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B. तेजी से बढ़ने वाली उपयुक्त बैक्टीरियल कोशिका/Fast-growing suitable bacterial cell
Step 1
Concept
A fast-growing suitable host is better for plasmid replication. In exams link host choice with growth and compatibility.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. तेजी से बढ़ने वाली उपयुक्त बैक्टीरियल कोशिका / Fast-growing suitable bacterial cell. A fast-growing suitable host is better for plasmid replication. In exams link host choice with growth and compatibility.
Step 3
Exam Tip
तेजी से बढ़ने वाला उपयुक्त होस्ट प्लास्मिड प्रतिकृति के लिए बेहतर होता है। परीक्षा में होस्ट चयन को वृद्धि और संगतता से जोड़ें।
A. यह आसानी से उगती है और संभाली जा सकती है/It grows easily and can be handled
Step 1
Concept
E coli grows fast under simple conditions. It is a common host for plasmid cloning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यह आसानी से उगती है और संभाली जा सकती है / It grows easily and can be handled. E coli grows fast under simple conditions. It is a common host for plasmid cloning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
ई कोलाई सरल conditions में तेजी से बढ़ती है। यह प्लास्मिड क्लोनिंग के लिए सामान्य होस्ट है।
A. प्लास्मिड स्थिर रूप से प्रतिकृति नहीं करेगा/Plasmid will not replicate stably
Step 1
Concept
Ori must work with the host replication system. Without it the vector will not be maintained.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. प्लास्मिड स्थिर रूप से प्रतिकृति नहीं करेगा / Plasmid will not replicate stably. Ori must work with the host replication system. Without it the vector will not be maintained.
Step 3
Exam Tip
ओरी को होस्ट की प्रतिकृति प्रणाली के साथ काम करना चाहिए। इसके बिना वेक्टर maintain नहीं होगा।
C. वेक्टर compatibility और प्रयोग का लक्ष्य/Vector compatibility and experiment goal
Step 1
Concept
The host should maintain the vector and meet the experiment goal. It is not chosen by appearance alone.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. वेक्टर compatibility और प्रयोग का लक्ष्य / Vector compatibility and experiment goal. The host should maintain the vector and meet the experiment goal. It is not chosen by appearance alone.
Step 3
Exam Tip
होस्ट को वेक्टर maintain करना और प्रयोग के लक्ष्य को पूरा करना चाहिए। केवल बाहरी रूप से चयन नहीं किया जाता।
B. वांछित प्रोटीन बनवाना है/Desired protein has to be produced
Step 1
Concept
An expression host is chosen to produce a gene product. A cloning host is mainly for DNA copies.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. वांछित प्रोटीन बनवाना है / Desired protein has to be produced. An expression host is chosen to produce a gene product. A cloning host is mainly for DNA copies.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Expression host gene product बनवाने के लिए चुना जाता है। Cloning host मुख्य रूप से डीएनए copies के लिए होता है।
Mammalian cells can perform many eukaryotic modifications. Therefore they can be useful for complex proteins.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मैमलियन कोशिका / Mammalian cell. Mammalian cells can perform many eukaryotic modifications. Therefore they can be useful for complex proteins.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मैमलियन cells कई यूकैरियोटिक modifications कर सकती हैं। इसलिए complex proteins के लिए वे उपयोगी हो सकती हैं।
Yeast is a eukaryotic host. For some eukaryotic proteins it can be better than bacteria.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यह यूकैरियोटिक होता है / It is eukaryotic. Yeast is a eukaryotic host. For some eukaryotic proteins it can be better than bacteria.
Step 3
Exam Tip
यीस्ट यूकैरियोटिक होस्ट है। कुछ यूकैरियोटिक प्रोटीनों के लिए यह बैक्टीरिया से बेहतर हो सकता है।
Bacteria can form separate colonies on agar plates. This makes picking individual clones easy.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. बैक्टीरियल होस्ट / Bacterial host. Bacteria can form separate colonies on agar plates. This makes picking individual clones easy.
Step 3
Exam Tip
बैक्टीरिया agar plate पर अलग colonies बना सकते हैं। इससे अलग clone चुनना आसान होता है।
A. Selection केवल vector uptake दिखा सकती है/Selection may only show vector uptake
Step 1
Concept
Selection chooses transformed cells. Screening tells whether the desired insert is correct or not.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Selection केवल vector uptake दिखा सकती है / Selection may only show vector uptake. Selection chooses transformed cells. Screening tells whether the desired insert is correct or not.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Selection transformed cells चुनती है। Screening बताती है कि desired insert सही है या नहीं।
A. Signal देकर expression या transformation दिखाना/Showing expression or transformation by a signal
Step 1
Concept
A reporter gene can give a visible or measurable signal. It helps in screening and expression studies.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Signal देकर expression या transformation दिखाना / Showing expression or transformation by a signal. A reporter gene can give a visible or measurable signal. It helps in screening and expression studies.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Reporter gene दृश्य या measurable signal दे सकता है। यह screening और expression studies में सहायक है।
lacZ activity can change colony color. Insert disruption can indicate a white colony.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. नीला-सफेद screening / Blue-white screening. lacZ activity can change colony color. Insert disruption can indicate a white colony.
Step 3
Exam Tip
लैकजेड activity colony color बदल सकती है। Insert disruption white colony का संकेत दे सकता है।
A protease-deficient host can reduce protein degradation. It is useful in expression experiments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Protease-deficient background. A protease-deficient host can reduce protein degradation. It is useful in expression experiments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Protease-deficient host protein degradation कम कर सकता है। Expression experiments में यह उपयोगी होता है।
A. Cloned insert की stability बढ़ाना/Increasing stability of cloned insert
Step 1
Concept
A recombination-deficient host can reduce unwanted rearrangement. This keeps the insert more stable.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Cloned insert की stability बढ़ाना / Increasing stability of cloned insert. A recombination-deficient host can reduce unwanted rearrangement. This keeps the insert more stable.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Recombination-deficient host unwanted rearrangement घटा सकता है। इससे insert अधिक stable रहता है।
A. Plasmid DNA degradation घटाने के लिए/To reduce plasmid DNA degradation
Step 1
Concept
With lower endonuclease activity plasmid DNA can be obtained in better quality. This helps plasmid preparation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Plasmid DNA degradation घटाने के लिए / To reduce plasmid DNA degradation. With lower endonuclease activity plasmid DNA can be obtained in better quality. This helps plasmid preparation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Endonuclease activity कम होने पर plasmid DNA बेहतर quality में मिल सकता है। यह plasmid preparation में मदद करता है।
A. Protein expression प्रभावित हो सकता है/Protein expression can be affected
Step 1
Concept
Rare codons can slow translation. Codon optimization or a suitable host can help.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Protein expression प्रभावित हो सकता है / Protein expression can be affected. Rare codons can slow translation. Codon optimization or a suitable host can help.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Rare codons translation को धीमा कर सकते हैं। Codon optimization या suitable host मदद कर सकते हैं।
A. Host में protein expression सुधारने के लिए/To improve protein expression in a host
Step 1
Concept
Codon optimization can improve expression by using host-preferred codons. Link it with recombinant protein production.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Host में protein expression सुधारने के लिए / To improve protein expression in a host. Codon optimization can improve expression by using host-preferred codons. Link it with recombinant protein production.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Codon optimization host-preferred codons का उपयोग कर expression बेहतर कर सकता है। इसे recombinant protein production से जोड़ें।
A. Growth धीमी या cell death हो सकती है/Growth may slow or cell death may occur
Step 1
Concept
A toxic protein can harm host health. A controlled expression system can be useful.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Growth धीमी या cell death हो सकती है / Growth may slow or cell death may occur. A toxic protein can harm host health. A controlled expression system can be useful.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Toxic protein host health को नुकसान पहुँचा सकता है। Controlled expression system उपयोगी हो सकता है।
A. Gene expression को control करने के लिए/To control gene expression
Step 1
Concept
An inducible promoter starts expression when needed. It can be especially useful for toxic genes.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Gene expression को control करने के लिए / To control gene expression. An inducible promoter starts expression when needed. It can be especially useful for toxic genes.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Inducible promoter जरूरत पड़ने पर expression शुरू कराता है। Toxic genes में यह विशेष रूप से उपयोगी हो सकता है।
A. Gene लगातार express हो सकता है/Gene can be expressed continuously
Step 1
Concept
A constitutive promoter can make a gene express continuously. Caution is needed for toxic genes.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Gene लगातार express हो सकता है / Gene can be expressed continuously. A constitutive promoter can make a gene express continuously. Caution is needed for toxic genes.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Constitutive promoter gene को लगातार express करा सकता है। Toxic gene के लिए सावधानी जरूरी है।
A. Plasmid maintain करने से host पर extra load/Extra load on host due to plasmid maintenance
Step 1
Concept
Plasmid replication and gene expression use host resources. This can slow growth.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Plasmid maintain करने से host पर extra load / Extra load on host due to plasmid maintenance. Plasmid replication and gene expression use host resources. This can slow growth.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Plasmid replication और gene expression host resources use करते हैं। इससे growth slow हो सकती है।
A. Toxic product अधिक बन सकता है/More toxic product can be made
Step 1
Concept
A high-copy plasmid can increase toxic gene dosage. A low-copy vector can sometimes be a better option.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Toxic product अधिक बन सकता है / More toxic product can be made. A high-copy plasmid can increase toxic gene dosage. A low-copy vector can sometimes be a better option.
Step 3
Exam Tip
High-copy plasmid से toxic gene dosage बढ़ सकता है। Low-copy vector कभी बेहतर विकल्प हो सकता है।
A. एक ही host में दो genetic elements डालना/Introducing two genetic elements into the same host
Step 1
Concept
In co-transformation one host cell can take two DNA molecules. Selection design should be careful.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. एक ही host में दो genetic elements डालना / Introducing two genetic elements into the same host. In co-transformation one host cell can take two DNA molecules. Selection design should be careful.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Co-transformation में एक host cell दो DNA molecules ले सकती है। Selection design सावधानी से करनी चाहिए।
A. दोनों plasmids select और maintain करने के लिए/To select and maintain both plasmids
Step 1
Concept
Two different markers help ensure presence of both plasmids. This allows selection of co-transformants.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. दोनों plasmids select और maintain करने के लिए / To select and maintain both plasmids. Two different markers help ensure presence of both plasmids. This allows selection of co-transformants.
Step 3
Exam Tip
दो अलग markers दोनों plasmids की उपस्थिति सुनिश्चित करने में मदद करते हैं। इससे co-transformants चुने जा सकते हैं।
A. जब दो plasmids साथ रखने हों/When two plasmids must be maintained together
Step 1
Concept
Plasmids of the same compatibility group may not remain stable together. This is important in multiple plasmid systems.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. जब दो plasmids साथ रखने हों / When two plasmids must be maintained together. Plasmids of the same compatibility group may not remain stable together. This is important in multiple plasmid systems.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Same compatibility group के plasmids साथ stable नहीं रह सकते। Multiple plasmid systems में यह जरूरी point है।
A. कौन से hosts vector को maintain कर सकते हैं/Which hosts can maintain a vector
Step 1
Concept
Host range tells in which hosts a vector can work. Broad host range vectors are useful in more hosts.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कौन से hosts vector को maintain कर सकते हैं / Which hosts can maintain a vector. Host range tells in which hosts a vector can work. Broad host range vectors are useful in more hosts.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Host range बताता है कि vector किन hosts में काम कर सकता है। Broad host range vectors अधिक hosts में उपयोगी होते हैं।
A. कई host species में काम कर सकता है/It can work in many host species
Step 1
Concept
A broad host range vector can replicate in many bacterial hosts. It helps in versatile cloning.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. कई host species में काम कर सकता है / It can work in many host species. A broad host range vector can replicate in many bacterial hosts. It helps in versatile cloning.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Broad host range vector कई bacterial hosts में replicate हो सकता है। यह versatile cloning में मदद करता है।
A. यह केवल कुछ hosts में काम करता है/It works only in some hosts
Step 1
Concept
A narrow host range vector does not replicate in every host. Therefore host selection must be careful.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. यह केवल कुछ hosts में काम करता है / It works only in some hosts. A narrow host range vector does not replicate in every host. Therefore host selection must be careful.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Narrow host range vector हर host में replicate नहीं करता। इसलिए host selection ध्यान से करनी होती है।
A. Marker expression और selection काम करने के लिए/For marker expression and selection to work
Step 1
Concept
The marker should express in the host and match the selection condition. Only then transformants are selected.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Marker expression और selection काम करने के लिए / For marker expression and selection to work. The marker should express in the host and match the selection condition. Only then transformants are selected.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Marker host में express होना चाहिए और selection condition से match होना चाहिए। तभी transformants चुने जाते हैं।
A. Host machinery उसे पहचान सके/Host machinery can recognize it
Step 1
Concept
The host transcription machinery should recognize the promoter. Otherwise gene expression can be weak or absent.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Host machinery उसे पहचान सके / Host machinery can recognize it. The host transcription machinery should recognize the promoter. Otherwise gene expression can be weak or absent.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Promoter को host transcription machinery पहचाननी चाहिए। Otherwise gene expression weak या absent हो सकता है।
A. Transcription machinery अलग होती है/Transcription machinery is different
Step 1
Concept
Different hosts recognize different promoters. Therefore expression vector elements can be host-specific.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Transcription machinery अलग होती है / Transcription machinery is different. Different hosts recognize different promoters. Therefore expression vector elements can be host-specific.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Different hosts अलग promoters recognize करते हैं। इसलिए expression vector के elements host-specific हो सकते हैं।
A. Transformed plant cells select करने के लिए/To select transformed plant cells
Step 1
Concept
In plant transformation the selection marker is chosen according to host and culture condition. Herbicide resistance can also help selection.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Transformed plant cells select करने के लिए / To select transformed plant cells. In plant transformation the selection marker is chosen according to host and culture condition. Herbicide resistance can also help selection.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Plant transformation में selection marker host और culture condition के अनुसार चुना जाता है। Herbicide resistance भी selection में मदद कर सकता है।
A. Nutritional marker या drug resistance marker/Nutritional marker or drug resistance marker
Step 1
Concept
Yeast can use auxotrophic or drug resistance markers. The marker depends on host genotype.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Nutritional marker या drug resistance marker / Nutritional marker or drug resistance marker. Yeast can use auxotrophic or drug resistance markers. The marker depends on host genotype.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Yeast में auxotrophic या drug resistance markers use हो सकते हैं। Marker host genotype पर निर्भर करता है।
A. Nutrient requirement को selection में उपयोग करना/Using nutrient requirement in selection
Step 1
Concept
An auxotrophic host does not grow without a nutrient. A marker can restore growth ability.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Nutrient requirement को selection में उपयोग करना / Using nutrient requirement in selection. An auxotrophic host does not grow without a nutrient. A marker can restore growth ability.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Auxotrophic host किसी nutrient के बिना grow नहीं करता। Marker growth ability restore कर सकता है।
A. Mammalian cells अक्सर culture wells में grow होती हैं/Mammalian cells often grow in culture wells
Step 1
Concept
Mammalian cells do not form simple agar plate colonies like bacteria. Their culture system is different.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Mammalian cells अक्सर culture wells में grow होती हैं / Mammalian cells often grow in culture wells. Mammalian cells do not form simple agar plate colonies like bacteria. Their culture system is different.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Mammalian cells bacterial colonies की तरह simple agar plate colonies नहीं बनातीं। Their culture system is different.
A. Protein purification आसान हो सकती है/Protein purification can become easier
Step 1
Concept
If protein is secreted into the medium purification can become easier. This is a useful point in expression design.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Protein purification आसान हो सकती है / Protein purification can become easier. If protein is secreted into the medium purification can become easier. This is a useful point in expression design.
Step 3
Exam Tip
यदि protein medium में secreted हो तो purification आसान हो सकती है। यह expression design में useful point है।
A. Protein folding में सहायता के लिए/To help protein folding
Step 1
Concept
Chaperones can help recombinant protein folding. This can improve soluble protein yield.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Protein folding में सहायता के लिए / To help protein folding. Chaperones can help recombinant protein folding. This can improve soluble protein yield.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Chaperones recombinant protein folding में मदद कर सकते हैं। इससे soluble protein yield बेहतर हो सकती है।
Some expressed proteins can form insoluble aggregates. Such aggregates are called inclusion bodies.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Insoluble protein aggregates. Some expressed proteins can form insoluble aggregates. Such aggregates are called inclusion bodies.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कुछ expressed proteins insoluble aggregates बना सकते हैं। ऐसे aggregates को inclusion bodies कहते हैं।
A. Protein folding और solubility/Protein folding and solubility
Step 1
Concept
Lower temperature can help some proteins fold better. This can reduce inclusion bodies.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Protein folding और solubility / Protein folding and solubility. Lower temperature can help some proteins fold better. This can reduce inclusion bodies.
Step 3
Exam Tip
कम temperature कुछ proteins को बेहतर fold होने में मदद कर सकता है। इससे inclusion bodies कम हो सकती हैं।
A. Recombinant protein को पहचानना और purify करना/Identifying and purifying recombinant protein
Step 1
Concept
Tags like His-tag help in protein purification and detection. This is common in expression vector design.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Recombinant protein को पहचानना और purify करना / Identifying and purifying recombinant protein. Tags like His-tag help in protein purification and detection. This is common in expression vector design.
Step 3
Exam Tip
His-tag जैसे tags protein purification और detection में मदद करते हैं। यह expression vector design में common है।
A. Resistance gene spread रोकना जरूरी है/Spread of resistance gene must be prevented
Step 1
Concept
Antibiotic resistance markers should be handled with containment. Biosafety rules manage this risk.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Resistance gene spread रोकना जरूरी है / Spread of resistance gene must be prevented. Antibiotic resistance markers should be handled with containment. Biosafety rules manage this risk.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Antibiotic resistance markers को containment के साथ handle करना चाहिए। Biosafety rules इस risk को manage करते हैं।
A. Modified live cells को safely inactivate करने के लिए/To safely inactivate modified live cells
Step 1
Concept
Proper disposal of modified cells and contaminated materials is necessary for biosafety. Link it with lab safety.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Modified live cells को safely inactivate करने के लिए / To safely inactivate modified live cells. Proper disposal of modified cells and contaminated materials is necessary for biosafety. Link it with lab safety.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Modified cells और contaminated materials का proper disposal biosafety के लिए जरूरी है। इसे lab safety से जोड़ें।
A. Strain plasmid और result track करने के लिए/To track strain plasmid and result
Step 1
Concept
Records maintain traceability of strain plasmid marker and result. This improves reproducibility.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Strain plasmid और result track करने के लिए / To track strain plasmid and result. Records maintain traceability of strain plasmid marker and result. This improves reproducibility.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Records strain plasmid marker और result की traceability रखते हैं। इससे reproducibility बेहतर होती है।
A. गलत strain गलत result दे सकता है/Wrong strain can give wrong result
Step 1
Concept
Different strains have different properties. A wrong strain can change cloning or expression results.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. गलत strain गलत result दे सकता है / Wrong strain can give wrong result. Different strains have different properties. A wrong strain can change cloning or expression results.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Different strains की properties अलग होती हैं। गलत strain cloning या expression result बदल सकता है।
A. Wrong plasmid desired construct नहीं देगा/Wrong plasmid will not give desired construct
Step 1
Concept
A wrong plasmid may lack the desired insert or marker. Plasmid verification improves experiment reliability.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Wrong plasmid desired construct नहीं देगा / Wrong plasmid will not give desired construct. A wrong plasmid may lack the desired insert or marker. Plasmid verification improves experiment reliability.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Wrong plasmid में desired insert या marker absent हो सकता है। Plasmid verification experiment reliability बढ़ाता है।
A. Future use और repeat experiments के लिए/For future use and repeat experiments
Step 1
Concept
A confirmed clone can be preserved in stock. This provides the same clone for future experiments.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Future use और repeat experiments के लिए / For future use and repeat experiments. A confirmed clone can be preserved in stock. This provides the same clone for future experiments.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Confirmed clone को stock में preserve किया जा सकता है। इससे future experiments में same clone मिल जाता है।
A. Host choice cloning expression safety और selection पर निर्भर है/Host choice depends on cloning expression safety and selection
Step 1
Concept
Competent host selection is based on experiment goal. Remember compatibility selection and biosafety together.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. Host choice cloning expression safety और selection पर निर्भर है / Host choice depends on cloning expression safety and selection. Competent host selection is based on experiment goal. Remember compatibility selection and biosafety together.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Competent host selection experiment goal पर आधारित होता है। Compatibility selection और biosafety को साथ याद रखें।
A. उपयुक्त cell जो डीएनए ले और vector maintain करे/Suitable cell that takes DNA and maintains vector
Step 1
Concept
A competent host helps in DNA uptake and vector maintenance. This is the core of the transformation workflow.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. उपयुक्त cell जो डीएनए ले और vector maintain करे / Suitable cell that takes DNA and maintains vector. A competent host helps in DNA uptake and vector maintenance. This is the core of the transformation workflow.
Step 3
Exam Tip
Competent host DNA uptake और vector maintenance दोनों में मदद करता है। यही transformation workflow का core है।
