Types and sources of data

The governing concept is data context, especially the sample or population from which observations were collected. Without knowing the group, listeners cannot judge whether the conclusion applies only to that sample or can reasonably be extended to a wider population. Therefore, option C, sample context, is correct. Tone, pauses, and greetings concern delivery or social interaction and do not identify the source group of the data.

The governing data-literacy concept is the difference between an absolute count and a rate. A group with more people may naturally have more infections even if its risk is lower. Without population size, infections per 1,000 or another comparable rate cannot be calculated fairly. Option A is correct; colour, title readability, and source naming are unrelated to this limitation.

The governing concept is data and information literacy, especially evaluating reliability and verifying accuracy. When a student compares the same fact across several trustworthy sources, agreement or disagreement can be identified and unsupported claims can be questioned before use. This is deliberate information verification, not random searching, deleting data, or entertainment. Therefore, option A is the correct description of the demonstrated skill.

Personal information should be handled respectfully and shared only for a proper, understood purpose. Asking parents first gives them a meaningful choice and supports privacy and informed consent. Option A therefore names both relevant principles. Public broadcasting, copying data, and sharing passwords do not protect a learner’s personal information or provide permission for its use.

Raw data consists of unorganised facts, figures, symbols, or observations that may not yet support understanding or decisions. When data is cleaned, organised, analysed, and placed in a relevant context, it becomes meaningful information. Therefore option C is correct. Raw data is not always pictorial, information requires context, and data can come from many sources besides the internet.

The governing concept is multi-channel digital communication. Different customers may prefer or regularly use different platforms, so distributing one message through email, a messaging application, and a website increases the chance that more intended users will receive it. Option B is correct. Multiple channels do not prove that a message is true, do not merely mean pointless repetition, and normally depend on internet-based services.