Why do we need a Constitution

Direct answer: A is correct. An ordinary government is formed for a period and can change after elections, resignation or other constitutional events. The Constitution provides the continuing framework within which successive governments operate. It lays down basic rules about institutions, powers, rights and procedures, so a change of rulers does not require the whole political system to be invented again. “More permanent” does not mean absolutely unchangeable: constitutions may have amendment procedures, but these are usually more careful than ordinary policy changes. B is wrong because constitutional change is possible through the prescribed process. C is wrong because government must function under the Constitution. D is wrong because constitutional rules apply continuously, not only on election day. Memory cue: governments are temporary actors; the Constitution is the continuing rulebook.

Direct answer: A. Rule of law means that public power must be exercised according to known laws, not according to a ruler’s personal wishes. It applies the basic legal framework to both rulers and citizens. This principle helps prevent arbitrary decisions, protects rights and makes government accountable. A constitution gives this idea a higher and more stable foundation by setting limits on power and describing lawful procedures. B is the opposite of rule of law because rulers are not above the law. C is also wrong because citizens must follow the law, while the law should protect them fairly. D is wrong because courts are important for interpreting and enforcing legal limits. Memory cue: under rule of law, no person—including a ruler—is above the law.

Answer: B, so equality before law and fairness are maintained. The rule of law means that people are governed by publicly known laws and that no person, group, or office-holder is automatically above them. Equal law protects citizens from discrimination and gives them a fair basis for seeking justice. B is correct because it states both equality and fairness. A is wrong: powerful people must also obey the law. C is wrong: equality is meant to include and protect weaker or disadvantaged citizens, not exclude them. D is wrong: independent courts should apply law and hear lawful claims, not simply obey the government. Memory cue: equal law means equal legal status, not special immunity for the powerful.

Answer: D, the constitution does not place government above law. The rule of law requires the government itself to act within constitutional limits and follow publicly established legal procedures. A is correct because limiting power prevents arbitrary rule. B is correct because constitutions recognise and protect important rights. C is correct because a constitution provides a common framework for institutions, powers, and relations among citizens and government. D is the incorrect analysis because putting government above law would allow officials to act without effective limits and would destroy constitutional accountability. Memory cue: a constitution is a higher rule for government, not a licence for government to ignore rules.

Correct answer: B. Society, technology, economic conditions, and public needs can change over time. An amendment procedure allows the Constitution to respond to legitimate new circumstances without discarding the entire document. At the same time, constitutional amendments are not meant to make every temporary political wish automatically valid; the procedure provides a considered way to change constitutional rules. A is wrong because amendment keeps the Constitution useful rather than preventing its use. C is wrong because an amendment changes particular provisions through a constitutional process; it does not immediately end the Constitution. D is wrong because amendment has nothing to do with abolishing Parliament. Memory cue: amendment balances continuity with necessary change.

Correct answer: A. A federal system divides governmental powers between a central or Union government and governments of the states. This arrangement can allow the country to address matters that require national coordination while also allowing states to manage matters connected with their own regions and communities. India is large and diverse, so a constitutional division of powers was important for organising government and accommodating regional needs within one country. B is wrong because federalism recognises states rather than abolishing them. C is wrong because a federal system includes more than village government. D is wrong because federalism is a way of organising government, not a rejection of government. Memory cue: federalism means shared constitutional power between levels of government.