Functions of management

Correct answer: C. Assertion is false and reason is also false

Both are false because controlling includes corrective action along with identifying deviations. That is its full meaning.

Correct answer: A. Conflict and duplication in achieving goals

Direct answer: Option A. Coordination means bringing the efforts of different departments into harmony so that they move toward the same organisational goal. If production and purchase departments apply a plan differently and do not coordinate, their actions may clash. Purchase may order too late or in an unsuitable quantity, while production may follow a different schedule. This can create conflict, duplication, delay and deviation from goals. Option A is correct. Option B is wrong because the central problem described is lack of coordination, although controlling may later be needed to detect deviations. Option C is wrong because staffing concerns employees and placement, not departmental alignment. Option D is wrong because training concerns improving employee knowledge and skills; it cannot replace communication between departments. The exact chain is poor coordination → poor information flow → late or duplicated work → delay and conflict. Memory cue: departments working together smoothly means coordination.

Correct answer: A. Candidates were selected and then motivated for work

Selection is staffing and motivation is directing. One places people and the other gets work done through them.

Correct answer: B. Compare with both quantity and quality standards

Controlling does not look only at quantity but compares full performance with standards. Quality standard is also important.

Correct answer: A. Both assertion and reason are true and reason correctly explains assertion

Both are true because responsibility is not effective without authority. Authority relationships are clarified in organising.

Correct answer: A. Clear standards for comparison will not be available

Controlling needs standards and they come from planning. Without planning controlling becomes weak.

Correct answer: A. Planning organising staffing directing controlling

In the general order first plan is made then arrangement people direction and checking follow. This is the simple order of managerial cycle.

Correct answer: B. Organising

Clarifying responsibility and authority is organising. Dual responsibility can create confusion and delay.

Correct answer: B. Both assertion and reason are true and reason correctly explains assertion

Both are true because directing activates people for work. Leadership motivation and communication are its main elements.

Correct answer: B. Organising

Training is linked with staffing but authority and reporting relationships are linked with organising. Identify both separately.

Correct answer: A. Standards will be unrealistic and weak

Controlling depends on good standards. Wrong or weak standards do not evaluate actual performance correctly.

Correct answer: A. Coordination

Coordination connects different departmental efforts with organisational goal. Therefore it is needed in all functions.

Correct answer: A. Future human resource need was decided and suitable candidates were selected

Deciding future need is planning and selecting candidates is staffing. This shows relation of both in human resource context.

Correct answer: A. Both assertion and reason are true and reason correctly explains assertion

Both are true because both provide base and feedback to each other. This circular relation is important in exams.

Correct answer: A. Coordination and communication

Having capable employees is not enough to ensure organisational success. Their work must be connected, information must move between them and their activities must support a common purpose. Coordination creates unity of action, while communication allows people to understand responsibilities, progress, changes and dependencies. Together they reduce duplication, misunderstanding and conflict.

Option A is correct because employees who are unaware of one another’s work lack both information sharing and alignment. Selection concerns choosing employees, placement concerns assigning them to jobs and budgeting concerns financial planning; none directly solves the stated disconnect. The word “unaware” points especially to communication, and the need to connect their work points to coordination. Thus the combined option is more complete than any single alternative.

Correct answer: A. Set standards measure actual performance compare and correct

Controlling includes standards performance measurement comparison and correction. This is the exam-worthy process of controlling.

Correct answer: C. Assertion is false and reason is also false

Both are false because organising includes division of work authority responsibility and resource arrangement. Treating it only as buying is wrong.

Correct answer: A. Controlling

Identifying deviation from target and starting correction is controlling. It brings performance closer to goals.

Correct answer: A. Controlling

After planning organising staffing and directing results are checked in controlling. This completes the sequence.

Correct answer: A. All departments are working hard but their efforts are not linked to one goal

Even with hard work absence of one direction is lack of coordination. Coordination ensures unity of efforts.

Correct answer: A. Organising creates posts and relationships while staffing fills those posts with suitable people

Organising creates structure and staffing provides human resources. In exams keep creating posts and filling posts separate.

Correct answer: A. Interrelation of planning and controlling

The direct answer is A, the interrelation of planning and controlling. Planning sets objectives and decides the future course of action. Controlling checks actual performance against the plan or standards and takes corrective action when necessary. The information produced during control is useful for the next planning cycle. In this case, a corrective action is taken, and then the next plan is changed using what was learned. Step by step: a plan is made, work is performed, results are checked, a deviation is corrected, and the next plan is improved. Option A is correct because this feedback connects controlling with future planning. Option B, complete absence of organising and recruitment, is not proved; the situation says nothing about whether work was organised or staff recruited. Option C, no use of directing, is also unsupported; employees may still need guidance and motivation. Option D, coordination is impossible, is false because feedback can actually improve coordination. The key lesson is that planning and controlling are not isolated functions: plans provide standards for control, and control findings improve later plans. Memory cue: planning looks ahead; controlling looks back and feeds the next plan.

Correct answer: A. Controlling

All four clues are linked with the process of controlling. Connect the words standards and deviation with controlling.

Correct answer: A. All functions appear separate but remain interrelated for goal achievement

Management functions are different stages but they complete one another. Planning organising staffing directing controlling and coordination work together for objectives.

Correct answer: A. The manager gives employees instructions and later compares results with standards

The case contains two separate but connected clues. Giving employees instructions, guidance and supervision is directing because it leads people toward implementation. Later comparing their actual results with predetermined standards is controlling because it identifies whether performance matches expectations and whether a deviation exists. Hence option A shows both functions in sequence. Option B represents organising, option C represents staffing, and option D represents planning. The word ‘later’ is important: control depends on having standards or expected results and then examining actual performance, whereas directing operates during the process of getting people to work toward the objective.