Correct answer: C. Hereditary privilege
Explanation: The direct answer is C, hereditary privilege. In a democracy, every citizen's vote should have equal value. The right to vote is connected with equal citizenship, not with the family, caste, wealth, or social position into which a person is born. Here everyone technically has a vote, but the value of that vote changes according to birth family. Step by step: first, voting is available to all; second, votes are not treated equally; third, the unequal treatment is based on heredity; therefore the system gives a special political advantage to certain families. Option A, universal equality, is wrong because equality would require equal treatment, not different vote weights. Option B, equal vote value, is wrong because the question clearly says the weight changes. Option C is correct because hereditary privilege means an advantage received because of family birth. Option D, free competition, concerns the ability to compete, not the unequal value of votes. Memory cue: democracy means one person, one vote, one value; birth should not multiply political power.