Capital Accounts

Interest on capital is calculated with reference to the agreed annual rate and the length of time for which the capital was actually available to the firm. If capital was introduced six months after the beginning of the accounting year, interest is normally calculated only for the remaining six months, subject to the exact terms of the deed. For example, at 10% per annum, interest for six months equals capital × 10% × 6/12. Full-year interest would overstate the amount. Profit ratio and drawings are separate matters. Therefore option A is correct.

The governing concept is the separation between the firm’s business transactions and a partner’s personal transactions. A personal expense gives the benefit to the partner rather than to the partnership business. Therefore, even if the payment is made from the firm’s cash or bank account, it is not recorded as an ordinary business expense. It is treated as drawings of the concerned partner and is posted to the drawings account or, under the relevant system, to that partner’s current account. The amount reduces the partner’s claim or balance available in the firm. It cannot increase capital, create goodwill or become a legitimate trading expense merely because the firm made the payment. Thus option A is correct.

Under the fixed capital method, the capital account records the agreed permanent capital and is not routinely changed by profit, drawings, interest or additional temporary adjustments. Those changes are recorded in the partner’s current account. Thus, additional capital and drawings are generally entered in the current account, making option A correct. The current account may also contain items such as the partner’s share of profit or loss, interest on capital and interest on drawings, according to the deed. A trading account measures gross profit, while purchases and sales accounts record merchandise transactions; none is a partner-adjustment account.

In fixed capital additional capital is a permanent change so it is added to capital. Sixty thousand plus ten thousand is seventy thousand.

Withdrawal of capital reduces permanent capital. Eighty thousand minus five thousand leaves seventy five thousand.

Direct answer: Option A, Rs 52,000. Under the fluctuating capital method, closing capital equals opening capital plus profit share minus drawings. Write the calculation step by step: opening capital = Rs 50,000; add profit share = Rs 8,000, giving Rs 58,000; subtract drawings = Rs 6,000, giving Rs 52,000. Thus the answer is Rs 52,000. Option A is correct. Option B, Rs 64,000, incorrectly adds both amounts to opening capital and fails to deduct drawings. Option C, Rs 48,000, treats the profit as if it were a deduction or subtracts the net increase incorrectly. Option D, Rs 56,000, subtracts only the drawings from opening capital and ignores the profit share. Drawings reduce capital because the partner takes resources out, while profit increases capital because it belongs to the partner. Memory cue: closing capital = opening capital + profit − drawings.

Interest increases capital and loss reduces capital. Forty thousand plus two thousand minus four thousand equals thirty eight thousand.

Under fixed capital method regular adjustments go to current account. This keeps capital accounts fixed.

Direct answer: Option A, fluctuating capital method. Under this method, the capital account itself receives all usual adjustments that change the partner’s balance. Step by step, opening capital is entered first; profit share, salary and interest on capital are credited because they increase the partner’s claim; drawings and interest on drawings are debited because they reduce it; loss share is also debited. Therefore, seeing salary, profit, drawings and interest in the capital account identifies the fluctuating method. Option A is correct. Option B, fixed capital method, keeps the original capital unchanged and records these regular items in a separate current account. Option C, cash basis, is a method of timing income and expenses, not the capital-account system described. Option D is wrong because both methods use double-entry bookkeeping. Exam cue: regular adjustments in capital account means fluctuating capital.

Under fixed method drawings should go to current account. Debiting capital account wrongly reduces fixed capital.

A debit balance of current account shows amount recoverable from the partner. In exams treat it like an asset for the firm.

The governing concept is the balance-sheet treatment of a partner’s current-account balance. A credit balance means that, after considering items such as profit, interest or salary credited and drawings debited, the firm owes B a net amount of ₹12,000. Since this amount is payable to the partner, it represents an internal liability of the firm. It is consequently shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheet, generally under partners’ capital and current accounts. A debit balance would normally be shown as an asset, but that is not the fact here. The Trading Account and Profit and Loss Account are performance statements, not places for displaying this balance.

Ratio 3:2 means total parts = 3 + 2 = 5. One part = total capital ÷ 5 = \(100000\div5=20000\) rupees. A's capital = 3 parts = \(3\times20000=60000\) rupees. Option C (50,000) is incorrect — it results from mistakenly taking an equal split; option B (40,000) corresponds to 2 parts (B's share), not A's. Exam tip: always divide the total by the sum of ratio parts, then multiply by the required number of parts.

A ratio compares corresponding quantities in equal-sized parts. If A's capital and B's capital are in the ratio 4:3, then A has four parts while B has three parts. The known capital of B lets us find the value of one part, after which multiplying by A's four parts gives the required capital. The ratio must be used in the same order as stated.

B's three parts equal ₹42,000, so one part equals \(42,000\div3=₹14,000\). A's capital is four parts, hence \(4\times14,000=₹56,000\). Therefore option A is correct. The value ₹48,000 would correspond to a different multiplier, and ₹42,000 is B's given capital rather than A's capital.

The governing concept is the separate presentation of fixed capital and the partner’s current-account balance. Under the fixed-capital method, A’s capital remains recorded at ₹30,000. A credit balance of ₹5,000 in the current account is an additional amount payable by the firm to A, because it stands in A’s favour. Both amounts are liabilities from the firm’s viewpoint. The required calculation is: ₹30,000 fixed capital + ₹5,000 credit current-account balance = ₹35,000. Hence option A is correct. Option B subtracts an amount that should be added, option C ignores the current-account balance, and option D ignores the fixed capital.

Capital credit is liability and debit current account is recoverable. Their meanings should be identified separately.

Furniture is an asset received by the firm so it is debited. The partner contributed it so partners capital account is credited.

The governing concept is the treatment of a partner’s personal payment made by the firm. A personal loan is not a liability of the partnership business. If the firm pays it, the payment is effectively a benefit or drawing made on behalf of that partner, so the partner must bear the amount. Under the fixed-capital method, routine adjustments such as drawings, interest on drawings, salary and profit share are recorded in the partner’s current account rather than changing fixed capital. Thus the partner’s current account is debited. The capital account is not debited, and neither Creditors nor Profit and Loss Account represents the partner’s personal obligation.

Under fluctuating method personal expense is debited to capital account like drawings. It reduces partners capital.

Profit and salary are added and drawings are deducted. Seventy five thousand plus nine thousand plus six thousand minus ten thousand equals eighty thousand.

Interest on capital is credited and interest on drawings is debited. Net effect is five thousand minus one thousand which is increase of four thousand.

Interest on capital should be credited to the partner’s capital account as it increases the partner’s claim. If it is wrongly debited, the capital account will show a decrease and the partner’s balance will appear lower. The closest distractor B (higher) is incorrect because a debit entry reduces the account balance, not increases it. Options C and D are also wrong: the wrong debit does affect capital and does not ‘fix’ drawings. Exam tip: detect such errors by checking the trial balance and the profit & loss appropriation/interest schedules; rectify by reversing the wrong entry and then passing the correct credit entry to the capital account.

Interest on drawings should be charged to the partner — i.e., partner's current/capital account is debited and the interest is credited to income. If the interest is wrongly credited to the partner's account instead, the partner's balance will be increased incorrectly because a credit entry raises a normal credit balance. The closest distractor (option B) is wrong because the correct accounting entry (a debit) would reduce the partner's balance; the mistake here is the opposite. To rectify, reverse the incorrect credit and post the correct debit to the partner's account. Exam tip: always check the normal balance direction — interest charged to a partner is a debit to the partner's account and a credit to interest income.

Opening credit plus profit gives eleven thousand then drawings are deducted. Closing credit balance is six thousand rupees.

Salary is credited and drawings are debited. Against credit eight thousand total debit is ten thousand so debit balance is two thousand.