D. पूंजी स्टॉक लगभग स्थिर रहेगा/Capital stock will remain nearly constant
Step 1
Concept
When gross investment equals depreciation, net investment is zero. So there is no net addition to capital stock.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. पूंजी स्टॉक लगभग स्थिर रहेगा / Capital stock will remain nearly constant. When gross investment equals depreciation, net investment is zero. So there is no net addition to capital stock.
Step 3
Exam Tip
जब सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर हो तो शुद्ध निवेश शून्य होता है। इसलिए पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध वृद्धि नहीं होती।
C. सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास से अधिक हो/Gross investment is greater than depreciation
Step 1
Concept
When gross investment is greater than depreciation, there is a net addition to capital stock. This is positive net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास से अधिक हो / Gross investment is greater than depreciation. When gross investment is greater than depreciation, there is a net addition to capital stock. This is positive net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास से अधिक होने पर पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध जोड़ होता है। यही धनात्मक शुद्ध निवेश है।
Net domestic product is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross domestic product. Deduct depreciation to move from gross to net.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. शुद्ध घरेलू उत्पाद / Net domestic product. Net domestic product is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross domestic product. Deduct depreciation to move from gross to net.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल घरेलू उत्पाद से मूल्यह्रास घटाने पर शुद्ध घरेलू उत्पाद मिलता है। सकल से शुद्ध जाने के लिए depreciation घटाएँ।
Net national product is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross national product. In exams, deduct depreciation while converting GNP into NNP.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. शुद्ध राष्ट्रीय उत्पाद / Net national product. Net national product is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross national product. In exams, deduct depreciation while converting GNP into NNP.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल राष्ट्रीय उत्पाद से मूल्यह्रास घटाने पर शुद्ध राष्ट्रीय उत्पाद मिलता है। परीक्षा में GNP से NNP बनाते समय depreciation घटाएँ।
B. घिसी हुई पूंजी की भरपाई करना/To replace worn-out capital
Step 1
Concept
Replacement investment replaces old or worn-out capital. In exams, connect replacement with depreciation recovery.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. घिसी हुई पूंजी की भरपाई करना / To replace worn-out capital. Replacement investment replaces old or worn-out capital. In exams, connect replacement with depreciation recovery.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिस्थापन निवेश पुरानी या घिसी पूंजी की भरपाई करता है। परीक्षा में replacement को depreciation recovery से जोड़ें।
Net investment shows new net addition to capital stock. In exams, connect growth in productive capacity with net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. शुद्ध निवेश / Net investment. Net investment shows new net addition to capital stock. In exams, connect growth in productive capacity with net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश पूंजी स्टॉक में नया शुद्ध जोड़ दिखाता है। परीक्षा में productive capacity growth को net investment से जोड़ें।
D. पूंजी स्टॉक घट रहा है/Capital stock is decreasing
Step 1
Concept
Negative net investment means depreciation exceeds new capital addition. This reduces capital stock.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. पूंजी स्टॉक घट रहा है / Capital stock is decreasing. Negative net investment means depreciation exceeds new capital addition. This reduces capital stock.
Step 3
Exam Tip
ऋणात्मक शुद्ध निवेश बताता है कि मूल्यह्रास नई पूंजी से अधिक है। इससे पूंजी स्टॉक घटता है।
Depreciation occurs when technology becomes old or a machine becomes obsolete. In exams, identify obsolescence as a cause of depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. अप्रचलन / Obsolescence. Depreciation occurs when technology becomes old or a machine becomes obsolete. In exams, identify obsolescence as a cause of depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
तकनीक पुरानी होने या मशीन अप्रचलित होने से मूल्यह्रास होता है। परीक्षा में obsolescence को depreciation का कारण पहचानें।
Normal use causes wear and tear in machines or buildings, leading to depreciation. In exams, treat wear and tear as a main cause.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. घिसावट / Wear and tear. Normal use causes wear and tear in machines or buildings, leading to depreciation. In exams, treat wear and tear as a main cause.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सामान्य उपयोग से मशीन या भवन में घिसावट आती है जिससे मूल्यह्रास होता है। परीक्षा में wear and tear को मुख्य कारण मानें।
A. क्योंकि इसमें शुद्ध निवेश और मूल्यह्रास दोनों शामिल होते हैं/Because it includes both net investment and depreciation
Step 1
Concept
Gross investment includes both net addition to capital stock and replacement of old capital. Hence it is total investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. क्योंकि इसमें शुद्ध निवेश और मूल्यह्रास दोनों शामिल होते हैं / Because it includes both net investment and depreciation. Gross investment includes both net addition to capital stock and replacement of old capital. Hence it is total investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश में पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध जोड़ और पुरानी पूंजी की भरपाई दोनों आती हैं। इसलिए यह कुल निवेश है।
Net investment is (80 - 120 = -40), so capital stock will decrease. In exams, connect negative net investment with decline.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. यह घटेगा / It will decrease. Net investment is (80 - 120 = -40), so capital stock will decrease. In exams, connect negative net investment with decline.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश (80 - 120 = -40) है इसलिए पूंजी स्टॉक घटेगा। परीक्षा में negative net investment को decline से जोड़ें।
B. पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध वृद्धि होगी/There will be net increase in capital stock
Step 1
Concept
Net investment (180 - 50 = 130) is positive. Therefore, there will be a net increase in capital stock.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध वृद्धि होगी / There will be net increase in capital stock. Net investment (180 - 50 = 130) is positive. Therefore, there will be a net increase in capital stock.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश (180 - 50 = 130) धनात्मक है। इसलिए पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध वृद्धि होगी।
Investment that replaces worn-out capital is called replacement investment. In exams, study replacement and depreciation together.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. प्रतिस्थापन निवेश / Replacement investment. Investment that replaces worn-out capital is called replacement investment. In exams, study replacement and depreciation together.
Step 3
Exam Tip
घिसी हुई पूंजी को बदलने वाला निवेश प्रतिस्थापन निवेश कहलाता है। परीक्षा में replacement और depreciation को साथ पढ़ें।
D. मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई वाला हिस्सा/Depreciation replacement part
Step 1
Concept
The investment that replaces depreciation covers the loss of old capital. It keeps capital stock as it was before.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई वाला हिस्सा / Depreciation replacement part. The investment that replaces depreciation covers the loss of old capital. It keeps capital stock as it was before.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई वाला निवेश पुरानी पूंजी की कमी को पूरा करता है। इससे पूंजी स्टॉक पहले जैसा बना रहता है।
A. (Net\ investment = Gross\ investment - Depreciation)
Step 1
Concept
Net investment is calculated by subtracting depreciation from gross investment. In exams, this formula gives both sign and amount.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (Net\ investment = Gross\ investment - Depreciation). Net investment is calculated by subtracting depreciation from gross investment. In exams, this formula gives both sign and amount.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध निवेश सकल निवेश से मूल्यह्रास घटाकर निकाला जाता है। परीक्षा में इस सूत्र से संकेत और मात्रा दोनों मिलते हैं।
B. (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation)
Step 1
Concept
Gross investment includes both net investment and depreciation. Therefore, the formula adds both.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (Gross\ investment = Net\ investment + Depreciation). Gross investment includes both net investment and depreciation. Therefore, the formula adds both.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश में शुद्ध निवेश और मूल्यह्रास दोनों शामिल होते हैं। इसलिए सूत्र में दोनों को जोड़ा जाता है।
C. (Depreciation = Gross\ investment - Net\ investment)
Step 1
Concept
Depreciation is the difference between gross investment and net investment. In exams, use this formula when gross and net are given.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. (Depreciation = Gross\ investment - Net\ investment). Depreciation is the difference between gross investment and net investment. In exams, use this formula when gross and net are given.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास सकल निवेश और शुद्ध निवेश का अंतर है। परीक्षा में given gross and net से यही सूत्र लगाएँ।
When depreciation rises, the amount deducted from gross investment rises. This may reduce net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. शुद्ध निवेश घट सकता है / Net investment may fall. When depreciation rises, the amount deducted from gross investment rises. This may reduce net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास बढ़ने पर सकल निवेश से घटाई जाने वाली राशि बढ़ती है। इससे शुद्ध निवेश घट सकता है।
If gross investment rises and depreciation stays the same, net investment will rise. In exams, understand the relation through the formula.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. यह बढ़ेगा / It will rise. If gross investment rises and depreciation stays the same, net investment will rise. In exams, understand the relation through the formula.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश बढ़ने और मूल्यह्रास समान रहने पर शुद्ध निवेश बढ़ेगा। परीक्षा में formula के आधार पर संबंध समझें।
A. सकल निवेश (100) और मूल्यह्रास (20)/Gross investment (100) and depreciation (20)
Step 1
Concept
In the first option, net investment is (80), which is higher than the others. In exams, subtract and compare all options.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सकल निवेश (100) और मूल्यह्रास (20) / Gross investment (100) and depreciation (20). In the first option, net investment is (80), which is higher than the others. In exams, subtract and compare all options.
Step 3
Exam Tip
पहले विकल्प में शुद्ध निवेश (80) है जो बाकी विकल्पों से अधिक है। परीक्षा में सभी विकल्पों में घटाकर तुलना करें।
D. सकल निवेश (60) और मूल्यह्रास (80)/Gross investment (60) and depreciation (80)
Step 1
Concept
In the fourth option, net investment is (60 - 80 = -20), the lowest. In exams, negative answers are possible.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is D. सकल निवेश (60) और मूल्यह्रास (80) / Gross investment (60) and depreciation (80). In the fourth option, net investment is (60 - 80 = -20), the lowest. In exams, negative answers are possible.
Step 3
Exam Tip
चौथे विकल्प में शुद्ध निवेश (60 - 80 = -20) है जो सबसे कम है। परीक्षा में ऋणात्मक उत्तर भी संभव है।
To increase productive capacity, a net addition to capital stock is needed. This happens through positive net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. धनात्मक शुद्ध निवेश / Positive net investment. To increase productive capacity, a net addition to capital stock is needed. This happens through positive net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
उत्पादन क्षमता बढ़ाने के लिए पूंजी स्टॉक में शुद्ध जोड़ जरूरी है। यह धनात्मक शुद्ध निवेश से होता है।
A. सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर हो/Gross investment equals depreciation
Step 1
Concept
To maintain existing capacity, replacing old capital may be enough. Thus gross investment equal to depreciation gives zero net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर हो / Gross investment equals depreciation. To maintain existing capacity, replacing old capital may be enough. Thus gross investment equal to depreciation gives zero net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मौजूदा क्षमता बनाए रखने के लिए पुरानी पूंजी की भरपाई पर्याप्त हो सकती है। इसलिए सकल निवेश का मूल्यह्रास के बराबर होना शून्य शुद्ध निवेश देता है।
B. कुल नई पूंजीगत वस्तुओं पर निवेश जिसमें replacement भी शामिल हो/Total investment in new capital goods including replacement
Step 1
Concept
Gross investment is total investment including net addition and replacement of worn-out capital. In exams, treat gross as total.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. कुल नई पूंजीगत वस्तुओं पर निवेश जिसमें replacement भी शामिल हो / Total investment in new capital goods including replacement. Gross investment is total investment including net addition and replacement of worn-out capital. In exams, treat gross as total.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश कुल निवेश है जिसमें शुद्ध जोड़ और घिसी पूंजी की भरपाई शामिल होती है। परीक्षा में gross को total मानें।
A. पूंजीगत वस्तुओं के मूल्य में उपयोग और समय से कमी/Fall in value of capital goods due to use and time
Step 1
Concept
Depreciation is the fall in value of capital assets due to wear and time. In exams, understand it as consumption of fixed capital.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. पूंजीगत वस्तुओं के मूल्य में उपयोग और समय से कमी / Fall in value of capital goods due to use and time. Depreciation is the fall in value of capital assets due to wear and time. In exams, understand it as consumption of fixed capital.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास पूंजीगत संपत्ति की घिसावट और समय से होने वाली मूल्य कमी है। परीक्षा में इसे fixed capital consumption समझें।
Net domestic product is obtained by subtracting depreciation from gross domestic product. In exams, deduct depreciation from gross domestic to get net domestic.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. (NDP = GDP - Depreciation). Net domestic product is obtained by subtracting depreciation from gross domestic product. In exams, deduct depreciation from gross domestic to get net domestic.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध घरेलू उत्पाद सकल घरेलू उत्पाद से मूल्यह्रास घटाकर मिलता है। परीक्षा में gross domestic से net domestic के लिए depreciation घटाएँ।
Net national product is obtained by subtracting depreciation from gross national product. In exams, this is the rule from GNP to NNP.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. (NNP = GNP - Depreciation). Net national product is obtained by subtracting depreciation from gross national product. In exams, this is the rule from GNP to NNP.
Step 3
Exam Tip
शुद्ध राष्ट्रीय उत्पाद सकल राष्ट्रीय उत्पाद से मूल्यह्रास घटाकर मिलता है। परीक्षा में GNP से NNP तक यही नियम है।
Replacement investment replaces old capital. It maintains capital stock but does not create net growth.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. प्रतिस्थापन निवेश / Replacement investment. Replacement investment replaces old capital. It maintains capital stock but does not create net growth.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिस्थापन निवेश पुरानी पूंजी की भरपाई करता है। यह पूंजी स्टॉक को बनाए रखता है पर शुद्ध वृद्धि नहीं करता।
Normal wear and tear reduces the value of capital and is called depreciation. In exams, treat wear and tear as depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास के रूप में / As depreciation. Normal wear and tear reduces the value of capital and is called depreciation. In exams, treat wear and tear as depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सामान्य घिसावट से पूंजी का मूल्य घटता है जिसे मूल्यह्रास कहा जाता है। परीक्षा में wear and tear को depreciation मानें।
The replacement part compensates worn-out capital and is considered equal to depreciation. In exams, remember replacement equals depreciation.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. मूल्यह्रास / Depreciation. The replacement part compensates worn-out capital and is considered equal to depreciation. In exams, remember replacement equals depreciation.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिस्थापन भाग घिसी हुई पूंजी की भरपाई करता है और यह मूल्यह्रास के बराबर माना जाता है। परीक्षा में replacement equals depreciation याद रखें।
Replacement investment compensates depreciation. Deducting it from gross investment leaves net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. शुद्ध निवेश / Net investment. Replacement investment compensates depreciation. Deducting it from gross investment leaves net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
प्रतिस्थापन निवेश मूल्यह्रास की भरपाई है। इसे सकल निवेश से घटाने पर शुद्ध निवेश बचता है।
A. जब मूल्यह्रास शून्य हो/When depreciation is zero
Step 1
Concept
When depreciation is zero, there is no difference between gross and net investment. In exams, depreciation is the cause of the difference.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. जब मूल्यह्रास शून्य हो / When depreciation is zero. When depreciation is zero, there is no difference between gross and net investment. In exams, depreciation is the cause of the difference.
Step 3
Exam Tip
मूल्यह्रास शून्य होने पर सकल और शुद्ध निवेश में कोई अंतर नहीं रहता। परीक्षा में difference का कारण depreciation है।
A. जब मूल्यह्रास धनात्मक हो/When depreciation is positive
Step 1
Concept
When depreciation is positive, gross investment includes depreciation in addition to net investment. Therefore, gross is greater.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. जब मूल्यह्रास धनात्मक हो / When depreciation is positive. When depreciation is positive, gross investment includes depreciation in addition to net investment. Therefore, gross is greater.
Step 3
Exam Tip
धनात्मक मूल्यह्रास होने पर सकल निवेश में शुद्ध निवेश से अतिरिक्त depreciation शामिल होता है। इसलिए gross अधिक होता है।
Gross investment is greater than depreciation, so net investment will be positive but small because the difference is small. In exams, compare the two amounts.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is B. धनात्मक लेकिन कम / Positive but small. Gross investment is greater than depreciation, so net investment will be positive but small because the difference is small. In exams, compare the two amounts.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास से अधिक है इसलिए शुद्ध निवेश धनात्मक होगा लेकिन अंतर कम होने से कम होगा। परीक्षा में दोनों राशियों की तुलना करें।
C. सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर है/Gross investment is equal to depreciation
Step 1
Concept
When gross investment equals depreciation, new investment only replaces worn-out capital. In exams, understand it as zero net investment.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is C. सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर है / Gross investment is equal to depreciation. When gross investment equals depreciation, new investment only replaces worn-out capital. In exams, understand it as zero net investment.
Step 3
Exam Tip
जब सकल निवेश मूल्यह्रास के बराबर हो तो नया निवेश केवल घिसी हुई पूंजी की भरपाई करता है। परीक्षा में इसे zero net investment समझें।
A. मूल्यह्रास घटाने से सकल निवेश शुद्ध निवेश बनता है/Deducting depreciation converts gross investment into net investment
Step 1
Concept
Net investment is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross investment. In exams, remember this rule for moving from gross to net.
Step 2
Why this answer is correct
The correct answer is A. मूल्यह्रास घटाने से सकल निवेश शुद्ध निवेश बनता है / Deducting depreciation converts gross investment into net investment. Net investment is obtained by deducting depreciation from gross investment. In exams, remember this rule for moving from gross to net.
Step 3
Exam Tip
सकल निवेश से मूल्यह्रास घटाने पर शुद्ध निवेश मिलता है। परीक्षा में gross से net जाने का यही नियम याद रखें।
