Geography

Mass movements, erosion, and deposition

Q: Which force mainly causes material to move downslope in mass movement?

Gravity In mass movement, rock and soil move downslope mainly due to gravity. For exams, remember mass movement is gravity-driven.

Q: What is the process called when rocks suddenly detach and fall on a steep slope?

Rock fall Rock fall involves sudden falling of rocks from a steep or vertical slope. In exams, treat it as a rapid mass movement.

Q: What is the very slow creeping movement of soil down a slope called?

Soil creep Soil creep is the extremely slow downslope movement of soil. In exams, tilted poles and bent trees are common indicators.

Q: Which mass movement process involves rapid flow of water-saturated debris?

Debris flow Debris flow occurs when water-mixed rock, soil, and sediment move rapidly downslope. For exams, water saturation is a key cause.

Q: Under which condition does the chance of landslide increase the most?

Steep slope and heavy rainfall Steep slopes and heavy rainfall can weaken soil and trigger downslope movement. Link slope, rainfall, and gravity in exam answers.

Q: What problem may increase when a river undercuts the foot of a slope?

Slope instability Undercutting removes support at the slope base and increases landslide risk. For exams, connect undercutting with slope instability.

Q: What is the river process of cutting its bed and banks by rubbing load against them called?

Abrasion In abrasion, the river load rubs against the bed and banks and cuts them. Remember it as the river's tool effect.

Q: Why is vertical erosion stronger in the upper course of a river?

Slope is steep and velocity is high A steep gradient in the upper course gives the river power to cut downward. In exams, link the upper course with deep valleys and waterfalls.

Q: Which process makes river-transported pebbles smaller and rounder by colliding with each other?

Attrition In attrition, particles collide and become smaller and rounder. In exams, rounded pebbles indicate river transport.

In Class 11 Geography, this topic within “Geomorphic Processes” explains how weathering, gravity, running water, wind, glaciers, waves, and underground water reshape the land. Students learn to distinguish mass movements such as landslides and soil creep from erosion, examine how sediments are transported, and understand deposition that builds features such as fans, floodplains, dunes, moraines, and deltas. It connects processes, landforms, and environmental impacts through clear geographical examples.

Medium · Level 5 · 25 questions

Practice questions

01Which force mainly causes material to move downslope in mass movement?

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Answer and explanation

Correct answer: A. Gravity

In mass movement, rock and soil move downslope mainly due to gravity. For exams, remember mass movement is gravity-driven.

Mass movements, erosion, and deposition

Practice questions

01Which force mainly causes material to move downslope in mass movement?द्रव्यमान संचलन में पदार्थ के नीचे की ओर खिसकने का मुख्य बल कौन-सा होता है?

02What is the process called when rocks suddenly detach and fall on a steep slope?तीव्र ढाल पर चट्टानों के अचानक अलग होकर गिरने की प्रक्रिया क्या कहलाती है?

03What is the very slow creeping movement of soil down a slope called?ढाल पर मृदा की बहुत धीमी रेंगती हुई गति को क्या कहा जाता है?

04Which mass movement process involves rapid flow of water-saturated debris?जल से संतृप्त मलबे के तेजी से बहने वाली द्रव्यमान संचलन प्रक्रिया कौन-सी है?

05Under which condition does the chance of landslide increase the most?भूस्खलन की संभावना किस परिस्थिति में अधिक बढ़ जाती है?

06What problem may increase when a river undercuts the foot of a slope?ढाल के पाद भाग को नदी द्वारा काट देने से कौन-सी समस्या बढ़ सकती है?

07What is the main difference between erosion and weathering?अपरदन और अपक्षय में मुख्य अंतर क्या है?

08What is the river process of cutting its bed and banks by rubbing load against them called?नदी द्वारा तल और किनारों को रगड़कर काटने की प्रक्रिया क्या कहलाती है?

09Why is vertical erosion stronger in the upper course of a river?नदी के ऊपरी मार्ग में लंबवत अपरदन अधिक क्यों होता है?

11Dissolved minerals being carried in river water is an example of which transport method?नदी में घुलनशील खनिजों का जल में घुलकर बहना किस परिवहन विधि का उदाहरण है?

12When does a river deposit more material?नदी कब अधिक निक्षेपण करती है?

13Which process mainly forms a river floodplain?नदी के बाढ़ मैदान बनने में कौन-सी प्रक्रिया प्रमुख होती है?

14What is the triangular depositional landform at a river mouth called?नदी के मुहाने पर त्रिभुजाकार निक्षेपित स्थलरूप क्या कहलाता है?

16What is the wind process of lifting and removing loose particles called?वायु द्वारा ढीले कणों को उड़ाकर हटाने की प्रक्रिया क्या कहलाती है?

17Which landform may form when wind erosion cuts the lower part of a rock more strongly?वायु अपरदन से चट्टान के निचले भाग के अधिक कटने पर कौन-सा स्थलरूप बन सकता है?

18Sand dunes are mainly formed by which process?बालू के टीले मुख्यतः किस प्रक्रिया से बनते हैं?

19What is the process by which a glacier scrapes and cuts rocks called?हिमनद द्वारा चट्टानों को खुरचकर काटने की प्रक्रिया क्या कहलाती है?

20What is the unsorted debris deposited by a glacier called?हिमनद द्वारा जमा किए गए असorted मलबे को क्या कहा जाता है?

21A U-shaped valley is formed by the erosional action of which agent?यू आकार की घाटी किस कारक की अपरदन क्रिया से बनती है?

22By which process do sea waves cut the coast?समुद्री लहरें तट को किस प्रक्रिया द्वारा काटती हैं?

23What mainly causes a sea cave to develop into a natural arch?समुद्री गुफा से प्राकृतिक मेहराब बनने का प्रमुख कारण क्या है?

24Which landform forms by deposition of sand and pebbles along a sea coast?समुद्री तट पर रेत और कंकड़ के जमाव से कौन-सा स्थलरूप बनता है?

25Dissolution of limestone by groundwater is linked with the development of which landforms?भूमिगत जल द्वारा चूना पत्थर का घुलना किस स्थलरूप विकास से जुड़ा है?

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01Which force mainly causes material to move downslope in mass movement?

02What is the process called when rocks suddenly detach and fall on a steep slope?

03What is the very slow creeping movement of soil down a slope called?

04Which mass movement process involves rapid flow of water-saturated debris?

05Under which condition does the chance of landslide increase the most?

06What problem may increase when a river undercuts the foot of a slope?

07What is the main difference between erosion and weathering?

08What is the river process of cutting its bed and banks by rubbing load against them called?

09Why is vertical erosion stronger in the upper course of a river?

11Dissolved minerals being carried in river water is an example of which transport method?

12When does a river deposit more material?

13Which process mainly forms a river floodplain?

14What is the triangular depositional landform at a river mouth called?

16What is the wind process of lifting and removing loose particles called?

17Which landform may form when wind erosion cuts the lower part of a rock more strongly?

18Sand dunes are mainly formed by which process?

19What is the process by which a glacier scrapes and cuts rocks called?

20What is the unsorted debris deposited by a glacier called?

21A U-shaped valley is formed by the erosional action of which agent?

22By which process do sea waves cut the coast?

23What mainly causes a sea cave to develop into a natural arch?

24Which landform forms by deposition of sand and pebbles along a sea coast?

25Dissolution of limestone by groundwater is linked with the development of which landforms?