Environmental Pollution

Correct answer: A. Polluting industries are concentrated near low-income settlements

Environmental justice examines whether environmental benefits and burdens are distributed fairly among social groups and places. It asks who receives clean air, safe water and green space, and who bears pollution, hazardous waste or climate risk. Option A is the strongest example because locating polluting industries near low-income settlements places disproportionate health and environmental burdens on a socially vulnerable population. Option B suggests fair access to a basic environmental benefit. Option C is a natural condition and does not by itself show injustice. Option D is also a physical climatic fact without evidence of unequal treatment. The concept therefore combines environmental conditions with social inequality, power and the fairness of decision-making.

Correct answer: A. पर्यावरणीय लाभ और बोझ के निष्पक्ष बँटवारे से

Distributive justice asks who receives environmental benefits and who bears environmental burdens. Benefits may include clean air and water, parks, sanitation, safe housing, and access to natural resources. Burdens may include polluted industries, waste facilities, traffic emissions, flood exposure, or loss of land and livelihoods. A situation is unjust when disadvantaged communities carry a disproportionate share of these harms while receiving fewer benefits or services. Therefore option A is correct. Participation in decision-making is mainly associated with procedural justice, so B describes a related but different dimension. Cultural recognition and legal wording may matter for justice, but neither alone defines distributive justice.

Correct answer: A. प्रभावित समुदाय को निर्णय प्रक्रिया में वास्तविक भागीदारी देना

Procedural justice concerns whether environmental decisions are made through a fair, inclusive, transparent, and accountable process. Meaningful participation requires that affected communities receive understandable information, have adequate time to respond, and can genuinely influence the decision rather than merely attend a symbolic meeting. Access to hearings, consultation, representation, and reasons for the final decision are important elements. Therefore option A is correct. Equal taxation may concern fiscal policy, while compensation addresses an outcome after harm and does not by itself guarantee a fair process. Moving pollution from a city to a village simply transfers the burden and creates another injustice.

Correct answer: A. Spatial displacement of pollution

Spatial displacement occurs when an environmental burden is moved from one location to another instead of being reduced at its source. In this case, the city appears cleaner, but polluting industries have shifted their emissions and risks to a poorer rural region. Option A is correct because the pollution has changed location, not disappeared. Option B is false: overall pollution may remain the same or even increase. Option C is false because transferring harm to a less powerful community increases environmental inequality. Option D refers to the renewal of natural resources and does not describe industrial relocation or the redistribution of pollution.