Mass movements, erosion, and deposition

Correct answer: C. Fine particles carried within the water

Suspended load consists of fine particles carried within the water. In exams, distinguish it from dissolved load.

Correct answer: B. Bed load

Direct answer: B, bed load. River load is transported in different ways. Large, heavy particles such as gravel and pebbles usually move along the channel bed by rolling, sliding, or bouncing. This moving material is called bed load. Step by step: the river’s force acts on a particle; if it is too heavy to remain in suspension, it stays near the bottom; it rolls or jumps during stronger flow. Option A, dissolved load, consists of minerals chemically dissolved in water and cannot be seen as rolling grains. Option B is correct. Option C, suspended load, consists of finer particles held within the water, such as silt and some clay. Option D, chemical load, is not the standard name for these large rolling or bouncing grains; chemically dissolved material is the relevant category. Memory cue: bed load stays near the bed; suspended load stays in the water; dissolved load is in solution.

Correct answer: D. Glacier pulling out rock fragments

In plucking, a glacier pulls rock fragments from the bed and carries them. In exams, identify it as glacial erosion.

Correct answer: A. Wave energy and coastal rock structure

Wave energy and rock resistance control the rate of coastal erosion. In exams, consider both agent and rock structure.

Correct answer: B. When velocity and discharge increase

When velocity and discharge increase, a river can carry more sediment. In exams, link carrying capacity with energy.

Correct answer: C. Gravity completely stops

Different energy conditions deposit different particle sizes, producing layers. In exams, treat layers as evidence of depositional history.

Correct answer: D. Sudden and rapid slope movement

Rock fall is a sudden gravity-driven movement on steep slopes. In exams, place it under rapid mass movement.

Correct answer: A. Glacier

A moraine is formed from debris transported and deposited by a glacier. In exams, identify moraine as glacial deposition.

Correct answer: B. The lowest level to which a stream can erode

Base level is the limit below which a stream generally cannot erode. In exams, understand it as the lower limit of river erosion.

Correct answer: C. It breaks rock and creates loose debris

Freeze-thaw widens cracks and produces loose debris. In exams, link it with physical weathering and slope instability.

Correct answer: D. It makes lines across the slope and slows runoff

Contour ploughing prevents water from flowing straight downslope, reducing soil loss. In exams, understand it as runoff control.

Correct answer: A. Layers dipping toward the slope may form a slip plane

Weak layers dipping toward a slope can act as a slip plane. In exams, consider rock structure as a cause of slope failure.

Correct answer: C. Sudden heavy rainfall can quickly increase saturation and flow

Sudden heavy rain can saturate soil quickly and increase debris flow. In exams, remember rainfall intensity.

Correct answer: B. Because soil instantly becomes rock

Greater runoff removes a layer of soil over a wider area. In exams, connect runoff amount with erosion.

Correct answer: D. Because only deposition occurs there

A steep gradient in the upper course gives the river stronger erosive power. In exams, link the upper course with vertical erosion.

Correct answer: A. Energy of the agent and size of particles

Higher agent energy can move larger particles, while lower energy causes deposition. In exams, remember energy and particle size.

Correct answer: B. It can remove natural support and destabilize the slope

Road cutting can weaken the base or side support of a slope. In exams, remember human activity as a landslide factor.

Correct answer: C. Salts and minerals dissolved in water

Dissolved load is material carried in solution as ions or dissolved minerals. In exams, distinguish it from suspended particles.

Correct answer: D. Wave erosion of weaker parts

Waves erode weaker rock zones to form caves and then arches. In exams, link coastal landforms with wave erosion.

Correct answer: A. Hard rock generally erodes slowly

Hard and resistant rocks oppose erosion more strongly. In exams, connect rock resistance with erosion rate.

Correct answer: B. Weak base and excess water

A weak base and excess water make slope material unstable. In exams, consider multiple factors together for landslides.

Correct answer: C. Effect of transporting agent's energy and distance

Good sorting shows that transport and energy separated particles by size. In exams, treat sorting as evidence of depositional conditions.

Correct answer: D. It increases gravity

Good drainage removes excess water, reducing weight and slipperiness. In exams, treat drainage as a stabilization measure.

Correct answer: A. Fine particles may flocculate and settle faster

In salty water, fine particles may join into larger flocs and settle. In exams, remember this for estuarine deposition.

Correct answer: B. Wind deposition of sand

Dunes form by deposition of sand transported by wind. In exams, link desert deposition with wind action.