Rural–Urban Migration

Correct answer: A, when pressure on rural land rises and cities attract people with jobs. Migration often results from a combination of push and pull factors. Rapid population growth in rural areas can increase pressure on farmland, housing, water, and available work. These are push factors because they encourage people to leave. At the same time, cities may offer jobs, education, healthcare, transport, or other opportunities; these are pull factors because they attract people. Option A correctly combines both sides. Option B is wrong because adequate village employment reduces the pressure to leave. Option C is wrong because a lack of urban opportunities weakens the pull factor. Option D is wrong because migration requires some motivation or condition. Population growth does not automatically cause migration everywhere; its effect depends on livelihoods, services, and opportunities. Memory cue: rural pressure pushes, urban opportunity pulls.

The direct answer is A. When many people move from rural areas to a city, the city grows, but the villages they leave also change. Rural areas may lose working-age people, labour, skills, and some consumers. Families may become more dependent on remittances, and the age structure of villages may change. At the same time, the city may face greater demand for housing, transport, water, schools, and employment. Thus one migration flow links urban growth with rural demographic and economic change. Option B is wrong because no migration removes this particular connection. C is wrong because the absence of city employment would not explain city growth through rural migration. D is wrong because it denies a possible cause of movement and does not describe the condition in the question. Memory cue: rural-to-urban migration redistributes people; it affects both the place people enter and the place they leave.

Answer: C, these factors can move people from villages toward cities. Push factors are conditions that encourage people to leave a rural area, such as limited employment or fewer opportunities. Pull factors are attractions in an urban area, such as the possibility of work, education, or services. When both operate together, they can make rural-to-urban migration more likely: pressure encourages departure and attraction encourages the destination. A is wrong because migration does not end birth rate. B is wrong because migration does not always increase death rate. D is meaningless; area and population are different geographical ideas. The memory cue is simple: push sends people away, pull draws them toward a place.

D is correct. Mechanization can reduce the number of workers needed for some farm tasks. If fewer rural jobs are available and workers cannot find other work locally, some may move to towns or cities to seek employment. This can reduce the rural population and increase the population of destinations, although migration is possible rather than inevitable.

Correct answer: C. Better schools and health services can improve quality of life and make a rural area more attractive to residents. If inadequate services were one reason people left, improvements may reduce out-migration and help retain population. This is a possible effect, not a certainty, because people may still move for work or further study.