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Water Scarcity, studied in Class 12 Geography under “Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems,” explains why fresh water becomes insufficient for people, agriculture and industry. Students examine physical factors such as uneven rainfall, drought and groundwater conditions, along with human causes including population growth, intensive irrigation, urbanisation, pollution and inefficient use. The topic considers regional differences, social and economic effects, conflicts over access, and the links between water stress and sustainable development. It also introduces conservation, rainwater harvesting, watershed management and equitable planning as responses.
Hard · Level 1 · 1 questions
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Physical scarcity means limited water while economic scarcity results from poor access and infrastructure
Both result only from low rainfall
Economic scarcity occurs only in industries
Physical scarcity occurs only in cities
Question 1HardLevel 1
What is the difference between physical and economic water scarcity?भौतिक जल अभाव और आर्थिक जल अभाव में क्या अंतर है?
Correct answer:सही उत्तर:A
The governing concept is that water scarcity has both a physical and an economic dimension. Physical water scarcity occurs when the available water supply is insufficient to meet demand, even if infrastructure exists; it is linked to natural availability and excessive pressure on resources. Economic water scarcity occurs when water may exist in a region, but people cannot obtain it because of poverty, weak institutions, inadequate investment, poor distribution systems, or missing infrastructure. Therefore, option A correctly distinguishes limited supply from limited access. Option B is too narrow because scarcity is not caused only by low rainfall. Options C and D wrongly restrict these conditions to particular sectors or places.इस प्रश्न की मुख्य अवधारणा जल अभाव के भौतिक और आर्थिक दोनों पक्षों से संबंधित है। भौतिक जल अभाव तब होता है जब उपलब्ध जल की मात्रा माँग को पूरा करने के लिए पर्याप्त नहीं रहती, चाहे पाइपलाइन या अन्य सुविधाएँ मौजूद हों। इसके विपरीत, आर्थिक जल अभाव में किसी क्षेत्र में जल उपलब्ध हो सकता है, पर गरीबी, कम निवेश, कमजोर संस्थागत व्यवस्था, असमान वितरण या अपर्याप्त अवसंरचना के कारण लोगों तक उसकी पहुँच नहीं होती। इसलिए विकल्प A सही है, क्योंकि वह प्राकृतिक कमी और पहुँच की कमी में स्पष्ट अंतर करता है। विकल्प B केवल वर्षा को कारण मानता है, जबकि C और D दोनों इन स्थितियों को अनावश्यक रूप से सीमित करते हैं।
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