Levels of management

Correct answer: A. Lower level management

Lower-level managers, such as supervisors and foremen, work directly with workers. They explain work rules, deadlines and day-to-day instructions, and supervise the work. Middle-level management mainly implements departmental plans, while top-level management sets policies and broad objectives. Exam tip: Direct supervision of workers is usually a function of lower-level management.

Correct answer: A. Top-level, middle-level and lower-level management

Management levels are arranged according to authority and responsibility: top-level, middle-level and lower-level management. Top management frames policies and major objectives, middle management converts them into departmental plans, and lower management supervises the actual execution of work. Option B is incorrect because it reverses the top and middle levels. Exam tip: remember the sequence as policy-making, implementation, and supervision.

Correct answer: A. Top level formulates policies, middle level gets them implemented, and lower level supervises work

Top management sets broad objectives, policies, and major plans for the organisation. Middle management gets these policies implemented through departments, while lower or supervisory management directly supervises employees' day-to-day work. Option B reverses these functions. Exam tip: link policy-making with top management, implementation with middle management, and direct supervision with lower management.

Correct answer: A. Upward communication

Sending workers' problems upward is upward communication. Lower level becomes an information link between workers and middle level.