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Net increase in capital stock is net investment, so depreciation is (780-210=570). In exams, treat net addition as net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (570). Net increase in capital stock is net investment, so depreciation is (780-210=570). In exams, treat net addition as net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध वृद्धि शुद्ध निवेश है, इसलिए मूल्यह्रास (780-210=570) होगा। परीक्षा में net addition को net investment मानें।
A fall in capital stock means net investment is (-35), so depreciation is (420-(-35)=455). In exams, treat a fall in stock as negative net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. (455). A fall in capital stock means net investment is (-35), so depreciation is (420-(-35)=455). In exams, treat a fall in stock as negative net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी स्टॉक में कमी का अर्थ शुद्ध निवेश (-35) है, इसलिए मूल्यह्रास (420-(-35)=455) होगा। परीक्षा में घटे हुए stock को negative net investment मानें।
Replacement investment equals depreciation, so gross investment is (-40+260=220). In exams, treat replacement as depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (220). Replacement investment equals depreciation, so gross investment is (-40+260=220). In exams, treat replacement as depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिस्थापन निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर है, इसलिए सकल निवेश (-40+260=220) होगा। परीक्षा में replacement को depreciation मानें।
Replacement investment is depreciation and it equals gross investment, so net investment is zero. In exams, understand full replacement as zero net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. शुद्ध निवेश शून्य है / Net investment is zero. Replacement investment is depreciation and it equals gross investment, so net investment is zero. In exams, understand full replacement as zero net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिस्थापन निवेश मूल्यह्रास है और वह सकल निवेश के बराबर है, इसलिए शुद्ध निवेश शून्य है। परीक्षा में full replacement को zero net investment समझें।
Total investment is gross investment and replacement of old capital is depreciation, so net increase is (640-180=460). In exams, subtract replacement.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. (460). Total investment is gross investment and replacement of old capital is depreciation, so net increase is (640-180=460). In exams, subtract replacement.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कुल निवेश सकल निवेश है और पुरानी पूंजी की भरपाई मूल्यह्रास है, इसलिए शुद्ध वृद्धि (640-180=460) है। परीक्षा में replacement घटाएँ।
B. सकल निवेश (550), मूल्यह्रास (100)/Gross investment (550), depreciation (100)
Step 1
Concept
Option B has net investment (450), which is higher than the others. In exams, subtract depreciation from gross in every option.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. सकल निवेश (550), मूल्यह्रास (100) / Gross investment (550), depreciation (100). Option B has net investment (450), which is higher than the others. In exams, subtract depreciation from gross in every option.
Step 3
Exam Tip
विकल्प B में शुद्ध निवेश (450) है, जो बाकी विकल्पों से अधिक है। परीक्षा में हर विकल्प में gross से depreciation घटाएँ।
A. सकल निवेश (200), मूल्यह्रास (350)/Gross investment (200), depreciation (350)
Step 1
Concept
Option A has net investment (-150), the lowest. The most negative net investment reduces capital stock the most.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सकल निवेश (200), मूल्यह्रास (350) / Gross investment (200), depreciation (350). Option A has net investment (-150), the lowest. The most negative net investment reduces capital stock the most.
Step 3
Exam Tip
विकल्प A में शुद्ध निवेश (-150) है, जो सबसे कम है। सबसे अधिक ऋणात्मक शुद्ध निवेश पूंजी स्टॉक को सबसे अधिक घटाता है।
Depreciation is (5000-4550=450), and (GNP = NNP + Depreciation = 4650+450=5100). In exams, depreciation is common in gross-net conversions.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (5100). Depreciation is (5000-4550=450), and (GNP = NNP + Depreciation = 4650+450=5100). In exams, depreciation is common in gross-net conversions.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास (5000-4550=450) है और (GNP = NNP + Depreciation = 4650+450=5100) है। परीक्षा में depreciation दोनों gross net conversions में समान रहता है।
Net increase in capital stock is (300), so depreciation is (900-300=600). In exams, treat ending minus beginning as net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (600). Net increase in capital stock is (300), so depreciation is (900-300=600). In exams, treat ending minus beginning as net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध वृद्धि (300) है, इसलिए मूल्यह्रास (900-300=600) होगा। परीक्षा में ending minus beginning को net investment मानें।
Change in capital stock is (-100), so net investment is (-100) and gross investment is (-100+500=400). In exams, take decrease as negative.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (400). Change in capital stock is (-100), so net investment is (-100) and gross investment is (-100+500=400). In exams, take decrease as negative.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी स्टॉक में परिवर्तन (-100) है, इसलिए शुद्ध निवेश (-100) और सकल निवेश (-100+500=400) होगा। परीक्षा में decrease को negative लें।
Depreciation is (270) because (360) is (90) more than it, so gross investment is (360+270=630). In exams, convert language into equation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (630). Depreciation is (270) because (360) is (90) more than it, so gross investment is (360+270=630). In exams, convert language into equation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास (270) है क्योंकि (360) उससे (90) अधिक है, इसलिए सकल निवेश (360+270=630) है। परीक्षा में भाषा को equation में बदलें।
A. मूल्यह्रास पूंजी स्टॉक की घिसावट से मूल्य कमी दिखाता है/Depreciation shows fall in value of capital stock due to wear
Step 1
Concept
Depreciation is the loss due to wear and obsolescence of capital stock. It is deducted to move from gross to net.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास पूंजी स्टॉक की घिसावट से मूल्य कमी दिखाता है / Depreciation shows fall in value of capital stock due to wear. Depreciation is the loss due to wear and obsolescence of capital stock. It is deducted to move from gross to net.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास पूंजी स्टॉक की घिसावट और अप्रचलन से आई कमी है। इसे gross से net पाने के लिए घटाया जाता है।
B. प्रतिस्थापन निवेश मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई है और शुद्ध निवेश पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध जोड़ है/Replacement investment replaces depreciation and net investment is net addition to capital stock
Step 1
Concept
Replacement investment maintains old capital while net investment adds extra capital capacity. In exams, separate maintenance and growth.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. प्रतिस्थापन निवेश मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई है और शुद्ध निवेश पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध जोड़ है / Replacement investment replaces depreciation and net investment is net addition to capital stock. Replacement investment maintains old capital while net investment adds extra capital capacity. In exams, separate maintenance and growth.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिस्थापन निवेश पुरानी पूंजी को बनाए रखता है जबकि शुद्ध निवेश अतिरिक्त पूंजी क्षमता जोड़ता है। परीक्षा में maintenance और growth अलग करें।
Only extra capacity is the net addition to capital stock, so net investment is (80). In exams, do not treat replacement as net addition.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (80). Only extra capacity is the net addition to capital stock, so net investment is (80). In exams, do not treat replacement as net addition.
Step 3
Exam Tip
अतिरिक्त क्षमता ही पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध जोड़ है, इसलिए शुद्ध निवेश (80) है। परीक्षा में replacement को net addition न मानें।
B. शुद्ध निवेश कम हो सकता है/Net investment may be low
Step 1
Concept
If a large part of gross investment goes to depreciation replacement, net addition may remain low. In exams, do not infer growth only from gross investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. शुद्ध निवेश कम हो सकता है / Net investment may be low. If a large part of gross investment goes to depreciation replacement, net addition may remain low. In exams, do not infer growth only from gross investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
यदि gross का बड़ा भाग depreciation replacement में जाता है तो net addition कम रह सकता है। परीक्षा में gross investment देखकर ही growth न मानें।
Capital capacity increases when net investment is positive. This happens when gross investment is greater than depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. (Gross\ investment > Depreciation). Capital capacity increases when net investment is positive. This happens when gross investment is greater than depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पूंजी क्षमता बढ़ने के लिए शुद्ध निवेश धनात्मक होना चाहिए। यह तब होता है जब सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास से अधिक हो।
When gross investment is less than depreciation, net investment is negative. This reduces capital capacity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. (Gross\ investment < Depreciation). When gross investment is less than depreciation, net investment is negative. This reduces capital capacity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
जब सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास से कम हो तो शुद्ध निवेश ऋणात्मक होता है। इससे पूंजी क्षमता घटती है।
To get gross investment, add depreciation to net investment. In exams, add when moving from net to gross.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (Net\ investment + Depreciation). To get gross investment, add depreciation to net investment. In exams, add when moving from net to gross.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश पाने के लिए शुद्ध निवेश में मूल्यह्रास जोड़ते हैं। परीक्षा में net से gross जाते समय addition करें।
D. (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment - Depreciation)
Step 1
Concept
Depreciation is added to net investment to get gross investment, not deducted. In exams, a wrong sign can change the whole answer.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment - Depreciation). Depreciation is added to net investment to get gross investment, not deducted. In exams, a wrong sign can change the whole answer.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश में depreciation जोड़ा जाता है, घटाया नहीं जाता। परीक्षा में गलत sign से पूरा उत्तर बदल सकता है।
B. सकल निवेश (300), मूल्यह्रास (300)/Gross investment (300), depreciation (300)
Step 1
Concept
Capital maintenance occurs when net investment is zero. In option B, gross investment equals depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. सकल निवेश (300), मूल्यह्रास (300) / Gross investment (300), depreciation (300). Capital maintenance occurs when net investment is zero. In option B, gross investment equals depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Capital maintenance तब होता है जब शुद्ध निवेश शून्य हो। विकल्प B में सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर है।
B. शुद्ध निवेश अधिक आँका जाएगा/Net investment will be overestimated
Step 1
Concept
Net investment is found by deducting depreciation from gross investment. If depreciation is understated, the deducted amount is smaller and net investment appears higher.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. शुद्ध निवेश अधिक आँका जाएगा / Net investment will be overestimated. Net investment is found by deducting depreciation from gross investment. If depreciation is understated, the deducted amount is smaller and net investment appears higher.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश सकल निवेश से depreciation घटाकर मिलता है। depreciation कम आँकने पर घटाई गई राशि कम होगी और net investment अधिक दिखेगा।
B. शुद्ध निवेश कम आँका जाएगा/Net investment will be underestimated
Step 1
Concept
If depreciation is overestimated, a larger amount is deducted from gross investment. This makes net investment appear lower.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. शुद्ध निवेश कम आँका जाएगा / Net investment will be underestimated. If depreciation is overestimated, a larger amount is deducted from gross investment. This makes net investment appear lower.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Depreciation अधिक आँकने पर gross investment से अधिक राशि घटेगी। इससे शुद्ध निवेश कम दिखेगा।
(NDP = GDP - Depreciation), so if depreciation is understated, (NDP) appears higher. In exams, understand the effect of measurement error.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. अधिक आँका जाएगा / It will be overestimated. (NDP = GDP - Depreciation), so if depreciation is understated, (NDP) appears higher. In exams, understand the effect of measurement error.
Step 3
Exam Tip
(NDP = GDP - Depreciation), इसलिए depreciation कम आँकने पर (NDP) अधिक दिखेगा। परीक्षा में measurement error का प्रभाव समझें।
B. (NNP) कम आँका जाएगा/(NNP) will be underestimated
Step 1
Concept
(NNP = GNP - Depreciation), so overestimated depreciation makes (NNP) appear lower. In exams, watch gross-to-net conversion.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (NNP) कम आँका जाएगा / (NNP) will be underestimated. (NNP = GNP - Depreciation), so overestimated depreciation makes (NNP) appear lower. In exams, watch gross-to-net conversion.
Step 3
Exam Tip
(NNP = GNP - Depreciation), इसलिए depreciation अधिक आँकने पर (NNP) कम दिखेगा। परीक्षा में gross से net conversion ध्यान रखें।
When gross investment is constant and depreciation rises, net investment falls. Obsolescence is also a cause of depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. घटेगा / It will fall. When gross investment is constant and depreciation rises, net investment falls. Obsolescence is also a cause of depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश स्थिर रहते हुए depreciation बढ़ने पर शुद्ध निवेश घटता है। अप्रचलन भी depreciation का कारण है।
New technology causes obsolescence of old machines and may increase depreciation. In exams, treat technology change as a depreciation cause.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास / Depreciation. New technology causes obsolescence of old machines and may increase depreciation. In exams, treat technology change as a depreciation cause.
Step 3
Exam Tip
नई तकनीक से पुरानी मशीनों का अप्रचलन होता है और मूल्यह्रास बढ़ सकता है। परीक्षा में technology change को depreciation cause मानें।
C. जब gross investment depreciation से कम हो/When gross investment is less than depreciation
Step 1
Concept
Despite positive gross investment, if it is less than depreciation, net investment is negative. This may reduce productive capacity.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. जब gross investment depreciation से कम हो / When gross investment is less than depreciation. Despite positive gross investment, if it is less than depreciation, net investment is negative. This may reduce productive capacity.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Positive gross investment के बावजूद यदि वह depreciation से कम है तो शुद्ध निवेश ऋणात्मक होगा। इससे productive capacity घट सकती है।
B. जब replacement investment किया जा रहा हो/When replacement investment is being made
Step 1
Concept
Net investment can be zero when gross investment only replaces depreciation. Therefore, gross can remain positive when replacement investment exists.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. जब replacement investment किया जा रहा हो / When replacement investment is being made. Net investment can be zero when gross investment only replaces depreciation. Therefore, gross can remain positive when replacement investment exists.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Net investment शून्य हो सकता है जब gross investment केवल depreciation की भरपाई करे। इसलिए replacement investment होने पर gross positive रह सकता है।
Depreciation is (1000-600=400), which is (40%) of gross investment. In exams, first find difference and then percentage.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (40%). Depreciation is (1000-600=400), which is (40%) of gross investment. In exams, first find difference and then percentage.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास (1000-600=400) है, जो सकल निवेश का (40%) है। परीक्षा में पहले difference और फिर percentage निकालें।
Net measure is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross measure, so (2400-360=2040). In exams, apply the same rule for any gross-to-net conversion.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. (2040). Net measure is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross measure, so (2400-360=2040). In exams, apply the same rule for any gross-to-net conversion.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Net measure gross measure से depreciation घटाकर मिलता है, इसलिए (2400-360=2040) है। परीक्षा में किसी भी gross से net में यही नियम लगाएँ।
C. पूंजी बढ़ेगी क्योंकि net investment (400) है/Capital will rise because net investment is (400)
Step 1
Concept
Replacement investment equals depreciation, so net investment is (900-500=400). Positive net investment shows capital growth.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. पूंजी बढ़ेगी क्योंकि net investment (400) है / Capital will rise because net investment is (400). Replacement investment equals depreciation, so net investment is (900-500=400). Positive net investment shows capital growth.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Replacement investment depreciation के बराबर है, इसलिए net investment (900-500=400) है। धनात्मक net investment capital growth दिखाता है।
B. शुद्ध निवेश (-150) है और पूंजी घट रही है/Net investment is (-150) and capital is falling
Step 1
Concept
Replacement investment is depreciation (600), so net investment is (450-600=-150). This indicates a fall in capital stock.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. शुद्ध निवेश (-150) है और पूंजी घट रही है / Net investment is (-150) and capital is falling. Replacement investment is depreciation (600), so net investment is (450-600=-150). This indicates a fall in capital stock.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Replacement investment depreciation (600) है, इसलिए net investment (450-600=-150) है। इससे पूंजी स्टॉक घटने का संकेत मिलता है।
B. सकल निवेश (400), मूल्यह्रास (400)/Gross investment (400), depreciation (400)
Step 1
Concept
In option B, gross investment (400) is positive and net investment is (400-400=0). In exams, positive gross and zero net can occur together.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. सकल निवेश (400), मूल्यह्रास (400) / Gross investment (400), depreciation (400). In option B, gross investment (400) is positive and net investment is (400-400=0). In exams, positive gross and zero net can occur together.
Step 3
Exam Tip
विकल्प B में gross investment (400) positive है और net investment (400-400=0) है। परीक्षा में positive gross और zero net साथ आ सकते हैं।
A. सकल निवेश (1000), मूल्यह्रास (900)/Gross investment (1000), depreciation (900)
Step 1
Concept
In option A, net investment (100) is positive but a large part of gross is replacement or depreciation (900). In exams, separate growth and maintenance.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सकल निवेश (1000), मूल्यह्रास (900) / Gross investment (1000), depreciation (900). In option A, net investment (100) is positive but a large part of gross is replacement or depreciation (900). In exams, separate growth and maintenance.
Step 3
Exam Tip
विकल्प A में net investment (100) positive है लेकिन gross का बड़ा भाग replacement यानी depreciation (900) है। परीक्षा में growth और maintenance अलग करें।
A. हर बार (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation) से cross-check करें/Always cross-check with (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation)
Step 1
Concept
(Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation) is the safest relation. It can check both sign and missing value.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. हर बार (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation) से cross-check करें / Always cross-check with (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation). (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation) is the safest relation. It can check both sign and missing value.
Step 3
Exam Tip
(Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation) सबसे सुरक्षित संबंध है। इसी से sign और missing value दोनों जाँचे जा सकते हैं।
