Who generally belongs to the permanent executive?

Correct answer: Civil servants

Answer: A. The permanent executive is made up mainly of civil servants, also called officials or bureaucrats. They are selected through established public-service procedures and continue to serve even when an elected government or a minister changes. Their work includes preparing information, giving administrative advice, maintaining records and implementing laws and policies. A is correct because civil servants provide continuity and professional administration. B is wrong because the Prime Minister is the political head of the government and belongs to the political executive. C is wrong because the President is an elected constitutional head, not a permanent civil servant. D is wrong because Members of Parliament are elected representatives who make laws and scrutinise the government; they are not permanent officials. A useful memory cue is: ministers may change after elections, but the administrative officers who support the government generally continue. Do not confuse permanence of service with holding power: civil servants administer decisions, while political leaders are responsible for policy direction.