Mass movements, erosion, and deposition

Q: Which condition favors estuary formation instead of delta formation?

Strong tides waves and removal of sediment Strong marine action can remove sediment and prevent delta formation. Exam tip: remember calm water for deltas.

Q: Why may a swampy area form behind natural levees?

Because levees may obstruct drainage behind them Water may stagnate behind levees and form swamps. Exam tip: understand micro-relief of floodplains.

Q: How does a wave-cut platform form on a coastal cliff?

By cliff retreat and basal erosion Waves erode the cliff base and the cliff retreats. Exam tip: treat a wave-cut platform as a marine erosional landform.

Q: What is the role of joints and cracks in forming sea caves?

They create weak lines that concentrate wave erosion The direct answer is A: joints and cracks create weak lines where wave erosion becomes concentrated. A joint is a natural fracture in rock, and a crack is another opening or weakness. Step by step: waves repeatedly strike the coast; water and air enter cracks; hydraulic pressure and abrasion enlarge the weak opening; continued erosion changes a crack into a cavity and then a sea cave. Option A is correct because structural weakness gives waves an easier path for erosion. Option B is wrong because joints do not stop waves; they allow wave action to work more effectively. Option C is wrong because joints do not always harden sediment, and sediment hardening is not the process forming a cave. Option D is wrong because coastal rock cracks do not dry up rivers. The exact shape also depends on rock type, wave energy and sea level, but cracks are important starting weaknesses. Memory cue: weak joint plus repeated waves equals sea cave.

Q: What mainly controls the direction of longshore drift?

By the oblique angle at which waves approach the coast In longshore drift, waves approach the shore at an oblique angle, so swash carries sediment up the beach in that direction. Backwash usually returns downslope at right angles to the coast, producing a zigzag movement of sand and shingle along the shore. Thus, the wave-approach angle controls the drift direction, not the colour of coastal rocks. Exam tip: remember, ‘oblique waves cause sediment transport along the coast.’

Q: What may the recurved end of a spit indicate?

Change in wind direction or wave refraction A recurved spit end can form due to changes in coastal current or wave direction. Exam tip: identify process from shape.

Q: Which process is most important in forming a glacial cirque?

Glacial abrasion and plucking A cirque is a bowl-shaped hollow eroded at the head of a glacier. Exam tip: write it as a glacial erosional landform.

Q: How does a glacial U-shaped valley differ from a river V-shaped valley?

It has a broad floor and steep side slopes A moving glacier erodes both the floor and the sides of a valley through abrasion and plucking. It therefore produces a broad, relatively flat floor with steep sides, giving a U-shaped cross-section. Option B describes the narrow, pointed V-shaped valley formed mainly by vertical river erosion. Exam tip: associate U-shaped valleys with glaciers and V-shaped valleys with rivers.

Q: Formation of a hanging valley is related to which difference?

Difference in erosive power of main and tributary glaciers The main glacier cuts deeper leaving the tributary valley higher. Exam tip: connect it with glacial landforms.

01Which condition favors estuary formation instead of delta formation?

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Answer and explanation

Correct answer: C. Strong tides waves and removal of sediment

Strong marine action can remove sediment and prevent delta formation. Exam tip: remember calm water for deltas.

Practice questions

01Which condition favors estuary formation instead of delta formation?कौन सी स्थिति डेल्टा बनने के बजाय मुहाना बनने को बढ़ावा देती है?

02Why may a swampy area form behind natural levees?प्राकृतिक तटबंध के पीछे दलदली क्षेत्र क्यों बन सकता है?

03What is the significance of helicoidal flow in meander erosion?मेन्डर कटाव में हेलिकोइडल प्रवाह का महत्व क्या है?

04How does a wave-cut platform form on a coastal cliff?तटीय चट्टान में तरंग कटाव मंच कैसे बनता है?

05What is the role of joints and cracks in forming sea caves?समुद्री गुफा बनने में दरारों और संधियों की भूमिका क्या है?

06What mainly controls the direction of longshore drift?लंबित तटीय प्रवाह की दिशा मुख्यतः किससे नियंत्रित होती है?

07What may the recurved end of a spit indicate?स्पिट का सिरा मुड़ना किसका संकेत हो सकता है?

08Which process is most important in forming a glacial cirque?हिमानी सर्क बनने में कौन सी प्रक्रिया सबसे महत्वपूर्ण है?

09How does a glacial U-shaped valley differ from a river V-shaped valley?हिमानी यू आकार की घाटी नदी की वी आकार घाटी से कैसे अलग होती है?

10Formation of a hanging valley is related to which difference?लटकती घाटी का निर्माण किस अंतर से जुड़ा है?

11What type of landform is a drumlin?ड्रमलिन किस प्रकार का स्थलरूप है?

12An esker is formed by what?एस्कर किससे बनता है?

13What is saltation of wind particles?पवन कणों का साल्टेशन किसे कहते हैं?

14Which particles travel farther by suspension in wind transport?निलंबन द्वारा वायु परिवहन में कौन से कण अधिक दूर जाते हैं?

15A yardang is a landform associated with which process?यार्डांग किस प्रक्रिया से जुड़ा स्थलरूप है?

16A ventifact is an example of what?वेंटिफैक्ट किसका उदाहरण है?

17Under what condition does a barchan dune develop?बरखान बालू टीला किस परिस्थिति में विकसित होता है?

18Why are loess plains often suitable for agriculture?लोएस मैदान कृषि के लिए कई बार उपयुक्त क्यों होते हैं?

19Which idea best explains pediment formation in deserts?रेगिस्तानी पेडिमेंट निर्माण में कौन सा विचार सबसे उपयुक्त है?

21Parallel slope retreat is associated with which idea of landform development?समानांतर ढाल पीछे हटना किस स्थल विकास विचार से जुड़ा है?

22Why is sediment connectivity important between erosion and deposition?कटाव और निक्षेपण के बीच अवसाद संपर्कता क्यों महत्वपूर्ण है?

23Why can mining and road cutting increase sediment production?खनन और सड़क कटान से अवसाद उत्पादन क्यों बढ़ सकता है?

25Why does mass movement become more likely when soil becomes saturated?मिट्टी के संतृप्त होने पर जन संचलन की संभावना अधिक क्यों हो जाती है?

Analytics choices

01Which condition favors estuary formation instead of delta formation?

02Why may a swampy area form behind natural levees?

03What is the significance of helicoidal flow in meander erosion?

04How does a wave-cut platform form on a coastal cliff?

05What is the role of joints and cracks in forming sea caves?

06What mainly controls the direction of longshore drift?

07What may the recurved end of a spit indicate?

08Which process is most important in forming a glacial cirque?

09How does a glacial U-shaped valley differ from a river V-shaped valley?

10Formation of a hanging valley is related to which difference?

11What type of landform is a drumlin?

12An esker is formed by what?

13What is saltation of wind particles?

14Which particles travel farther by suspension in wind transport?

15A yardang is a landform associated with which process?

16A ventifact is an example of what?

17Under what condition does a barchan dune develop?

18Why are loess plains often suitable for agriculture?

19Which idea best explains pediment formation in deserts?

21Parallel slope retreat is associated with which idea of landform development?

22Why is sediment connectivity important between erosion and deposition?

23Why can mining and road cutting increase sediment production?

25Why does mass movement become more likely when soil becomes saturated?