Management as a Science

Correct answer: D. Therefore management has no principles

Being a social science does not mean absence of principles. Management has principles but they are flexible.

Correct answer: A. Systematic knowledge principles observation analysis limited verification and social science

This group fully shows the scientific nature of management. The term social science also shows its limitation.

Correct answer: A. Management is a social science based on systematic principles whose certainty is limited by human behaviour

Management has science-like features but it is related to humans. Therefore calling it a social science with limited certainty is most correct.

Correct answer: A. Scientific pre-testing of social impact

Pre-testing is a controlled and responsible way to anticipate how a proposed policy may affect people before full implementation. The governing concept is evidence-based assessment of social consequences. By collecting employees’ responses in advance, the manager may detect confusion, resistance, unfair effects, or practical obstacles and revise the policy accordingly. Option A is correct because it identifies both the preliminary test and its social-impact purpose. Option B is incorrect because consultation is not inherently authoritarian; C is the opposite of seeking employee responses; and D is wrong because the manager is actively gathering evidence. The step reduces avoidable risk and improves implementation.

Correct answer: A. Evaluation and learning

A scientific management process does not end when a decision is implemented. It requires observing outcomes, comparing them with the baseline or objective, and learning whether the decision worked. This feedback may confirm the approach, reveal an unintended effect, or indicate that a revised solution is needed. Option A is correct because evaluation and learning close the evidence cycle and support continuous improvement. Option B may occur before implementation, but giving an order is not the missing scientific step. A meeting is only a possible activity, and using position is an exercise of authority rather than evaluation. Without review, the manager cannot justify the result or improve future decisions.