold sample properly. Cast and load the gel carefully.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Damaged wells sample को सही तरह hold नहीं करते। Gel casting और loading सावधानी से करें।
A. sample को well में बैठाने में मदद/Helping sample settle in well
Step 1
Concept
The dense component helps sample settle in the well. Dye front shows run progress.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. sample को well में बैठाने में मदद / Helping sample settle in well. The dense component helps sample settle in the well. Dye front shows run progress.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Dense component sample को well में नीचे बैठाता है। Dye front run progress दिखाता है।
A. uneven heating या gel running issue/Uneven heating or gel running issue
Step 1
Concept
High voltage or uneven gel condition can distort band shape. Keep proper voltage and buffer.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. uneven heating या gel running issue / Uneven heating or gel running issue. High voltage or uneven gel condition can distort band shape. Keep proper voltage and buffer.
Step 3
Exam Tip
High voltage या uneven gel condition band shape बिगाड़ सकती है। Proper voltage और buffer रखें।
A. uneven heating या high voltage/Uneven heating or high voltage
Step 1
Concept
Smiling bands indicate gel running condition problem. Control voltage and buffer temperature.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. uneven heating या high voltage / Uneven heating or high voltage. Smiling bands indicate gel running condition problem. Control voltage and buffer temperature.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Smiling bands gel run condition problem दिखाते हैं। Voltage और buffer temperature control करें।
A. poor conductivity और weak band resolution/Poor conductivity and weak band resolution
Step 1
Concept
Old buffer can lose ionic balance. Fresh running buffer helps clear separation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. poor conductivity और weak band resolution / Poor conductivity and weak band resolution. Old buffer can lose ionic balance. Fresh running buffer helps clear separation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Old buffer ionic balance खो सकता है। Fresh running buffer clear separation में मदद करता है।
A. consistent ionic condition के लिए/For consistent ionic condition
Step 1
Concept
Different buffers can create ionic mismatch. This can affect migration and resolution.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. consistent ionic condition के लिए / For consistent ionic condition. Different buffers can create ionic mismatch. This can affect migration and resolution.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Different buffers ionic mismatch पैदा कर सकते हैं। यह migration और resolution को affect कर सकता है।
A. lane interpretation confuse हो सकती है/Lane interpretation can be confused
Step 1
Concept
If lane map is wrong size comparison can be incorrect. Record loading order.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. lane interpretation confuse हो सकती है / Lane interpretation can be confused. If lane map is wrong size comparison can be incorrect. Record loading order.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Lane map सही न हो तो size comparison गलत हो सकता है। Loading order record करें।
A. accurate size estimation के लिए/For accurate size estimation
Step 1
Concept
If ladder does not cover expected size range size estimate will be weak. Choose the correct ladder.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. accurate size estimation के लिए / For accurate size estimation. If ladder does not cover expected size range size estimate will be weak. Choose the correct ladder.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अगर ladder expected size range cover नहीं करती तो size estimate कमजोर होगा। सही ladder choose करें।
A. longer run और suitable agarose percentage/Longer run and suitable agarose percentage
Step 1
Concept
Gel conditions must be optimized to resolve close bands. Agarose percentage and run time help.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. longer run और suitable agarose percentage / Longer run and suitable agarose percentage. Gel conditions must be optimized to resolve close bands. Agarose percentage and run time help.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Close bands को resolve करने के लिए gel condition optimize करनी पड़ती है। Agarose percentage और run time मदद करते हैं।
A. high resolution fragment sizing के लिए/For high resolution fragment sizing
Step 1
Concept
Capillary electrophoresis can give precise sizing of fragments. It is useful in advanced analysis.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. high resolution fragment sizing के लिए / For high resolution fragment sizing. Capillary electrophoresis can give precise sizing of fragments. It is useful in advanced analysis.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Capillary electrophoresis fragments को precise sizing दे सकता है। यह advanced analysis में useful है।
A. DNA amount in band का अनुमान/Estimate of DNA amount in band
Step 1
Concept
Band brightness is related to DNA mass. It gives a rough estimate but not exact quantification.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. DNA amount in band का अनुमान / Estimate of DNA amount in band. Band brightness is related to DNA mass. It gives a rough estimate but not exact quantification.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Band brightness DNA mass से जुड़ी होती है। यह exact quantification नहीं पर rough estimate देती है।
A. stain binding और imaging conditions के कारण/Due to stain binding and imaging conditions
Step 1
Concept
Band intensity is affected by many factors. Therefore interpret size and mass carefully.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. stain binding और imaging conditions के कारण / Due to stain binding and imaging conditions. Band intensity is affected by many factors. Therefore interpret size and mass carefully.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Band intensity कई factors से प्रभावित होती है। इसलिए size और mass interpretation सावधानी से करें।
A. किस lane में क्या है यह बताने के लिए/To show what is in each lane
Step 1
Concept
Without a lane legend the gel image meaning is unclear. It is an essential part of documentation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. किस lane में क्या है यह बताने के लिए / To show what is in each lane. Without a lane legend the gel image meaning is unclear. It is an essential part of documentation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Lane legend के बिना gel image का meaning clear नहीं रहता। यह documentation का जरूरी भाग है।
A. transparent और reliable record रखने के लिए/To keep transparent and reliable record
Step 1
Concept
Raw data helps result verification. Image manipulation can make scientific conclusions wrong.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. transparent और reliable record रखने के लिए / To keep transparent and reliable record. Raw data helps result verification. Image manipulation can make scientific conclusions wrong.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Raw data result verification में मदद करता है। Image manipulation से scientific conclusion गलत हो सकता है।
A. relevant lanes और ladder context न हटे/Relevant lanes and ladder context should not be removed
Step 1
Concept
Cropping should not remove data context. Transparency is necessary in scientific reporting.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. relevant lanes और ladder context न हटे / Relevant lanes and ladder context should not be removed. Cropping should not remove data context. Transparency is necessary in scientific reporting.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Cropping से data context नहीं हटना चाहिए। Scientific reporting में transparency जरूरी है।
A. enzyme conditions और gel images track करना आसान होता है/Tracking enzyme conditions and gel images becomes easier
Step 1
Concept
Records help repeat experiments and troubleshooting. Digital images and notes can be kept together.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. enzyme conditions और gel images track करना आसान होता है / Tracking enzyme conditions and gel images becomes easier. Records help repeat experiments and troubleshooting. Digital images and notes can be kept together.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Records repeat experiments और troubleshooting में मदद करते हैं। Digital images और notes साथ रखे जा सकते हैं।
A. standard protocol और controlled conditions/Standard protocol and controlled conditions
Step 1
Concept
Repeating the same conditions makes results comparable. Documentation increases reproducibility.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. standard protocol और controlled conditions / Standard protocol and controlled conditions. Repeating the same conditions makes results comparable. Documentation increases reproducibility.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Same conditions repeat करने से results comparable बनते हैं। Documentation reproducibility बढ़ाती है।
A. restriction map fragment pattern gel resolution और documentation याद रखें/Remember restriction map fragment pattern gel resolution and documentation
Step 1
Concept
In this level pattern analysis after DNA cutting is important. Gel condition and records make the result reliable.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. restriction map fragment pattern gel resolution और documentation याद रखें / Remember restriction map fragment pattern gel resolution and documentation. In this level pattern analysis after DNA cutting is important. Gel condition and records make the result reliable.
Step 3
Exam Tip
इस level में DNA cutting के बाद pattern analysis important है। Gel condition और records result को reliable बनाते हैं।
A. restriction cuts से बने fragments को map और gel से समझा जाता है/Fragments made by restriction cuts are understood using map and gel
Step 1
Concept
In restriction analysis expected fragments are compared with observed gel bands. Proper ladder resolution and records are needed.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. restriction cuts से बने fragments को map और gel से समझा जाता है / Fragments made by restriction cuts are understood using map and gel. In restriction analysis expected fragments are compared with observed gel bands. Proper ladder resolution and records are needed.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Restriction analysis में expected fragments observed gel bands से compare होते हैं। Proper ladder resolution और records जरूरी हैं।
